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By Leiting Yue, Peng Ren, Yu Shen, Zhihong Liu, Haibao Shao, Longgong Xia, Feng Yu

The Kennecott-Outotec Flash Converting technology has been proven as an advanced and mature process in 5 individual plants during the past 2 decades. High grade copper matte (65–72%) produced in the flash smelting, or other smelting technologies is granulated to 3-5mm granules in a water torrent, and further crushed to fine powder (≈50µm) and dried to contain less than 0.3% H2O. Oxygen enriched air, together with fine copper matte powder and lime flux are injected into the reaction shaft by a matte burner. The copper making and slag making reactions will happen in very short time and distance during the particle falling and settling. However, industrial practice has found negative effects caused by sodium contamination. Na is introduced in the copper matte granulating process, and appears as Na2SO4 on particle surface. When Na content was high, scaling problems in the boiler will be worse, and the processing air will be blocked by the growing accretion around the matte burner, and as-produced blister copper is always high in S and O. In this present study, an industrial matte sample was used in the experimental work. Na was introduced into the matte powder by Na2SO4 solution soaking. The burning behaviour of the doped copper matte powder has been investigated as a function of the impurity concentration and processing temperature. Morphology and composition of these samples explained how Na2SO4 converts and reacts in the oxidizing atmosphere, and how they or their converting species influence the burning behaviour of matte particles. Cross-sections of as-prepared samples were analyzed with SEM-EDS, and the reaction mechanism has been carefully interpreted. Results from the present study can benefit both academic and industrial people. INTRODUCTION "Flash Converting" technology was developed jointly by Kennecott Utah Copper Smelter and Outotec (Finland) OY in 1992. The first industrialization of the technology was in Utah Smelter in 1995. Since 2006, it has been successfully applied in Xiangguang Copper, Tongling Jinguan Copper Branch, Fangchengang Jinchuan Copper, and Ningde Southeast Copper. The technology has also been further developed in those smelters. At present, roughly 2 million tons blister copper is produced annually through the Kennecott-Outotec Flash Converting technology, accounting for more than 10% of global primary copper production. The technology has advantages of high efficiency, high sulfur capture rate, good in environmental issues, mature equipment supporting, high automatic control level, low comprehensive energy consumption and flexible connection with the smelting unit, which make the technology to be one of the best choices in investing a new large-scale copper smelter or updating an old copper project in the world.

Jan 1, 2019

"Far from being eclipsed by petroleum and natural gas, Canadian coal continues to command wide (and apparently growing) interest.Major R & D investigations are currently heavily oriented toward coal beneficiation (e.g., cleaning and utilization of fines) and toward a broad range of studies on metallurgical coals and cokes. However, active work is also being carried out in the areas of coal geology, mining, transportation and combustion; and, in some laboratories, increasing stress has been laid on developing a number of new, essentially non-fuel uses for coal and coal products.This review summarizes the work of Canadian coal research agencies during 1966 and indicates some of the more important advances made by them."

Jan 1, 1967

By J. T. Fyles, C. G. Hewlett

"THE TOWN OF Salmo, rail centre for the Salmo lead-zinc mining district, is in southeastern British Columbia 26 miles by road east of Trail an about the same distance south of Nelson. The belt in which the mines occur is a few miles east of Salmo and extends about 6 miles north of the town and 17 miles south and southwest to the International Boundary. The belt includes the H. B. mine of The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, the Jersey mine of Canadian Exploration Limited, the Reeves MacDonald mine, and the Jack Pot property of New Jersey Zinc Explorations Limited.Since 1949, the Jersey and Reeves MacDonald mines have produced most of the lead and zinc in the district. From 1949 through 1954 these two mines together produced a total of 233,134 ounces of silver, 87,659,399 pounds of lead, 215,708,856 pounds of zinc and 475,397 pounds of cadmium. This amounts to more than 80 per cent of the total production of lead and 95 per cent of the total production of zinc from the district since the first recorded production in 1906. Reserves at the largest properties amount to several million tons of ore containing 4 to 7 per cent combined lead and zinc. Several prospects are potential producers.Regional StructureThe main structural units in the Salmo area are outlined in Figure I, and the major rock units of the stratigraphic column are listed in the following table. The lead and zinc deposits are replacements in a highly deformed limestone formation near the base of the Laib group, and all mineralized zones are on the south and east side of structural unit 2 (see Figure I)."

Jan 1, 1949

By A. D. Walters

"IntroductionScreens are used in coal preparation plants for four basic functions, namely:I. Scalping off large size run-of-mine coal for initial size reduction;2. Sizing of coal treatment in different process streams;3. Removal of magnetite (dense medium) from clean coal and refuse;4. Dewatering.Canadian coal preparation plants use screens extensively in the above functions. Even plants where no beneficiation takes place, screening and crushing are carried out in the size reduction process.Description of Process UnitsThe type of screen used in coal preparation plants generally falls into the following categories:Fixed Screens and Grizzlies (for large coal)Often a simple rugged construction, either set horizontally above a bin or inclined with the coal flow.Fixed Sieves (for fine coal)They are used for dewatering and/ or size separation of slurried coal or discard. The sieve bend, the Vor-Siv, the Wilmot riffle and the cross flow screen fall into this category. The most commonly used in coal preparation plants is the sieve bend, Figure 1. Coal slurry is fed tangentially onto a fixed curve wedge wire screen deck. The solids are separated at a predetermined particle size, delivering a partially dewatered overproduct and a dilute underflow. The coal slurry is initially delivered to the sieve bend via a feed box. A series of baffles spreads the feed evenly across the width of the deck. The slurry drops from the last baffle, passes through the feed spout and is fed tangentially to the screen. It is important that the feed should contact the surface immediately at the front end of the sieve bend. It is possible to lose as much as 250Jo of screening area with a poorly fitted screen box.The full stream of coal slurry flowing over the sieve bend decreases in depth, in increments of approximately •;4 the slot width each time it passes a slot. Sieve bends make a size separation at 112 to 2h the slot width. This feature virtually eliminates blinding of the screen surface. Slot sizes are normally quoted in millimetres, available standard slot sizes are from 2 mm to 0.125 mm. The sieve bend is also widely used in coal preparation for preliminary dewatering."

Jan 1, 1989

By A. Khodadadi, M. Abdolahi, P. Taimory

Cyanide is used by the mining and chemical industries in tremendous quantities without attention being given to its hazardous properties. The use of cyanide compounds in mining is one of the most important environmental issues for the mining industry due to the acutely toxic properties of many cyanide compounds to humans and aquatic life. Cyanide tends to react readily with most other chemical elements, producing a wide variety of toxic, cyanide-related compounds and because cyanide is carbon based an organic compound it reacts readily with other carbon-based matter, including living organisms. This research is aimed at investigating a feasible and economical technique for the removal of cyanide from tailing wastewater of Muteh gold mine. In this research, removal from Muteh factory's waste water, was achieved at Tarbiat Modares University's mineral processing laboratory through the oxidation of cyanide by calcium hypochlorite. Cyanide oxidizes and changes to cyanide (CNO-) which is 1000 times less environmentally hazards than cyanide. Cyanide titration was accomplished using Rhodanine solution and silver Nitrate. Cyanide concentration in the wastewater, was 270 mg/L. Cyanide removal was achieved at an optimum pH of 12.3. However, at higher temperatures, cyanide removal was complete at this pH level. Optimum Dosage for complete removal of cyanide using calcium hypochlorite was 1.43g/L.

Jan 1, 2005

By P. J. Mackey, Elsie Kossatz

The small town of Bruce Mines lies a few miles east of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario on the north shore of Lake Huron. This was the site of the first copper mine. This copper smelter used a reverberatory furnace, based on the Welsh process, and operated in the period of 1849 to 1850, when the plant was destroyed by fire. During the period of 1850 to about 1869, crushed and sorted ore was shipped to England and later to the United States. In 1869, a roastleach plant, based on the Henderson Process, was constructed at Bruce Mines and was operated until about 1872. This short article describes the early development of this historic operation. Although the rich copper ore found in the vicinity of Bruce Mines was known to the Indians, its discovery in or about 184 7 was credited to Mr. Keating, who named the area Bruce in honour of Lord Elgin (James Bruce), Canada's Governor General. In 1848, the property was acquired by the Montreal Mining Company for 40 000 pounds sterling and the company immediately sent a small party to investigate the deposit. The party sank a shaft on a lode within a hundred yards of the lake and also reported two adjacent lodes farther inland, which were left undeveloped until the turn of the century. Initially, the foundation of the headframe and hoist was built above the frost line and when the machinery was set in motion it collapsed. Eventually, the shaft was to reach a depth of 300 feet. By 1849, the property was well established and the small settlement consisted of 77 miners, 65 labourers, 4 boys, 11 tradesmen, including blacksmiths and carpenters, 2 mining captains, 1 engineer, 2 clerks and 1 superintendent. The community, including the workers' families, numbered about 250.

Jan 1, 1999

By W. Zheng

Pipelines can develop stress corrosion cracks in either intergranular or transgranular form. Since the mid-1980s, numerous colonies of transgranular cracks have been found across Canada and many other countries in the world. While the intergranular form of cracking has been well studied in the past 40 years, the mechanisms governing SCC in near-neutral pH environment, i.e., the transgranular form of the cracking, are yet to be understood in greater depth. Over the past ten years or so, a large number of research publications have been available on this subject and this paper summarize our latest progress in understanding the mechanistic aspect of the problem. Better understanding of the role of mill scale surface and the steel metallurgy in crack initiation has been indicated in the recent literature. However, the initiation of SCC in the lab research still relies on loading conditions that are far more aggressive than those encountered in the field. Most crack growth studies in the past are also performed under very aggressive mechanical conditions, which could have prevented the observation of environment effects. However, more recent research at lower K or Delta K ranges seems to suggest a strong role of the environment. Naturally, modeling of growth should reflect the effect of the environment, steel metallurgy, and the changing mechanical properties of the pipe steel with time. For a specific steel in a given environment, the crack growth rates tended to increase with the strain rate, indicated either by the nominal applied loading frequency or by the calculated crack tip opening rate. Future research needs to address the issue of concurrent growth of multiple interacting cracks. More attention should also be given to concurrent initiation of multiple cracks in a colony, as failure is usually caused by a coalesced crack not by an individual crack. The effect of soil environment should not be limited to the chemistry of soil solution; other factors such as cathodic processes, the variation of environment with time and physical conditions of coatings should also be considered as part of the study.

Jan 1, 2005

By M. Mahdi Aboutalebi, Roderick I. L. Guthrie, Mihaiela Isac

"A preliminary computational fluid flow model has been developed to simulate the flow field of liquid steel in the mold region of billet mold casting. This study reports the effect of different Submerged Entry Nozzles (SEN) on the fluid flow in round and square billet, curved mold, casters. In this study, ANSYS Fluent 14.5 software was used to model the 3-D turbulent flow of liquid steel. The standard k-0 model was used to simulate turbulence in the mold region. Similarly, the species transport equations were discretized to simulate the dye injection test into the mold cavity. The behavior of flow in the mold region was validated against previous experimental work. Predicted results showed that different nozzle types plus the slight curvatures in the molds can significantly influence the flow patterns generated within the mold region, and thereby affect the finished quality of the billet products.INTRODUCTIONConventional Continuous Casting (C.C) processes are presently used to solidify more than 95% of the 1.5 billion tons of steel now produced in the world annually (World Steel in Figure, 2014). This overwhelming contribution of C.C processes for steel production is the prime motivation for this study, in order to understand and optimize the casting processes and thereby reduce internal defects and minimize energy consumption. The primary objective of all C.C processes is to maintain liquid metal purity during the casting process and to create a uniform flow within the caster so as to avoid internal and external defects. In this regard, studying fluid flows in the mold region of continuous caster has attracted many research groups, in both academia and industry, in recent years. The mold region is one of the most critical parts of the C.C. process, in which the transport phenomena associated with this region can significantly affect the quality of the final products. Thus, proper control of fluid flows within this region can be expected to greatly decrease both internal and surface defects such as Oscillation Marks (OM), inclusion entrapment, and Mold Powder Entrapment (MPE). In the casting process, the fluid flow in the mold region can be affected by a number of variables, such as; the flow control system (stopper rod or slide gate), nozzle geometry, SEN (Submerged Entry Nozzle) depth, casting speed, mold dimensions, gas injection, and the application of electromagnetic fields. One of the most influential and easily-changed fluid flows are the jets of steel issuing from the SEN. Nozzle geometries are variable, consisting of a number of exit ports, different port angles, and/or port sizes, the bottom shape of the nozzle, and the SEN immersion depth (Thomas, 2001). The SEN characteristics can markedly affect meniscus surface velocities, surface level profiles, and turbulence levels that can vary in terms of the frequency and the magnitude of their fluctuations."

Jan 1, 2016

"The technical report form provides the headings to be used and content required when a completing a technical report to be filed in accordance with NI 43-101. The technical report is meant to be a summary of the scientific and technical information on the mineral property. The Instrument (NI 43-101) requires that technical reports be filed with Canadian provincial or territorial securities regulators to support certain disclosure of mineral exploration, development and production activities and results in order to permit the public and analysts to have access to information that will assist them in making investment decisions and recommendations. FORM 43-101F1 TECHNICAL REPORT INSTRUCTIONS (1) The objective of the technical report is to provide a summary of scientific and technical information concerning mineral exploration, development and production activities on a mineral property that is material to an issuer.This Form sets out specific requirements for the preparation and contents of a technical report. (2) Terms used in this Form that are defined or interpreted in National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (the “Instrument”) will bear that definition or interpretation. In addition, a general definitioninstrument has been adopted as National Instrument 14-101 Definitions that contains definitions of certain terms used in more than one national instrument. Readers of this Form should review both these national instruments for defined terms.(3) The qualified person preparing the technical report must use all of the headings of the items in this Formandmay create sub-headings. If unique or infrequently used technical terms are required, clear and concise explanations must be included. (4) No disclosure need be given in respect of inapplicable items and, unless otherwise required by this Form,negative answers to itemsmay be omitted. Disclosure included under one heading is not required to berepeated under another heading. (5) The technical report is not required to include the information required in Items 6 through 11 of this Form tothe extent that the required information has been previously filed in a technical report for the property being reported on, the previous technical report is referred to in the technical report and there has not been any material change in the information. (6) The technical report for development properties and production properties may summarize the information required in the items of this Form, except for Item 25, provided that the summary includes the materialinformation necessary to understand the project at its current stage of development or production. (7) The technical report may only contain disclaimers that are in accordancewith section 6.4 of the Instrument and Item 5 of this Form."

Jan 1, 2003

By David S. Robertson

"IntroductionCanada has been one of the world's leading producers of uranium since atomic energy first became of practical importance in 1942. Indeed, prior to this time, between 1933 and 1940, Canada produced significant amounts of pitchblende, as a source of radium, from the Eldorado Mine at Great Bear Lake*.Uranium was first reported in Canada, however, in the middle of the 19th Century in the vicinity of Theano Point on Lake Superior north of Sault Ste. Marie. In the early 1900s, uranium-bearing minerals were reported in Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River and in pegmatites in Quebec and eastern Ontario. In 1930, G.A. LaBine and E.C. St. Paul visited an occurrence of cobalt reported by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1900, and brought the Eldorado Mine into production in 1933, as noted above, producing, in the main, silver and pitchblende.In 1942, developments in atomic energy were such that the Government of Canada, at the behest of Great Britain and the United States, requested that Eldorado, which had been closed in 1940, be re-opened to produce uranium for the Manhattan Project. In September, 1943, all discoveries of radioactive minerals were reserved to the Crown and their staking by private interests was banned. In January, 1944, the government nationalized Eldorado and formed a Crown corporation, the present Eldorado Nuclear Limited, to take over the assets. That year marked the formal beginning of uranium exploration in Canada.The Period 1944 to 1948In 1944, the Crown Corporation and the Geological Survey of Canada began exploring for uranium deposits, largely in the areas of Great Bear Lake and Lake Athabasca. In that year, A. W. Joliffe of the Survey visited properties on the north shore of Lake Athabasca near Beaverlodge Lake and recommended that Eldorado acquire claims in the area. In 1946, P. St. Louis and E. Laurum, prospectors working for Eldorado, found the pitchblende veinlets that led to the Ace Mine. Shaft sinking began in 1951, and production, through a carbonate leach plant, began in 1953.Continuing drilling on the Eldorado claims led to the Verna ore bodies, some 6,000 feet northeast of Ace, on which shaft sinking started in 1954."

Jan 1, 1986

By K. Sawamukai, S. Ogasawara, D. Umenai, T. Tsuruta

"Removal of cobalt, strontium or cesium ion from the aqueous solution containing each metal ion only using microorganism was examined. Arthrobacter nicotianae which had a high ability to remove cationic metal ion was used for the removal of each metal. The removal of cobalt, strontium or cesium using A. nicotianae cells was affected by the solution pH, concentration of metal ion, and cell amount. The effects of above mentioned factors on the removal of each metal and time course of strontium from the solution containing each metal only using A. nicotianae cells were reported in this paper. INTRODUCTIONRadioactive elements, such as cesium, iodine, strontium, plutonium, barium, cobalt, lanthanum, yttrium, and tellurium, were detected around Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, which was damaged by the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and the tsunami followed.The removal of radioactive elements from contaminated sources is a worthwhile subject to investigatein terms of environmental control. Research efforts have been especially concentrated on studying microorganisms that remove uranium including bacteria (Andres et al, 1993, Hu et al, 1996, Marques et al, 1991, Strandberg et al, 1981), actinomycetes (Byerley et al, 1987, Friiss and Myers-Keith, 1986, Golab et al, 1991), fungi (Byerley et al, 1987, Galun et al, 1983a, Galun et al, 1983b,Tsezos and Volesky, 1981, White and Gadds, 1990) and yeasts (Strandberg et al, 1981, Schmate II et al, 1978).We have investigated removal and recovery of uranium from aqueous systems using microorganisms isolated from uranium mines. We identified some strains of bacteria with extremely high uranium removing abilities (Sakaguchi et al, 1996), and thus, the microbial biomass may be considered as an adsorbing agent for the removal and recovery of uranium and heavy metals present in aqueous systems around Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.In the present study, we screened various species and strains of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and yeasts for their ability to adsorb uranium (Tsuruta, 2002). Basic features affecting uranium adsorption?co-existing cations and anions, cell amounts, pH, and the adsorption time course?by Arthrobacter nicotianae cells, which adsorbed the largest amount of uranium, were also investigated. In addition, we examined the removal of an other actinoid element, thorium ion, which may be present with uranium in refining effluents.In this paper, the removal of cobalt, strontium, or cesium from the solution containing each metal ion using A. nicotianae cells is discussed."

Jan 1, 2012

By Pura Alfonso, Teresa Escobet, Hernan Anticoi, Eduard Guasch, Josep Oliva, Sarbast A. Hamid

"The liberation modelling of mineral particles using mineral liberation analysis have been used in the past to model comminution and concentration processes. In this work this concept has been taken a little further, using comminution and concentration for applying the mineralogical characteristics of particles. This approach is shown using the image analysis, mineral liberation analysis and the distribution density functions for liberation modelling. The work focused on the effect of comminution on mineral liberation for liberation modelling. To model this, effect the mineral liberation of the particles using distribution density and the cumulative distribution was linked to the image analysis of the ore particles. These properties have been estimated by statistical measures such as the distribution density and liberation grade, which were extracted from MLA data and images analysis, using proper image analysis and techniques based on MATLAB software. A comparison of different tungsten ores of liberated particles, has been introduced and evaluated by estimated results and image analysis.INTRODUCTION The chief economic minerals of tungsten are wolframite [(Fe,Mn) WO4] and scheelite(CaWO4), and approximately two-thirds of the world tungsten reserves consist of scheelite deposits (Lassner and Schubert, 1999). Tungsten has unique properties and is widely used in various industrial high strength and high temperature applications. It occurs coarsely aggregated in low grade ores. Most of tungsten ores, particularly scheelite, wolframite and ferberite, occur in deposits with very low content of WO3 (0.1–2.5%) that is not economically viable to apply directly metallurgical methods to extract tungsten (Martins, 2014). Tungsten is considered as a critical metal by the European Union by the economic importance and also the high supply risk (European Commission, 2014; Chakhmouradian et al., 2015).Currently, scheelite is playing an increasingly important role in tungsten industry because the mineral reserve of wolframite is getting depleted after gradual exploitation and utilization (Min et al., 2016). In mineral processing, the liberation of valuable mineral from the gangue determines the efficiency of subsequent separation processes. The liberation characteristics of an ore are primarily dependent on its texture, the association of mineral in the host matrix of gangue minerals, and to some extent on the grinding process (Zhang and Subasinghe; 2013)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Hans Lundberg

The magnetometer which was developed during the war for detecting submarines has proven exceedingly valuable in outlining deep-seated structures in oil exploration, and will be useful also to geologists in outlining regional structural features in the Precambrian. Our magnetometer has been developed to outline local and detail structures. 1 am quite sure that all geophysicists and geologists would agree with me that, in ore prospecting, it is important to obtain as much detailed information as possible. We know that, as we ascend from the ground and get away from the magnetic ore-bearing structures and orebodies, the magnetic intensity decreases rapidly, but, worse than that, we lose the details even faster. Figure l shows two strong, very sharp, magnetic 'highs' over two orebodies which, as our distance increases, rapidly merge into one fairly broad, moderately strong anomaly. If we drilled on this maximum, we would not encounter any of the orebodies. Therefore, we should fly the airborne magnetometer as close to the ground as possible in order to duplicate the results of the magnetic ground surveys. The first chance to accomplish this came with the helicopter, which is an exceedingly maneuverable aircraft. It can be landed in a cleared space not much more than fifty feet square. With floats, it can be landed anywhere, even in a swamp, on thin ice, or on soft snow. It can stand still in the air, hovering over a given point. It can ascend and descend vertically, fly sideways and even backwards, at the will of the pilot. It flies forward at any speed up to l00 miles an hour. The helicopter can be taken to any desired position at a given time. It can fly at any useful altitude from a few feet to several thousand feet above the ground. It can fly very close to the ground with safety. In bare areas, the survey flight may be performed a few feet above the ground. In forested areas, however, the flights, to clear the trees, must be made at l00 to 150 feet. To mark out a certain point, a small parachute-like marker may be draped over a tree or laid on the ground. This can be done from the helicopter without touching the ground.

Jan 1, 1947

By W. J. Taylor, T. D. Parris

"Over 90,000 feet of raise have been bored at International Nickel underground mining operations throughout the Sudbury District since the advent of raise boring in the early part of July, 1964. With a total of 10 raise borers on hand at this time, techniques have improved steadily since introduction at INCO mines. The first unit, designed for use in rock of low compressive strength, had to be modified and redesigned to cope with Sudbury Area Precambrian rock. As equipment and boring techniques improved, a specially designed machine for larger holes was developed and is now in use. More powerful units, with a thrust capacity of up to 750,000 pounds, are under investigation. Raises have been bored up to 84-inch diameter, and the changeover to 5- and 6-foot flat reaming heads with improved cutter design has increased performance substantially. As a result, 5-foot-diameter raises have been completed to a length of 750 feet and 6- and 7-foot raises to over 500 feet. Reference is also made to the drilling of over 23,000 feet of drainage and sand-fill holes, ranging up to 7% inches in diameter, with smaller underground rotary drill equipment.Finally, a look into the future indicates the need for further improvements in equipment design to permit economic boring of 7- to 8-foot-diameter raises in Sudbury Area ground types."

Jan 1, 1972

By J. P. Nowlan

"This paper is an attempt to outline the structural problems at the Cochenour Willans mine, in so far as their details have been tentatively worked out. It must be emphasized that there are considerable data that can be interpreted in more than one way, and that further work may modify or completely change some of the hypotheses presented herein. Certain features, however, are sufficiently constant to warrant reliance on them when searching for extensions of orebodies.As the individual ore shoots usually have relatively small dimensions, but are often very high grade, structural details are of more than usual significance in laying out a mining programme. An illustration of this is a small shoot recently located and mined as a result of studying a minor slip cutting off a part of high grade gold ore in No. 319 stope. The shoot, which is bounded on three sides by slips, and on the fourth by the original stoping, was roughly triangular in plan, 20 feet on the base, and 40 feet in length. The average width mined was 4.5 feet, but the gold obtained totalled over 1,800 oz.The property lies in Dome township, east of McKenzie island, and consists of an original group of thirteen claims acquired from the Cochenour Willans syndicate, plus one additional group of five claims obtained by purchase from the Kelson Red Lake Gold Mines, Limited, and one other claim that rounds out the southeast corner of the block.The claims of the original group were staked by W. M. Cochenour, Dan Willans, and Horace Young, during 1926 and 1927. The Cochenour Willans Syndicate was formed in 1928, and until incorporation of the present Company work was carried on at varying intervals by several different interests, including Ventures Limited, Hollinger Consolidated, who sank a shaft to open up the 150-foot level, and by the Syndicate itself. The first ore from the property was shipped to the Gold Eagle mill by the present Company in 1939, and amounted to 4,959 tons, from which 2,360 oz. gold was recovered. The first brick was poured in December, 1939, and production has been continuous since that date. To the end of June, 1946, gold having a value of $5,982,000 has been produced from 345,033 tons of ore treated."

Jan 1, 1954

By J. M. Livingstone

"This paper covers some of the problems confronted by Canada's railways in moving bulk materials from their source to the dock-site. The ""cost center"" concept is presented, and hypothetical examples of its use given. Also discussed are systems design, the unit train and pipelines.INTRODUCTIONCANADA LIVES BY RER EXPORTS and the Port of Vancouver by the exports of the Mountain and Prairie Empire at her back. The most recent estimates of off-shore shipments of bulk from the Port of Vancouver rise to 35.8 million shipping tons in 1985 and deep-sea general cargo estimates, in and out, are estimated at 7.6 million shipping tons for the same year. This compares to 7.67 and 2.87 million shipping tons, respectively, in 1965."

Jan 1, 1968

By W. W. Beaton

The Coxheath copper mine is situated on the north side of the Coxheath hills and opposite the French Vale, at a distance of about 10 miles southwest of Sydney, Cape Breton county. The deposit was discovered in 1880, and the first work on the property was carried out with local capital. Lacer some Boston men became interested and formed a Company to finance the undertaking. This group operated the mine intermittently for approximately 20 years, spending close to one million dollars on the undertaking. Three shafts were sunk to depths of 110, 190, and 340 feet, and further underground workings to the extent of approximately one-half mile were driven. Also, an extensive surface programme was carried out. in which many test pits and hundreds of feet of trenches were dug, Early in the summer of 1928 the Arno Mines, Limited, optioned the property and immediately started an exploration campaign. A series of trenches were dug along the parallel vein system, and over 4,000 feet of diamond-drilling was done. The results obtained were so encouraging that a mining plant was erected in the fall of chat year and No. 2 shaft was drained. A complete new plant was installed, consisting of one 120 h.p. Fairbanks-Morse Diesel engine, direct connected to a Sullivan angle compound, air compressor; an 80 h .p. Leonard boiler, which supplies power for the 7 by 11 Ingersoll-Rand hoist; and a Sullivan class C steel sharpener and oil furnace. Two 250-gallon Cameron pumps, one operated by steam and the other by air, were placed in the mine so that, in case of a break-down, the mine would not be flooded.

Jan 1, 1930

By K. Gardner

"Many deposits have a geological model developed early in the project stages, which is not always reviewed or modified as the project matures and production commences. Conversely, ongoing pressures, due to a combination of declining head grades, a push for increased revenue and a multitude of other reasons, leads to processing plant modifications, with the primary aim being to increase production. Often, the ore deposit knowledge is not sustained or developed during the operational stages to the level carried out during the prefeasibility and feasibility study phases. This results in the variability within the deposit being poorly understood and a lack of data and knowledge being available to support (and ideally optimise) operations particularly in an environment where the flow sheet has changed and ore feed requirements are complex.INTRODUCTION This paper presents a case study of ore deposit knowledge development and corresponding process plant operating strategy at the Ladolam Gold Deposit, commonly referred to as the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea. The gold deposit is located in a tropical equatorial climate on the east side of Lihir Island in the New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea. Gold mineralisation was discovered in 1982, and was followed by a major exploration campaign by a joint venture between Kennecott (Rio Tinto) and Nuigini Mining Limited. The first drillhole was drilled in 1983, and after an extensive period of drilling consisting of 343 holes for 83,500 m, the final Feasibility Study was completed in 1992. The feasibility study was based on a Reserve base of 37.9 Moz in refractory sulphide ore, with gold extraction proposed to occur via whole ore pressure oxidation due to the refractory nature of the mineralisation. The Lihir Special Mining Lease (SML) was granted in 1995 to a new PNG company – Lihir Gold Limited, and Rio Tinto established Lihir Management Company to develop and operate the mine on behalf of LGL. Mining and processing of the deposit commenced in 1997. Newcrest Mining Limited purchased Lihir Gold Limited in August 2010, and subsequently completed a major plant upgrade including the installation of additional grinding, autoclave and carbon-in-leach capacity. Post commissioning of the upgrade, Newcrest has continued to increase throughput and production. A reinvigorated ore body knowledge development program has significantly assisted this process in identifying operating strategies for the process plant and delivering recovery improvement projects to address declining head grade and recovery due to increased stockpile feed and flotation circuit use."

Jan 1, 2017

By Malcolm Scobie

"This paper reviews the evolution of Canadian surface and underground mining automation, principally relating to: advances in communications, initial development of machine teleoperation from line-of-sight remote control, and islands of automation. The eventual role of teleroboties and minewide robotic mining remains to be resolved. The progress and approaches adopted have tended to vary within each sector of the mining industry. Recent information technology advances have made possible the Digital Mine; in which information associated with all mining processes, however dispersed, would be integrated with support systems using new communications technology. The Digital Mine will provide the information infrastructure to serve as the foundation for minewide automation. This paper concludes by reviewing the issues likely to govern implementation success, relating to: mining process design, machine design, machine intelligence, and mine planning and control.IntroductionSignificant advances have recently been made in underground hardrock mine communications and teleoperation. Subsequent R&D efforts are mainly focussing on control systems for various types of machines. In underground potash mining, the realization of automated continuous mining systems appears to be imminent. Recent advances in surface mine dispatching, machine monitoring and global positioning systems (GPS) have tended to reactivate some of the initial R&D enthusiasm developed in the '70s for surface mine automation. Mines at large are approaching a major milestone: the implementation of comprehensive communications infrastructure which proves to be sufficiently reliable and economical to support the automation of routine mine production, either using teleoperated or autonomous machines. This then should motivate a deeper commitment to real time monitoring and management. The communications advances make possible the Digital Mine; in which information associated with all mining processes, however dispersed, would be integrated with support systems using information engineering. The Digital Mine will provide the information infrastructure to serve as the likely foundation for a wide range of automation scenarios. This paper surveys the status and directions of automation development in both surface and underground Canadian mines, pointing to what are seen to represent key technology development issues."

Jan 1, 1995

By Philip W. Johnson, Charles D. Haynes

"Abstract - The coalbed methane industry has become a prominent source of domestic natural gas, with its technology having evolved over the past 30 years. Whereas most coalbed methane wells are able to produce without major interruption over their economic lives, wells operating in an underground mining area are subject to being mined-through. If mine-through occurs, the productivity of the well is at least compromised, and may even be terminated. The economic consequences of mine-through may be relatively simple if mineral ownership and extraction rights are common for the coal and coalbed methane. However, if ownership is not common and a superior coalbed methane lease exists, the coalbed methane ownership must be compensated for lost production caused by mine-through. This paper presents a relatively straightforward method to calculate the value of the lost production caused by the mine-through. It uses technology from mining and petroleum engineering, as well as simple economics and financial management techniques.Sommaire - L’industrie de la production de méthane houiller est aujourd’hui une source importante de gaz naturel domestique dont la technologie a considérablement évolué au cours des trente dernières années. Bien que la plupart des puits de méthane houiller peuvent être mis en production durant l’entièreté de leur vie utile sans interruption majeure, les puits implantés en périphérie de mines souterraines sont sujets à être recoupés par ces dernières. Un tel recoupement peut compromettre, ou même mettre fin à la production d'un tel puits. Les conséquences économiques du recoupement par une mine souterraine peuvent être relativement simples quand les droits miniers et les droits d’extraction sont détenus en commun pour le charbon et le méthane houiller. Si toutefois ces droits ne sont pas détenus en commun et qu’il y a eu octroi d’une concession de méthane houiller de qualité supérieure, les détenteurs du méthane houiller doivent être compensés pour la perte de production résultant du recoupement par une mine souterraine. Cet article présente une méthode relativement simple pour calculer la valeur des pertes de production suite au recoupement par une mine souterraine. Cette méthode fait appel aux technologies de l’industrie minière et pétrolière ainsi qu’à des techniques simples d’économie et de gestion financière."

Jan 1, 2006