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By E. T. Turkdogan, P. Grieveson

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Acting Editor, Paul G. Shewmon Carnegie lnstitute of Technology Sc hen ley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Karl L. Fetters, President; J.S. Smart, Jr., Past-President; R. C. Cole, Vice President; R. L. Hennebach, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. 0. Phil-brook, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, R. C. Cole, J. N. Hobstetter, W. A. Krivsky, E. R. Morgan, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, Paul Queneau, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and T. '4. Wainwright. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committes: Extractive Metallurgy Division: R. E. Lund, Chatrmon; M. E. Wodsworth, Vice Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., G. M. Bell, R. E. Groce, W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewls, Charles O'Neill, A. W. Schlechten, R. E. Shinkoskey, and W. W. Stephens. Iron and Steel Division: T. V. Wainright, Choirman; H. L. Bishop, R. E. Boni, T. E. Dancy, C. W. Murphy, Johonnes M. Uys, J. B. Wagstaff, and R. G. Ward. lnstitute of Metols Division: J. N. Hobstetter, Chairman; P. A. Beck, J. J. Becker, G. F. Bolling, J. O. Brittain, J. 8. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, L. R. Girifalco, J. C. Gurland, H. S. Kclish, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendrickson, L. Himmel, J. P. Hirth, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nosh, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, H. C. Rogers, W. Rostoker, C. Sherby, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, R. Steinitz, H. C. Stumpf, and R. Swolin. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York 17. N. Y. Telephone PLaza 2-6800. Subscription $30 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $32, foreign; $7.50 for AlME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The AlME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications ... Copyright 1962 by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metollurgical. and Petroleum Engineers. Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AlME New York . . . Indexed in Engineering Index, lndustriol Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 224, Number 6.

Jan 1, 1962

Jan 1, 1883

The following is a list of members who died in 1928. It is compiled from reports to the Secretary's office. Biographical sketches published in Mining and Metallurgy are indicated in the last two columns. Issue Containing Year or Date or Biography Election Name Death 1928 Page 1914 Adams. David T.................... July 22 October 471 1905 Aguilera. Pedro................... May 3 October 469 1902 Althouse, H. W.................... NOV. 3 December 559 1920 Averill: C. C...................... July 9 October 471 1915 Baldwin, C. Kemble............... Aug. 9 October 471 1926 Barquist, Walter C............... NOV. 14 June 298 Barron,* Clarence Walker......... Oct. 2 November 511 1917 Beasley, Fred E.................... Aug. 31 October 471 1901 Belden, S. B....................... May 15 July 333 1927 Binney, Edwin, Jr.................. Dec. 29 February 96 1915 Bonsall, James Malcolm............ Feb. 12 June 284 1917 Boyle, John....................... July 12 December 561 1913 BradEn, Eugene B............. Jan. 29 March 157 1889 Bulkley, Frank.................... Mar. 25 May 240 1896 Callaghan, J. T., Jr............... Apr. 1 1892 Chalmers, George.................. Feb. 4 April 197 1898 Clark, Josiah H.................. May 7 July 333 1887 Copeland, F. K............. Nov. 10 December 561 1915 Cunningham, B. L11............... Dec. 6 August 294 1888 Dana, R. T........................ Aug. 20 December 559 1907 Dennis, Clifford G............... Dec. 28 March 1 1920 DeVenny, Thomas................ Feb. 13 April 197 1882 d'Invillier-, Edward V........... Jan. 4 March 157 1884 Duncan, M. M..................... Dec. 17 February 96 1924 Dyrssen, WaldemaR ............... Aug. 4 October 471 1906 Edmondson. H. W................ Dec. 21 February 1884 Emmerton, F. A.................. Oct. 9 June 298 1911 Eu, S. H............................ July 20 February 1917 Farrand, Ira W.................... Sept. 6 October 469 1900 Fell, E. Nelson...........•......... Mar. 25 May 231 1918 Fenton, Clarence M.............. October Junet 298 1908 Ferraris, Erminio................. Sept. 22 June 298 1914 Galloway. A. D. R............... December April 215 1924 Grant, A. W., Jr................... .4pr. 5 June 285 1917 Grant, Clifford G............... Jan. 26 January? 37 1918 Grant, Frank E.............. Jan. 14 September 417 1921 Gunderoth, C. J.................. Feb. 15 1897 Harms, Ernest..................... Aug. 12 November 512 1891 Hartrick, J. S..................... Feb. 9 June 285 1925 Hochschild, Berthold.............. Jan. 24 April 197 1917 Hutton, L. W...................... NOV. 3 January 37 1894 Jenning", S. J...................... NOV. 17 December 560 1925 Jones, J. Ravenscroft............... Jan. 29 March 157 1880 Jones, J. T......................... May 4 June 284

Jan 1, 1929

[Trans. No.Place Date Vol. Page 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa.* .... May, '71.. 1 8 2. Bethlehem Pa Aug., '71.. 1 10 3. Troy N. 'l Nov., '71.. 1 13 4. Philadelphia, Pa Feb., '72.. 1 '17 5. New York, N. Y.• ....May, '72 1 20 6. Pittsburgh, Pa Oct., '72.. 1 25 7. Boston, Mass Feb., '73.. 1 28 8. Philadelphia, Pa.' May, '73.. 2 3 9. Easton, Pa Oct., '73.. 2 7 10. New York, N. Y Feb.. '74 2 11 11. St. Louis, Mo' May, '74.. 3 3 12. Hazleton, Pa Oct., '74.. 8 8 13. New Haven, Conn....Feb., '75.. 8 15 14. Dover. N. J.' Mav. '75.. 43] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By H. A. MEGRAW

THE meeting of the A. I. M. E. at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Sept. 12 to 15, inclusive, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Institute. It was at Wilkes-Barre, in 1871, that the foundation was laid for the great institution that now includes in its roster the greatest names. in mining engineering in every civilized country of the world. The founders of the Institute, with rare prescience, established a common ground upon which all mining engineers, whatever particular branch they might consider most pertinent, could stand securely, assured of a deep-seated interest from their brethren similarly minded in other localities. So wise and clear was the vision of the founders that every engineer connected with mining has found it beneficial, not to say indispensable, to maintain his connection with the Institute and to increase his technical enthusiasm through the medium of the valuable technical publications. The little coterie of 1871 has grown to a strong body of more than 10,000 members in 1921, reflecting the glory of the founders in the record of the accomplishments written on the pages of the fifty years of the

Jan 1, 1921

Who's Who in Mineral Engineering - The 1979 Directory of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME

Jan 7, 1979

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Jan. 10, 1918 to Feb. 10, 1918: K. Baumgarten, San Diego, Cal. J. A. Meyerovitch, Petrograd, Russia. F. J. Brine, Toronto, Ont., Canada. C. Naramore, Washington, D. C. W. A. Castleton, Salt Lake City, Utah. Orrin P. Peterson, Wausau, Wis. J. Ross Corbin, Boyerton, Pa. William H. Rea, Pittsburgh, Pa. W. M. Corse, Buffalo, N. Y. W. Murray Sanders, Tucson, Ariz. W. A. Deane, Summitville, N. Y. Edmund F. Saxton, Philadelphia, Pa. S. E. Doak, Philadelphia, Pa. William C. Schmidt, Humboldt, Ariz. F. G. Downs, Jersey City, N. J. G. J. Sielaff, Oakland, Cal. Albert H. Fay, Washington, D. C. A. D. Sproat, Bound Brook, N. J. F. Julius Fohs, Tulsa, Okla. J. A. Stader, Joplin, Mo. A. L. Gholz, Minneapolis, Minn. A. K. Stewart, Mine La Motte, Mo. Ruger W. Hay, Easton, Pa. Geo. W. Tower, Jr., New Rochelle, N. Y. Stanley C. Herold, Pittsburgh, Pa. Henry Traphagen, Toledo, Ohio. A. A. Holland, Montreal, Canada. H. E. Treichler, Chuquicamata, Chile. T. Z. Humphrey, Anaconda, Mont. Paul M. Tyler, Fairlee, Vt. H. M. LaFollette, LaFollette, Tenn. F. R. Van Campen; Seattle, Wash. J. B. Lain, Goldfield, Nev. Thor Warner, Phoenix, Ariz. J. R. Lashbrooke, Los Angeles, Cal. Clarence Woods, Narrows, Va. W. F. Lewis, Ewen, Mich. E. N. Zern, Pittsburgh, Pa. C. E. McQuigg, New Haven, Conn. Robert J. Anderson has resigned his position as chief chemist and metallurgist of the Cleveland Metal Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

Jan 3, 1918

By AIME AIME

In the present number of Mining and Metallurgy, issued on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Institute, it appears appropriate to chronicle a few of the interesting incidents respecting its early life. We are fortunate in being able to cull the following notes from unpublished manuscripts of Doctor Raymond and Doctor Drinker, than whom no other members could have written with greater exactness and fidelity. THE seventh decade of the 19th century may be said to have marked an. era in the history of the world. Industrially and .commercially it was marked by the wide application and utilization of discoveries already made, which came to their full effect at this period in steamships, railways, telegraph and cable lines; the standardization of parts in machines, from watches to locomotives; the use of 'dynamite, antiseptic surgery, the open-hearth steel process, the compressed-air rock-drill, the electric generator, and the Gatling gun. Through the opening of the Suez canal in 1870 the maritime trade of the world was revolutionized, sailing vessels were supplanted by steamers, while ocean cables and ocean "tramps" brought about far more rapid movement of commerce than had before been experienced. Politically, this period was marked by the sudden birth of the German empire and the beginning of that intensive internal development of the national resources of that empire in preparation for colonial extension and war, the amazing result of which has been made evident by the recent world conflict. In the United States, the significance of this decade was peculiarly important. The re-admission to the union of Virginia, Mississippi, Texas and Georgia in

Jan 1, 1921

By M. R. Meyer, W. T. Walter

A great deal is known, in a qualitative sense, about the performance of CMI EB-36 centrifuges. The manufacturer can give reliable guidance for the proper operation of its centrifuges and can give general estimates of expected product moisture and recovery. Quantitative estimates of the effects of changes in the various operating parameters are more difficult to find. The engineer faced with designing a preparation plant may be without the specific data needed to make decisions. For example, to obtain optimum product moisture when drying 9.5 mm X 595 µm (0.4 in. x 28 mesh) coal the centrifuge manufacturer recommends having no more than 5% -595 µm (-28 mesh) material in the centrifuge feed. They know that more -595 µm (-28 mesh)material in the feed will cause higher product moistures, but they usually cannot quantify the increased moisture or describe the shape of the product moisture versus -595 µm (-28 mesh) in the feed curve. This study was conceived to provide quantitative information on the EB-36 centrifuges, focusing on product moisture, recovery, and size degradation. All of the centrifuges tested were Model EB-36 dryers from Centrifugal and Mechanical Industries Inc. (CMI), with feeds in the nominal 9.5 mm x 595 pm (0.4 in. x 28 mesh) range. These are typical centrifugal dryers in this application, and many were available for testing.

Jan 1, 1984

By F. W. Maclennan

The following is a list of members who died in 1929. It is compiled from reports to the Secretary's office. Biographical sketches published in Mining and Metallurgy are indicated in the last two columns. Issue Containing Year of Date of Biography Election Name Death 1929 Page 1922 Adams, Waldo Peck................................ June 2 September 435 1903 Argall, Joseph.................................... Nov. 1 1894 Austin, Leonard S................................. Oct. 30 December 580 1905 Bailed, Melbourne.........................Dec. 12 May* 280 1890 Barringer, Daniel M.............................. Nov. 30 February* 119 1895 Batchelleb, HENRr R.............................. Jan. 15 March 167 BINGHAM Charles E............................. 1923 Bibkett, E. H..................................... Apr. 23 August 394 1913 Bibbell, Robert W................................. Jan. 18 April 214 1926 Blackmar, Don C.................................. June 4 March* 189 1920 Bosworth, T. O.................................... Jan. 18 April 214 1894 Boucher, Arthur S..........................Jan. 6 May 257 1927 Brandenthaler, R. R.............................. Dec. 14 January* 64 1889 Bretherton, S. E............................... Oct. 4 December 581 1911 Brunton, F. K................ .. Aug. 17 1924 Brush, Charles F................................. June 15 September 436 1925 Cameron, Frank N........................May 16 July 349 1891 Chambers, Robert E.............................. May July 348 1908 Clark, J. Murray................................. Dec. 3 August* 407 1883 Clymer, edward T............................. Oct. 13 December 579 1914 Cofpey, George T................................. May 8 July 349 1901 Cooke, L. H....................................... Aug. 23 November 537 1915 Cousins, George W........................ June 30 February* 118 1886 Cowles, A. H...................................... Aug. 13 September 436 1892 Crane, Theron I............................. Nov. 2 December 579 1921 Crowell, Samuel B................................ Dec. 9 January* 64 1907 Curtis, Bracey.................................... Jan. 31 April 215 1895 de Batz, Rene........ ............... January March* 189 1928 Dines, Tyson S.................................... March May 257 1909 Dufourco, R. G............................. January November 537 1920 Ericsson, Eric A.................................. Apr. 4 April* 231 1920 Erlenborn, Willi....................... Nov. 10 March* 189 1888 Farish, John B.................................... Nov. 14 December 580 1891 Ferguson, Vincent........................... Mar. 8 May 257 1917 Finucane, T. R.................................... Mar. 22 February* 118 1921 Foch, Ferdinand................................... Mar. 20 1885 Foucar, Edouard I....................... Jan. 3 March 167 1880 Francklyn, Charles G............................. Jan. 11 April 214 1925 Friedl, Arthur J.............................. July 9 September 435 1894 Fuller, James W. Jr............................... April 4 1876 . Goodale, Charles W.............................. April 11 May 258 1912 Graybill, John..........................Dec. 11 June* 320 1887 Gritzner, F. A.................................. Mar. 26 July 394 1906 Gunther, C. Godfrey.............................. Deo. 26 February* 118 1900 Haggen, Edward A.............................. Apr. 22 October 488 1895 Hall, Benjamin M........................Nov. 19 March* 189 1913 Harper, Walter S................................. Feb. 15 August 394 1921 Hawley, William S................................ Apr. 20 June 298 1920 Herd, Walter ... . . . ..... Aug. 23 September 435 1889 Holt, Marmadtjke B............................... Dec. 26 February* 118 1928 Husk, Albert D .... ................June 9 December 580 1920 Hutchinson, S. Pemberton......................... Feb. 16 April 214 1926 Ivanoff, Constantine L............................ Mar. 7 June 298 1914 Jaeger, Frederick..... .............July 28 October 488 1891 Jennings, Robert E.......................Oct. 30 December 580 1922 Johnson, Homar L................................. Sept. 17 October 483 1927 Johnson, Homer H................................. Mar. 21 May 257 1918 Jones, Jesse L ..... ...............Jan. 22 April 214 1892 Jones, Thomas J................................... June 18 October 488 1883 JoOet, Cavalier H................................. Mar. 29 May 258 1881 Kennedy, John S . . . . ... ..........Apr. 22 August 394 1881 Kennedy,- Hugh.................................... May 23 September 435 1895 Kebvin, James H................................... September October 488 1926 Kkom, L. J........................................ Dec. 24 January* 64 1905 La Follette, Harvey M........................... Sept. 19 November 538 1920 MacDonald, Alexander............................ May August 394 1904 Marengo, Paolo................................... May 257 1925 Maxwell, Allison R............................... May 7 November 538

Jan 1, 1930

Jan 1, 1893

By David Turnbull

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Carnegie Institute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: J. S. Smart, Jr., President; C. C. Long, Past-President; K. L. Fetters, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treasurer; R. W, Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, K. L. Fetters, J. J. Harwood, W. A. Krivsky, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, W. O. Philbrook, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and F. L. Vogel. Review and selection of monuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; R. E. Lund, Vice-Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Paul Queneau, A. S. Russell, R. E. Shinkoskey, W, W. Stephens, and M. E. Wadsworth. Institute of Metals Division: L. L. Seigle, Chairman, Paul A. Beck, I. I. Bessen, J. 0. Better-ton, Jr., J. B. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, R. B. Gordon, C. D. Graham, Jr., R. W. Guard, J. C. Gurland, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendricksan, M. Herman, J. N. Hobstetter, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nash, T- N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, W. Ros-toker, P. G. Shewmon, C. W. Spencer, L.SIifkin, J. K. Stanley, C. D. Starr, and H. C. Stumpf. Iron and Steel Division: H. L. Bishop, Chairman; R. E. Boni, F. C. Langenberg, J. B. Wagstaff, and T. V. Wainwright. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephone: PEnnsylvania 6-9220. Subscription $20 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $25, foreign; $5 for AIME members. Single copies, $4.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AIME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications . . . Copyright 1961 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AIME New York .. . Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 221, Number 3.

Jan 1, 1962

By W. J. Romanow

RECENT papers by Williams, Sherwood, and Boothby,1 Seybolt et al.2 Heikes; and Roberts4 attest to the increasing importance of the hexagonal ferromagnetic compound MnBi. Since the magnetic properties of MnBi crystals are highly anisotropic, it is useful and necessary to have appropriate aids for determining their orientations—a (00.1) standard stereographic projection and a corresponding table of crystallographic angles for this structure. The tables of crystallographic angles for the hexagonal system available in the literature5 are computed for c/a ratios greater than that of MnBi and cannot satisfactorily be used to find the crystallographic angles of MnBi. A table of angles between the crystallographic planes (HK.L) and (hk.1) was calculated for MnBi from the formula0 F=are cos Hh+Kk+ 1/2(Hk+hK) + 3/4 (a/c)2Ll/v(H2 + K2 + HK + 3/4 (a/c)2L2) (h2+ k2+hk + 3/4 (a/c)2l2) on an IBM Type 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing machine. The lattice constants used are listed in Table I and are those determined by Willis and Rooksby7 at 20°C. More recently published values obtained by both X-ray and neutron diffraction"' show no difference from these significant to the calculation. From the crystallographic angles between the basal plane (00.1) and the general plane (hk.1) in Table I, an (00.1) standard stereographic projection was made for MnBi which is shown in Fig. 1. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank R. G. Treuting and J. N. Hobstetter for their technical assistance, and Miss D. P. Booth for programing the IBM machine for the calculations. He appreciates the opportunity to read the paper of B. W. Roberts of General Electric Co. prior to its publication. References 1H. J. Williams, R. C. Sherwood, and 0. L. Boothby: Bulletin Amer. Physical Soc., 1956 vol. 1, p. 132. 2 A. U. Seybolt, H. Hangen, B. W. Roberts, and P. Yurcisin: AIME Trans., 1956, vol. 206, p. 605: Journal oF Metals, May 1956. 3R. R. Heikes: Physical Review, 1955, vol. 99, p. 446. .B. W. Roberts: A Neutron Diffraction Study of the Structures of Manganese B.W.Roberts:ANeutronDiffractionBismuthide, Physical. Review, 1956, vol. 104, p. 607. 5 A. Taylor and S. Leber: AIME Trans., 1954, vol. 200, p. 190; JouRNal of Metals February 1954. « C. S. Barrett: Structure of Metals, 2nd Ed., p. 635. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York and London, 1952. 7B. T. M. Willis and H. P. Rooksby: Proceedings Physical Soc., London, 1954, vol. 67B, p. 290.

Jan 1, 1958

CONTENTS PAGE THOENEN, J. R.-Limestone Production as a Mining Problem. Discussed by Oliver Bowles, J. T. Singewald, S. R. Russell 1 GRIGGS, C. C.-Engineering in Limestone Production. Discussed by W. C. Phalen, John Rice, Samuel M. Shallcross, Oliver Bowles, Nathan C. Rockwood, George Milliron 2 WILDER, FRANK A.-Rotary Calciners for Gypsum. Discussed by L. K. Arm-strong 9 PORTER, JOHN J.-Manufacturing Problems of Cement Industry. Discussed by Samuel M. Shallcross 9 KIRKHAM, VIRGIL R. D.-Phosphate Deposits of Idaho and Their Relation to the World Supply. Discussed by F. A. Wilder, S. L. Willis, G. R. Mansfield, R. W. Stone, L. K. Armstrong 9 Limestone Production as a Mining Problem Discussion of the paper of J. R. THOENEN, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1925, and issued, as Paper 1417-H, with MINING AND METALLURGY, February, 1925. OLIVER BOWLES, New Brunswick, N. J.-I am so thoroughly convinced of the growing importance of underground work in the production of limestone that I had the author make a detailed study of limestone mining for the Bureau of Mines and prepare a report on the principles of limestone mining. Many limestone operators, long accustomed to open¬pit work, are being forced to mining. About 6 months ago I thought there were twenty-five or thirty underground limestone operations in the United States but the author has been finding new ones until his list now runs nearer sixty. Some of these are very extensive; one at least has 4 ½ miles of underground workings. There is an ever-expanding field for the engineer in the operation of limestone mines and quarries. Some of the larger companies realize the need of skilled engineering advice, but many of the companies regard the engineer as an unnecessary expense. Although almost every metal mine, even those handling only a few hundred tons of ore per month, employs a mining engineer, many limestone operations ten times as large employ no mining engineers. Few mining engineers are at all familiar

Jan 6, 1925

Apart from the general cooperation received in many quarters, the Unitization Committee desires to make specific acknowledgment to the following individuals for assistance rendered in the study to this time. California.—Committee members: Joseph Jensen, chairman, L. L. Brundred, E. M. Butterworth, H. Norton Johnson, D. B. Myers, W. R. Wardner; others who contributed: C. R. McCollom, F. C. Merritt, E. B. Noble, Ralph Arnold, J. R. Pemberton, Roy R. Morse, T. F. Stipp, John R. Roberts, R. D. Bush, Alexander Anderson, J. A. Taff, F. 0. Martin, J. E. Van Gundy, E. K. Parks, A. C. Rubel, Lew Suverkrop, W. L. McLaine, Gerard Henny, Walter Stalder, Lester C. Uren, Hoyt S. Gale, W. L. Walker. Rocky Mountain.—Fred E. Wood, chairman, J. G. Bartram, C. E. Dobbin, Wilson B. Emery, Charles E. Erdman, R. D. Hawley, E. W. Krampert, Foster Morrell, W. T. Nightingale, K. B. Nowels, C. M. Rath, Earl Shoenfelt, J. W. Steele, E. T. Wilson, J. J. Zorichak. Kansas-Oklahoma.—Committee members: C. E. Beecher, chairman, A. W. Ambrose, R. C. Hauber, Clyde Alexander, R. F. MacArthur, C. R. Swarts, M. M. Valerius, E. H. Griswold, G. 6. Rollin, L. Murray Newman, David L. Trax, Richard K. Huey, Marvin Lee, Harry Johnson; others who contributed: E. A. Carr, Paul S. Ache, K. C. Slater, R. S. McFarland, J. R. McWilliams, Joseph Chalmers, Henry A. Ley, Dorsey IIager, H. C. George, W. K. Whiteford, L. G. E. Bignell, L. E. Smith, George E. Burton. Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, New Mexico.—Frederic H. Lahee, chairman, Donald C. Barton, C:. E. Beecher, Olin G. Bell, G. E. Campbell, Paul Wagner, John West, Robin Willis, J. M. Forgotson, E. J. Gorman, P. S. Haury, Marvin Lee, C. F. Lytle, L. H. McBee, T. F. Petty, C. C. Pope, F. S. Prout, J. C. Stewart, J. R. Suman, L. P. Teas, W. C. Thompson, A. F. Truex, R. B. Campbell, M. G. Cheney, P. C. Dean, F. W. DeWolf, Dugald Gordon, B. A. Hardey, F. E. Heath, J. F. Lucey, George C. Matson, W. H. Perot, T. W. Pew, W. A. Price, W. A. -Reiter, R. C. Stewart. Eastern United States and Foreign Fields.—H. H. Hill and E. L. Estabrook, chairmen; Dr. Richard Ambronn, Gottingen, Germany; Arthur R. Andrew,

Jan 1, 1930

By G. V. Kurdjumou

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Acting Editor, Paul G. Shewmon Carnegie Institute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Karl L. Fetters, President; J. S. Smart, Jr., Past-President; R. C. Cole, Vice President; R. L. Hennebach, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. 0. Phil-brook, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, R. C. Cole, J. N. Hobstetter, W. A. Krivsky, E. R. Morgan, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, Paul Queneau, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and T. V. Wainwright. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committes: Extractive Metallurgy Division: R. E. Lund, Choirmon; M. E. Wodsworth, Vice Choirmon; D. H. Boker, Jr., G. M. Bell, R. E. Grace, W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Chorles O'Neill, A. W. Schlechten, R. E. Shinko~ke~, and W. W. Stephens. Iron and Steel Division: T, V. Wainright, Choir- mon; ti. L. Bishop, R. E. Boni, T. E. Doncy, D. W. Murphy, Johonnes M. Uys, J. B. Wogstaff, ond R. G. Word. Institute of Metals Division: J. N. Hobstetter, Choirmon; P. A. Beck, J. J. Beckar, G. F. Boiling, J. O. Brittain, J. 0. Clark, R. 5. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, L. R. Girifolco, J. C. Gurlond, H. S. Kolish, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendrickson, L. Himmel, J. P. Hirth, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nosh, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richrnon, H. C. Rogers, W. Rostoker, O. Sherby, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, R. Steinitz, H. C. Stumpf, ond R. Swolin. PuUlished bimonthly by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York 17, N. Y. Telephone PLaZa 2-6800. Subscription $30 peryear for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $32, foreign; $30peryear$7.50 for AIME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The CentralAmerica;AlME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications ... Copyright 1962 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . .Copyright.Registered cable address, AIME New York . . . Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical cableaddres .. . AlME class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 224, Number 3.

Jan 1, 1962

By L. C. Graton

[CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. By George M. Fowler2 Question 1-Is Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions, Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rock? DISCUSSION by: A. M. Bateman 10 S. F. Kelly 15 C. H. Behre, Jr 8, 13 G. B. Langford 13 T. M. Broderick11 H. E. McKinstry6 R. H. Clarke 13 D. H. McLaughlin8 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . . 4 W. H. Newhouse13 G. M. Fowler 2, 6, 11 R. H. Sales 6 L. C. Graton 11 Edward Sampson 12 R. D. Hoffman 10 J. S. Stevenson 7 I. B. Joralemon11 L. B. Wright 2 Question 2-What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Certain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? DISCUSSION by: G. W. Bain 17G. M. Fowler 21 C. H. Behre, Jr21L. C. Graton18 J. S. Brown 16G. F. Loughlin18 E. L. Bruce 19R. H. Sales 19 R. H. Clarke 20A. K. Snelgrove 20 Question 3-Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Mining Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? DISCUSSION by: J. M. Boutwell29G. B. Langford 29 T. M. Broderick28G. F. Loughlin25 E. Y. Dougherty27R. H. Sales 24 G. M. Fowler 22F. A. Thomson 26 I. B. Joralemon 22Edward Wisser 30 General S. F. Kelly35 References36

Jan 1, 1940

I-institute of Metals Division S. SKOWRONSKI, Chairman ZAY JEFFRIES, Vice-chairman WILLIAM M CORSE, Secretary Executive Committee J. R. FREEMAN, JR, Local Section G E JOHNSON R S ARCHER, Non-ferrous Data Sheets P. D. MERICA EDGAR C BAIN, Journal Committee L W SPRING SAM TOUR, Papers Committee F. L. WOLI H. C. JENNISON, Membership Committee Local Section Committee J. R. FREEMAN, JR., Chairman R. J. ANDERSON, Cincinnati R L. DOWDELL. Minneapolis R. S WILLIAMS, BostoI G. H. CLAMER, Philadelphia W. A SCHEUCH, Chicago R. F. WOOD, New York

Jan 1, 1923

THE first session of the Institute was held at the Smithsonian Institution, on Tuesday evening, February 22d. The members were welcomed to Washington and to the Smithsonian by Prof. Joseph Henry. President Holley responded to the cordial welcome of Professor Henry, and then read an introductory address on the subject of Technical Education. Following the discussion on President Holley's address the following persons, duly proposed and indorsed by the Council, were elected members and associates of the Institute : MEMBERS. Emile R. Abadie, - St. Louis, Ma. R. J. Anderson, - Pittsburgh, Pa. Commander L. A. Beardslee, - Washington, D. C. Charles Bender, - New York City. Channing M. Bolton, - Richmond, Va. Thomas E. Bowman, - Silverton, Colorado. Calvin E. Brodhead, - Bethlehem, Pa. M. L. Brosius, - Lewistown, Pa. Harvey H. Brown, - Cleveland, Ohio. James A. Burden, - Troy, N. Y. J. P. Clemes, - Sonora, Mexico. N. H. Cone, - Nederland, Colorado. W. F. Durfee, - New York City. Robert Frazer, Jr., - Ashland, Pa. Joseph E. Galigher, - Bingham, Utah. William Golding, - Steel Works P. O., Pa. Samuel E. Griscom, - Pottsville, Pa. Gen. E. Burd Grubb, - Beverly, N. J. Arthur R. Guerard, - Charleston, S. C. Edward Hart, - Easton, Pa. Prof. Lewis M. Haupt, - Philadelphia. . R. S. Hawley, - Buffalo, N.Y. John W. Hoffman, - Philadelphia. Nelson P. Hulst, - Milwaukee, Wis. H. C. Humphrey, - Philadelphia. Ed. P. Jennings, - Ithaca, N. Y. B. F. Jones, - Pittsburgh, Pa.

Jan 1, 1876

By J. L. Tomlinson, B. D. Lichter

Electrical resistivities 01 liquid Cd-Bi, Cd-Sn, Cd-Pb, In-Bi, and Sn-Bi alloys were measured using an electrodeless technique. The resistivities ranged from 50 to 160 microhm -cm, temperature dependences were positive, and no sharp peaks in the composition dependence of the resistivity were observed. On the basis of these observations, it was concluded that the alloys are typical metallic liquids. The electron con-cent9,ation was calculated from the measured resis-tizlity and available thermodynamic data using a model which attributes electrical resistivity to scattering by density and composition flzcctuations. A correla-tion was shown between the departure of the electron concentration from a linear combination of the pure component valences and the value of the excess integral molar free energy. Calculation of the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity showed a need for more detailed thermodynamic data in these systems and led to suggestions for improvement in the concept of residual resistivity in the fluctuation scattering model. THE electrical resistivity of liquid metals provides information regarding interatomic interactions and their effects upon structure. In this experiment an electrodeless technique was used to measure the electrical resistivities of liquid alloys of Cd-Bi, Cd-Sn, Cd-Pb, In-Bi, and Sn-Bi, and the results were used with thermodynamic data to calculate a parameter which reflects the tendency toward localization of electrons due to compositional ordering. It was found that the resistivities of these alloys are generally metallic in magnitude and temperature dependence. The electrical and thermodynamic properties are discussed in terms of the fluctuation scattering model'22 which supposes that the electrical resistivity arises from scattering due to a static average structure and departures from the average due to fluctuations in density and composition. Further, this model is compared with the pseudopotential scattering model of Ziman et al.3-5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Alloy samples were prepared from 99.999 pct pure elements obtained from American Smelting and Refining Company (except tin which was obtained from Consolidated Smelting and Refining Company.) J. L. TOMLINSON, Member AIME, formerly Research Assistant Division of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., is now Physicist, Naval Weapons Center, Corona Laboratories, Corona, Calif. 0. D. LICHTER, Member AIME, is Associate Professor of Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. This work is based on a portion of a thesis submitted by J. L. TOMLINSON to the University of Washington in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. in Metallurgy, 1967. Manuscript submitted May 31, 1968. EMD Weighed portions were sealed inside evacuated silica capsules, melted, and homogenized before the resistivity was measured. The resistivity of a liquid alloy was measured by placing the sample inside a solenoid and noting the change in Q. According to the method of Nyburg and ~ur~ess,~ the resistivity of a cylindrical sample may be determined from the change in resistance of a solenoid measured with a Q meter as T7--5--W =R7JT^ ='Kc-lm(Y) [1] where L, R, and Q = wL/R are the inductance, series resistance, and Q of the solenoid. The subscript s refers to the solenoid with the sample inside; the subscript 0 refers to the empty solenoid. Kc is the ratio of the sample volume to coil volume and y = 2 [bei'0(br)-j ber'o(br)~\ br\_bero(br) +j bei0 (br) expressed with Kelvin functions which are the real and imaginary parts of Bessel functions of the first kind with arguments multiplied by (j)3'2. The argument of the function Y is hr where r is the sample radius and b2 = po~/p, i.e., the permeability of free space times 271 times the frequency divided by the resistivity in rationalized MKS units. Since Eq. [I] cannot be solved explicitly for p, values of Kc. lm(Y) were tabulated at increments of 0.1 in the argument by. A measurement of Q, and Q, determined a value of Kc . lm (Y) and the corresponding value of br could be read from the table. From the known r, uo,, and w, the resistivity, p, was determined. The change in Q was measured after letting the encapsulated Sample reach equilibrium inside a copper wire solenoid. The solenoid was contained in an evacuated vycor tube in order to retard oxidation of the copper while operating at high temperatures and heated inside a 5-sec-tion nichrome tube furnace capable of obtaining 900°C. Temperature was determined with two chromel-alumel thermocouples, one in contact with the solenoid 30 mm above the top of the sample and the other inserted in an axial well at the other end of the solenoid and secured with cement so that the junction was 2 mm below the bottom of the sample. Temperature readings were taken with respect to an ice water bath junction, and the voltage could be estimated to the nearest thousandth of a millivolt. The lower thermocouple was calibrated by observing its voltage and the Q of the coil as the temperature passed through the melting points of samples of indium and tellurium. The upper thermocouple reading was systematically different from the lower thermocouple reflecting the temperature difference due to a displacement of 60 mm axially and 6 mm radially. Calculations show that the gradient over the sample was less than 2 deg. Q was measured by reading a voltage related to Q from a Boonton 260A Q meter with a Hewlett Packard

Jan 1, 1970