Search Documents

By R Zavadil, S Kuyucak, F Fazeli

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells generate electricity by reacting hydrogen and oxygen. A thin, bipolar electrode material provides a medium for electron exchange with the electrolyte, alternately serving as anode at the hydrogen-rich side and cathode at the oxygen-rich side. Stainless steels have sufficient corrosion resistance to qualify as bipolar plate materials. However, the protective chromite layer increases the contact resistance, the battery’s internal resistance; and thus, decreases the electrical efficiency of the fuel cell. A heat-treatment is proposed and investigated via simulation by ThermoCalc / Dictra and experimentally, to generate a sufficient quantity of conducting surface carbides that breach the protective layer. Once carbide growth is arrested, a subsequent heat-treatment is also needed at a higher temperature to restore the corrosion resistance by filling-in the Cr-depleted layer (sensitization) around the carbide particles.

Jan 1, 2014

By Francis Wm. Gray

The preparation of a paper read before this Society in 1927 on Undersea Mining led to representations to the Deputy Minister of Mines at Ottawa, Dr. Chas. Camsell, and to the Director of the Geological Survey and the Director of the Mines Branch, which resulted in the undertaking by these bodies of a geological, physical, and chemical survey of the Sydney coalfield, combined with revision of the geological maps, on all of which much progress has been made. Preliminary studies revealed the necessity for a new base-map on a scale that would permit the representation of the whole coalfield from cape Dauphin to Mira bay on one sheet, and in the making of this map the Geodetic and Topographical Surveys have collaborated, with the assistance of airplane surveys for filling-in of detail. The new map will show all the data accumulated by 50 years of active mining and will show also the extent of mine workings, with level-contours under the sea. Dr. W. A. Bell, of the Geological Survey, has, over a number of seasons, studied in the field the historical geology with the purpose of elucidating the sequence of earth movements that have determined the structure of the coalfields, especially those that have governed the course and extent of the complementary folds that traverse the Sydney coalfield. Dr. B. R. MacKay, of the Survey, and the officers of the Fuel Testing Laboratories at Ottawa have made exhaustive studies of the Phalen seam, chemical and microscopic, intended to elucidate the conditions under which this seam was deposited, and some very interesting conclusions have been reached.

Jan 1, 1934

By C. S. Chen, Y. J. Luo, M. W. Gao, B. Li, Z. F. Zhang

"To obtain large-sized billets with fine grains and homogeneous elements distribution, uniform direct chill (UDC) casting process, based on annular electromagnetic stirring coupling with intercooling, was employed to produce 7055 alloy billets with a size of F584 mm in this study. The results indicated that there were the coupled effects of annular electromagnetic stirring and intercooling on grain refinement and element homogenization, and also the billets produced by the UDC casting process showed excellent hot workability in comparison to the normal direct chill casting process.INTRODUCTION The high solute 7055 aluminium alloy has a wonderful combination of high specific strength and hardness, good resistance to stress corrosion cracking and high fracture toughness, which is very useful in aerospace application (Yan et al., 2013; Mondal & Mukhopadhyay, 2005). The production of large-sized 7055 alloy billets with high quality is the basic condition for the subsequent application of 7055 alloy to the aircraft. Inhomogeneous microstructures and performances of 7055 billets result from the high alloying element content and the inhomogeneous cooling condition in different regions of billets during the conventional direct chill casting (Paramatmuni et al., 2004; Lalpoor et al., 2011), which will bring bad influence to processing property, functional performance and utilization rate of materials. To alleviate segregation and obtain fine and uniform grains, some effective treatment methods were proposed including electromagnetic stirring (EMS) (Vives, 1989), ultrasonic vibrating (Zhang et al., 2011) and melt conditioning (Fan et al., 2013), on the melt to obtain fine and uniform grains. However, these methods could not effectively decrease the large temperature difference between central and periphery parts of the billet, because the solidification mainly depends on outside cooling including mould cooling and water spraying cooling. To change the heat extraction pattern of the billet functioned solely from the outer surface, based on annular electromagnetic stirring (A-EMS) invented by Xu et al. (2010), Luo et al. (2017) proposed uniform direct chill (UDC) casting coupling A-EMS with intercooling in the direct chill (DC) casting process. An in-mold cooler was inserted to the melt sump, and thus the alloy melt temperature and concentration at solidification front become more uniform."

Jan 1, 2018

By J. Walker, G. E. Kim

Since May of 2000, Mogas Industries, in partnership with F.W. Gartner Thermal Spraying Co. and using the services of Perpetual Technologies, has invested time, energy, and resources towards developing novel ball valves for high-pressure acid-leach (HPAL) service. In addition to developing new valve designs, an aggressive coatings development effort has been undertaken to improve the protective quality of the coatings so as to enhance the performance and extend the life of valves in severe HPAL conditions. In 2001, Mogas Industries qualified and applied a nanostructured titanium oxide (n-TiO2) coating for gold and nickel/cobalt HPAL services. The n-TiO2 coating provided dramatically superior protection against abrasive and erosive wear, fared very well against high-pressure autoclave corrosion testing, and has performed well in HPAL service.

Jan 1, 2004

"A growing public awareness of work-related diseases such as pneumoconiosis and the impact of this awareness on legislative bodies and on the skilled labour market are reasons why the Canadian mining industry must consider dust control of top-drawer importance. Measurements and standards related to the hazard are necessary to control a dust situation and to avoid excessive risk. The author discusses some of the methods of measurement, standards proposed and terminology used in this developing technology. The purpose primarily is to give a better understanding of the basic advances achieved by those who have applied current knowledge with a measure of success."

Jan 1, 1972

By D. O. Tansey

This paper will describe the mechanisms involved in delay blasting and how they are applied with the use of D.S.B. It will examine the control of potential damage resulting from detonations, and show how good fragmentation and efficient recovery of this material blasted can be achieved.

Jan 1, 1979

By M-A. Thibault, C. Gauthierand, J-P. Gagné, J-Y. Carrier, P. Rochette, G. Dufour

"Anodes consumed in the electrolytic process for the production of primary aluminium are considered consumables. They need to be replaced at regular intervals of approximately one month. The so-called anode butts which are removed from the cells contain the metal supports (rods), cast iron thimbles, crust and residual carbon material. Cleaning is required to remove the waste material before the rods are fitted with new anodes. An inspection is required to ascertain if repairs to the rods are necessary. Presently, this inspection is carried out visually. ST AS, in 2004 in collaboration with Alcoa Deschambault, initiated a project to develop an automated inspection system. The objectives were to find a technical solution to perform these functions with a very simple system. Such a system was designed around ""artificial vision"". The inspection system developed uses only one fixed camera and does not require a separate step in the process for the anode rod assembly to perform the inspection. This paper presents the initial steps of the work performed to develop the equipment and software as well as a summary of the results obtained."

Jan 1, 2006

By G. Knight

"Results of a program of dust research carried out at the Mines Branch Laboratory, Elliot Lake, indicate that dust-concentration estimates vary greatly, depending on the sampling instrument, the assessment technique and the properties of the dust cloud. The wide range of the ratio between the estimates by any pair of instruments shows that the correlation between the health hazard and dust-concentration estimates by most existing sampling instruments must be questionable. Important studies are being carried out to permit the definition of mine environments in more precise technical terms. The influence of size selection, the physical property measured, composition and sampling period on the assessment of the health hazard are discussed."

Jan 1, 1969

By T. I. . I. Sibbald, D. E. Jiricka

The Goldfields area on the north shore of Lake Athabasca , was active in the thirties and early fortie . In 1934, Tom Box discovered gold mineralization in quartz veins in pyritized 'granite' at the ite of what wa to become the Box Mine of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada Ltd . In the rush of activity that followed numerou other gold occurrences were found. the most significant of the e being the Athona and Frontier prospects which underwent underground development bur did not reach production. Probable reserve identified to date in the Box and Athona deposits amount to some 3.5 million ton grading an average 0.ITT oz gold/ton . Some 10 to 15 million tons of lower grade, po ible reserve are also reported at the Box. From 1939 to 1942, the mine produced, from underground , 64,066 ounces of gold from ore grading 0.0452 oz gold/ton at a cost of between $1.5 and $2.0 a ton. The Goldfield area is underlain by upracrustal rock intruded by mafic bodies and invaded by ·granite'. The upracru tal . thought to be of Lower Proterozoic age are characterized by a helf-type ucce ion metamorpho ed under lowermiddle amphibolire facie conditions into quartzites, quartz-mica chi ts. dolomitic marbles, diop idic calc-silicates and cordierite-anthophyllite-biotite schi t . Amphibolites of presumed igneou origin form concordant to subconcordant units up to a few ten of metre thick in the upracrustals and occur as le regular masses in the 'g ranite·. Compositionally they vary from gabbroic to granodioritic. with the more mafic varieties being most common. Granitic rocks exhibiting a variety of textural , structural and compositional characteristics underlie most of the area. Four main units are recognized: foliated (older) 'granite', 'leucogranite', feldspar augen 'granite· and pyritic mine 'granite', however, in geological mapping the e are somewhat arbitrarily differentiated due to transitional relationships and admixture of types. Although there is no unambiguous age data available for the e 'granite ' adjacent northshore 'granite' of geologically similar age yield Rb-Sr isochron dates around 2000 Ma. The area is characterized by two major deformation events of which the earliest gave rise to the dominant regional foliation and to rare minor and outcrop scale folds. This foliation which in general parallels compositional layering is folded into the major Goldfields syncline, whose axis plunges weakly to moderately outh. Related open minor folds have subvertical axial surfaces which are locally paralleled by a weakly defined schistosity. Most rock display a pronounced rodding fabric, coaxial with second fold axes and apparently the product of this deformation event. However, a note of caution is introduced into this interpretation, as the rodding fabric is also parallel to first fold axe .

Jan 1, 1986

By A. Navarra, Norman Toro, T. Marín, Fernando Ayala

The quantitative techniques to evaluate the enhancement of a particular unit operation should consider the corresponding changes to the adjacent unit operations. For example, the expansion of off gas handling capacity should consider the corresponding changes in converter cycle times, matte grade, and other operational parameters, that can provide the optimal system-wide benefit. In general, the upgrading of smelter equipment is risky due to the size of capital investment, as well as any unforeseen impacts on rest of the operations. However, this risk can be mitigated by applying the principles of Front End Loading (FEL) in the formulation of multiphase re-engineering projects. The initial phases of engineering are relatively inexpensive, and determine whether or not to pursue the subsequent phases that are comparatively more expensive. Each phase of engineering depends on increasingly detailed descriptions regarding the critical phenomena that can effect design decisions; the increasing levels of detail may result from numerical simulations, as well as laboratory and plant trials. The quantitative framework should be sufficiently flexible to accommodate these increasing levels of detail, regardless of the particular phenomena, so that it may evolve throughout the project. The current article describes the combined usage of mass balancing, thermochemistry and multiphysics, in the development of discrete event simulation (DES) and finite differences (FD). The incorporation of finite differences into a DES framework depends on adaptive time-stepping, to determine threshold-crossing times, e.g. when the matte temperature surpasses a critical level that necessitates the addition of cold charge. The hybridization of DES and FD is appropriate for multiphase smelter development projects, as it supports semi-continuous material flows, operational policies and scheduling, as well as unexpected events and trends, in increasing levels of detail. This type of framework will support the installation and tuning of modern control systems, including state-of-the art sensors and machine learning algorithms.

Jan 1, 2019

By I. S. Thompson

"The discovery of low-grade copper-silver mineralization near the town of Tipperary, Ireland, by Gortdrum Mines Limited was the result of reconnaissance geological and geochemical exploration followed by target delineation from induced polarization surveys.Initially, orientation studies at the Tynagh lead-zinc orebody showed that such deposits could be readily detected in stream sediments and soils using cold extraction analysis for total heavy metals. Numerous areas showing stratigraphical and structural similarities to Tynagh were then selected for reconnaissance geochemical prospecting.The Gortdrum deposit was detectable through the presence of anomalous metal values in stream sediments 3,000 feet downstream; soil sampling indicated an area of 2,000 by 700 feet containing 2 Yz to 20 times background cold-extractable metal values. Induced polarization surveys defined the dimensions and attitude of mineralization.Drilling to date has outlined (under 10 to 20 feet of till) low-grade copper-silver mineralization within Lower Carboniferous limestones and shales which have been faulted against Devonian sandstone. Mineralization ex-tends from surface to depths of 250 to 450 feet and consists of bornite-chalcocite-tetrahedrite and some chalcopy-rite in altered limestones and intrusive dikes.The deposit is geologically analogons to the Tynagh and Silvermines orebodies, but in contrast exhibits a predom-inant structural control. Provisionally, it is postulated that mid-Carboniferous folding and faulting produced the pre-mineralization high porosity via recrystallization, shearing and brecciation. Subsequently, hydrothermal solutions from the west, with a probable eommon origin to the volcanic dikes, were introduced along the fault planes. Although syngenetic causes cannot be exempted, the field relationships favour an epigenetic origin."

Jan 1, 1967

By M. Duncan

Lightweight, high-pressure cylinders for compressed hydrogen storage are essential components for fuel cell vehicles. Storage volume and mass are two key considerations. Current on-board hydrogen storage systems are based on a maximum pressure of 350 bar. While 350 bar systems are excellent solutions for many applications, some situations require higher storage densities due to space restrictions. As a result, significant research and development work has been expended by cylinder manufacturers, systems providers, testing agencies and automotive manufacturers to develop 700 bar systems with reduced storage volumes. Dynetek Industries Ltd. has proactively developed several 700 bar storage cylinders based on a seamless aluminum liner over wrapped with a carbon fiber composite. This paper presents the challenges and processes involved in the design, testing and certification for Dynetek Industries Ltd. 700 bar cylinders. This paper also provides reasoning for further volume and mass optimization of compressed hydrogen cylinders through the establishment of realistic cylinder usage parameters in standards. In particular, the overly conservative fill life requirement for cylinders is examined.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. Shibata, K. Manabe, A. Fuji, N. Matsunaga, D. Murakami, Yamaguchi University, T. Suzuki

"Spent hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalyst contains rare metals such as cobalt, nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V). The overall objective of this project is to develop a hydrometallurgical process that provides a degree of high recovery and selectivity of these rare metals from spent HDS catalyst. As a part of this project, this study focused on (i) development of a solvent extraction-precipitation stripping process for separation of Mo and V from solutions and (ii) optimization of grinding conditions of alkaline leaching residue for selective Ni sulfuric acid leaching against aluminum (Al). Experimental results showed that effective separation between Mo and V can be achieved by the two-stage process; solvent extraction of Mo and V with TOA (tri-n-octylamine) and precipitation stripping of V with ammonium salt at pH above 8.0. Regarding grinding conditions of alkaline leaching residue for selective Ni leaching against Al, it was found that Ni leaching efficiencies increased by providing higher grinding intensity, while the Al leaching efficiency increased and then decreased with increasing grinding intensity.INTRODUCTIONHydrodesulphurisation (HDS) catalysts account for about one third of the total worldwide catalyst consumption and are extensively used for sulphur removal in petroleum refineries (Zeng & Cheng, 2009). Fresh HDS catalysts generally contain molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni) on an alumina carrier, but various elements included in the crude oil such as sulphur, carbon, silica, arsenic, cobalt, and vanadium (V) deactivates HDS catalysts during HDS reactions. As a result, spent HDS catalysts contain high concentration of rare metals. For example, regarding to Mo and V, it has been reported in the literature that the concentrations of Mo and V in the general spend HDS catalysts are generally 10-30% and 1-12%, respectively (Zeng & Cheng, 2009), which makes it economically viable to recover these rare metals (Biswas et al., 1986).Among a number of processes proposed for the recycling of rare metals from spent HDS catalysts, alkaline leaching is often used for selective Mo and V leaching (Zeng & Cheng, 2009). However, the process which provides a high degree of separation between Mo and V from a leaching solution had not been developed. Therefore, the first objective of this study was set to develop a solvent extraction-precipitation stripping process for the separation of Mo and V from solutions. More specifically, using artificial aqueous solutions of Mo and V, a series of experiments was performed to optimize the extraction pH, stripping agent, and the stripping pH."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. S. MacNeil

In the operation of any colliery, a factor of prime importance is power, of which there are three sources available--man, horse, and mechanical. It is obvious that man-power is by far the most expensive, .and that animal-power, also, is more costly than mechanical. In recognition of this fact, mine owners must, for economical ?reasons, reduce the use of man-and horse-power to the minimum by the increased use of machinery. In other words, they must aim at as complete mechanization as conditions will permit, taking advantage of existing physical factors that are favourable and making the necessary adjustments and modifications to meet the less favourable conditions. Intensive coal-mining, or the concentrated production of coal, has two distinct objectives: First, the maximum production from a limited area, in a given time, thereby reducing the pit-room to be maintained; and second, reduction in cost. To this end the coal should be mined, loaded and delivered to the surface by mechanical means wherever possible. To do this, however, requires the solution of many problems arising out of the varying conditions that obtain underground. The system of longwall mining lends itself to a more efficient scheme of mechanization than does pillar-and-room, as, in the former, the first step has already been taken by the removal of all the coal in one operation, and the opening-out of one face, the equivalent in mining area of fifteen or more rooms. Much has been clone of late towards mechanization in the longwall mines of the Sydney coal-field, and with gratifying results, but not without great difficulties and frequent disappointments. In 1923, an attempt was made with shaker conveyors. The introduction of conveying was a step to bridge the gap between the face, where the coal is produced, and the main transportation arteries leading to the slope or shaft. The receiving of the coal at the faces and its delivery to main loading points on main haulage-ways was the part allotted to the conveyors.

Jan 1, 1932

By P. Morissette

Passive monitoring of support performance during rockbursts was conducted at three deep underground mines. A comprehensive database was constructed of 172 seismic events and the associated damage to support systems at 266 mine locations from January 2000 to September 2012. The majority of pertinent information was obtained through seismic system records and on-site field assessments. This work assesses the quality of collected information and evaluates the dynamic-load demand on support systems in seismically active mines.

Aug 1, 2013

By Peter Silveston, Earl Shannon

Process-oriented experiments on the use of coal as an adsorbent for certain soluble components of sewage are described. The capacity of Canadian coals for these components was less than 0.1 per cent by weight for the highest concentration at which these components could be expected to be found in domestic sewage. This is much less than values reported in the past. A pronounced selectivity between components was observed. Experiments on bacteria removal in beds of coal, regeneration of spent coal to restore adsorption capacity and COD contributions of coal are reported in the paper. The simple application of coal as an adsorbent does not seem promising.

Jan 1, 1970

By W. S. Urbanski, A. L. Devernoe, R. W. Stuart, M. S. Walker

"Although many investigators have successfully achieved separations using variations of a concept wherein particles are buoyed upwards against gravity in a magnetically attracted fluid, none have succeeded in separating fine particles in a manner that is practical tor mineral beneficiation. This paper describes laboratory tests and preliminary economic analyses for a new mineral separation process which provides enhanced magnetic buoyancy and separation capabilities. The process provides a means of gravity separation in a regime where conventional gravity separation is inadequate; that is for small differences in mineral densities and for very fine particles. Although early interest centers on gravity separation, the process has also been successfully used for precise magnetic separation.Tests were conducted on a variety of mineral mixtures, ore samples and concentrates including; a sphalerite ore, pyrochlore ores and concentrates, cassiterite pre-concentrates, a chromite pre-concentrate, and heavy mineral placer samples. Separations requiring high discrimination between fine particles narrowly different in density or weak magnetic properties were obtained. Of particular interest is the ability of the process to concentrate or remove oxide minerals or gangues, especially silicates. Potential applications are discussed."

Jan 1, 1985

By J. S. Moretzsohn, D. F. Graham

"Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)was acquired over the Carajás Mineral Province, within the rainforests of the Amazon, which hosts the world’s largest Fe-ore deposit(Santos, 1986). Significant chemical weathering exists in this humid environment. PrevalentAu mineralization is thought to be generally associated with deformation zones in Archean schists.Radar data have proven to be very useful as an aid to geological mapping in the tropical rainforests of the Amazon Basin in Brazil. In these densely vegetated areas, a sense of regional structural trends is obtained as a con-sequence of the sensor/terrain geometry. The top forest canopy is the main terrain reflector of X-band radar energy, and consequently is the main terrain surface feature expressed in processed radar imagery. Radar is important for extending t,he continuity of mapped structural lineaments. Differential weathering is related to variations in radar image texture which is used to infer gross lithologic variations and relative age relationships of major rock units. Specifically, quartzites and banded iron formation are highlighted in the radar imagery due to their unique tonal and textural appearance, in contrast to schists, gneisses and metavolcanic rocks. As tropical areas are typically enveloped in cloud or mist, radar data are invaluable in providing information for logistical planning of field mapping activities."

Jan 1, 1997

By Xian Jian Guo, Lei Li, Hua Wang

The distribution and behavior of As, Pb and Zn elements in the copper smelting process were investigated using thermodynamics. The differences between thermodynamics evaluation and practical smelting processes were analyzed. The main factors affecting the distribution of the elements are oxygen enrichment in blowing, copper matte grade and smelting temperature. In general, the distribution ratio of As, Pb and Zn to off gas increases with the smelting temperature and decreases with oxygen enrichment in blowing. Meanwhile, their distributions in matte decreases and that in slag increases with the increase of copper matte grade. There is some gap in distributions between thermodynamics evaluation and practical smelting processes. INTRODUCTION The copper concentrates usually contain a number of minor elements, the control of which in copper smelting processes is often a key to the quality of the anode copper produced and may also have a bearing on the overall economics of the process (Yang et al., 2017). Knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the minor elements in slag is very important in the control of the slagging reactions (Takeda Y, Ishiwata & Yazawa, 2007). In addition, the environmental contamination caused by the minor elements associated with copper-bearing ores, such as As, Pb and Zn, has become more and more important (Wang, 2004). Arsenic, lead and antimony, which are all carcinogenic metalloid elements, are usually contained in iron-rich wastes, and theirs emissions are considered to be one of the foremost environmental concerns (Wang, 2004). It is important to elucidate the elements distribution of them in the reducing-matte smelting process. The distributions of As, Pb and Zn elements in the copper smelting process are dependent on many factors, including the temperature, raw material composition, reduction atmosphere, concentration level, and slag chemistry etc. (Chen L Z, Xu X, 2016). Generally, these minor elements mainly distribute in phases of gas, copper matte and slag in the smelting process (Shu, Wang, & Qu, 2016). The arsenic exists mainly in the form of sulfo-arsenides in the copper concentrate, and it will decompose and be oxidized in the smelting process (Chen & Lu, 2016). Part of the products, including AsS, AsO, As2 and As2O3, evaporates into the gaseous state, and some other part enters into slag phase in the form of As2O3 and As2O5 (Wang, Guo, & Tian, 2017). Meanwhile, the As2O3 in the slag phase can also be reduced to metallic As and combine with Cu, S, Fe forming Cu3As2, As2S3 and Fe3As2, and then enter into copper matte. During the copper smelting process, about 50% of zinc enters into slag phase in the form of ZnO and 45% exists in the copper matte in the form of ZnS. Little volatizes into the gas phase. Most lead exists in forms of PbS and PbO in the copper concentrate, and it is mainly distributed in copper matte in the smelting process (Zheng & Lin, 2015).

Jan 1, 2019

By J. G. Cullain

Inco Limited is an integrated mining, smelting, refining and manufacturing company with operations located worldwide. The Ontario Division operations consist of 13 mines and 10 processing facilities located in Sudbury, Port Colborne and Shebandowan. The scope of our utilization of energy in the Ontario Division in 1976 included in excess of 2.2 billion kilowatt hours of electric power, 12 billion cubic feet of natural gas, 60 million Imperial gallons of residual oil and smaller quantities of other fuels. In addition to the primary energy consumption, waste-heat energy is recovered in various operations throughout the Division, thereby reducing our primary energy requirements. Total expenditures for primary energy alone in 1976 exceeded 60 million dollars. Energy management studies were initiated by Inco's Utilities Department in late 1972, and resulted initially in a program of electric power cost reduction. This program produced significant results by improving the use of the water available for our hydraulic generation facilities and by a comprehensive peak reduction program. Our experience showed that a program of peak power control creates an awareness of both peak and energy costs, and thereby encourages a general reduction in the electric energy consumption as well as lowering the peak demand. Energy management is a continuing program at Inco and, recently, a formal energy management policy and program was instituted. Energy management committees were formed in each plant or mine area to identify the major areas for energy; consumption, thereby isolating areas with large potential energy losses, and determining immediate action which will improve the energy efficiency or reduce the energy waste within their respective areas. A decentralized program with good cross-communication between all committees was felt to be the best method of providing an on-going effective energy management program. In the future, the projections of dwindling fossil-fuel supplies in Canada and the resultant spiralling energy costs will further emphasize the need of sound energy management practices for all Canadian industry.

Jan 1, 1977