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By A. T. Adema

The cohesive zone, where the ore fed into the blast furnace softens and melts, is critical to the blast furnace performance and stability due to its influence on the gas and solid flow. This paper de-scribes a project for the development of a process model to predict the cohesive zone properties and the results of its first step; the solid flow model. The process model is expected to describe a realistic solid burden flow and the formation of the cohesive zone, its shape, location, structure, permeability, and in particular the mineralogical changes within the cohesive zone. This will be achieved using various simulation and computing tools: a combination of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the DEM?CFD hybrid approach, together with models for the thermodynamics and reaction kinetics. The key benefits of the hybrid approach lie in the coupling of the continuous phase and the discrete particles, and the possibility of introducing thermodynamics and reaction kinetics into the system in a more realistic manner. Two DEM simulations are presented for a small scale blast furnace to investigate the influence of non-spherical particles on the solid flow. This influence can be observed from a more even solid flow pattern and a reduced deadman size. The results indicate the requirement to include non- spherical particles in a blast furnace simulation to achieve a realistic solid flow.

Jan 1, 2014

By Wang Xu, Tao Dongping, Zhang Jie, Tao Youjun

Based on the principle of fly ash triboelectrification, the mineral electrical index and testing method are introduced. The electric differences of various mineral components of fly ash are discussed in view of the results of chemical and mineral composition analysis of the fly ash sample acquired from the Xin-wen power plant. The dielectric constant and charge-mass ratio of carbon and ash in the fly ash are determined. The data were then used along with the rotary triboelectrostatic separator (RTS) testing results to investigate the charging characteristic of fly ash particles in different sizes. The results show that the dielectric constant of fly ash with different particle size decreased with the decrease in particle size, which led to a poor electrical conductivity. Thus particle size has an important effect on conductivity. The charges of carbon and ash particles increased with decreasing particle size. The charge-mass ratio of carbon and ash particles of the same size increased with decreasing particle size. This indicates that finer particle size is more favorable for triboelectrification separation from the charging efficiency point of view. The rotary triboelectrostatic fly ash separation tests show that the best decarbonization performance was achieved with particles in the size range of 0.038-0.074mm with which the decarbonization rate and efficiency index reached 38.93% and 120.83% spectively.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. Aguilera

It is known that an addition of rigid particles into a fluid medium changes the flow field. Therefore, the rheological behavior of suspensions will be hardly Newtonian, such as their continuum phase. This phenomena was studied by Einstein in 1906 (Einstein, 1956) for the single case of spherical particles in a continuum liquid of a very dilute suspension. The final analysis applied for suspensions was derived from the evaluation of the behavior of ideal gases, finding a simple expression for the viscosity of the dispersion. All the following works about the hydrodynamics of suspensions at low and high solid contents was based in the Einstein´s model. For clay minerals suspensions where the physical and chemical properties of the particles are complex, it was found that the Einstein´s model is not a good approximation, even so for the most dilute dispersions. The present paper shows a new approximation that describes the non-Newtonian behavior of the suspensions of clays, and the attempt of understand how the different fine sizes, shapes and physico-chemical properties of clay particle surfaces give specific characteristics of plasticity, viscosity or visco elasticity to suspensions. Keywords: viscosity, clay minerals, einstein´s model, dilute suspensions

Sep 1, 2012

By Zhang Zhonghan

A domestic tungsten-tin ore presents very complex property. How to effectively recover the scheelite, wolframite and cassiterite in the ore has long been a difficult problem to be solved urgently. On the basis of process mineralogy study, a main flow-sheet for effective recovery of tungsten-tin minerals has been developed, which including ?fine grinding of feed?bulk flotation of all sulfides followed by their selective separation?iron recovery by LIMS?tungsten-tin minerals bulk flotation using new technique developed by our institute?tungsten-tin recovery by gravity from above tungsten-tin bulk flotation tailings?. As for the treatment of tungsten-tin bulk rougher concentrate, several flow-sheets of tungsten-tin separation by direct hydrometallurgy or a flow-sheet consisting of scheelite cleaning at elevated temperature followed by the gravity separation of scheelite cleaner tailing?separation of wolframite from cassiterite by dry HIMS or by direct hydrometallurgy are developed. For a low grade head ore, all valuable sulfide, magnetite, scheelite, wolframite and cassiterite are recovered with satisfactory in lab scale test. Keywords: micro-fine cassiterite, tungsten-tin bulk flotation, gravity separation-flotation-dry HIMS combined flow-sheet, hydrometallurgy

Sep 1, 2012

By P. Ying

An auxiliary system connected with SEM-EDX for rapid identification of mineral and rock sample has been developed. With the aid of a synthetic spectrum library created, using the compare and match techniques provided by INCA software in EDX the mineral or rock sample names for refer-ence can be given at the same time analyzed.

Jan 1, 2014

By P. Somasundaran, Tarun Bhambhani, S. Murthy Khandrika, Partha Patra, D. Nagaraj

Fine and ultrafine mineral particles, particularly if, altered mineralogically, can have detrimental effects on selective separation of minerals. Behaviour of altered mineral fines has been investigated in this work by studying the effects of weathered silicate slimes on the selective separation of copper minerals, particularly with focues on effect of the pulp rheological behaviour, which plays a governing role in the process. Physicochemical properties of these altered silicates fines such as morphology and surface charge are proposed to be responsible for the adverse rheological effects and resultant selective separation. Here, the effect of a number of problematic aspects such as water chemistry, froth stability, physicochemical aspects of gangue mineral aggregates on flotation sub-processes has been studied. Processing problems owing to the physical aspects of the gangue minerals, shape and morphology, are primarily due to uncharacteristic increase in the pulp viscosity. While problematic aspects other than impact of pulp rheological behaviour can interfere with each other in their contributions to how they affect the sub-processes, effects owing to pulp rheological behaviour have a direct impact on the flotation performance. Subtle increase in pulp viscosity can interfere with sub-processes in flotation leading to decrease in recovery and grade, and it is difficult to assess the effects due to such subtle changes. Reagent based strategies to overcome the problematic aspects has been explored here.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. E. Dementyev

This paper presents a brief overview of some IRGIREDMET advances in gold hydrometallurgy. Original impulse-percolation technology and equipment for intensive cyanidation of gravity concentrates have been developed and introduced into industrial practice by IRGIREDMET since 1980s (RF Patents N1593250). The process is based on leaching using special hydrodynamic and reagent conditions providing high dissolution rate for coarse gold particles. Gold and silver are precipitated from pregnant solution by cementation or electrowinning. There was also proposed an im-proved cementation method using zinc in a contact with electrically conductive material. The units including closed water recirculation, tails detoxification and semi-dry tails IRGIREDMET is well experienced in gold adsorption technology using ion exchange resins and activated carbons. The comparison of CIL and RIL processes were done for a number of gold mines, for example for Sukhoi Log gold deposit. The properties of prospective foreign and domestic ad-sorbents including strong-base, bi-functional and weak-base resins as well as activated carbons were studied. The Institute has developed some adsorption/elution technologies and equipment, such as a two stage RIP adsorption technology for gold/silver ores, an improved technology for gold elution from loaded resin and carbon, electrowinning cells for gold recovery from RIP and CIP eluates etc. Large scale ?Resin In Pulp? tests using weak-base resin were finalized and process design criteria were developed. Gold plant design is on progress at the moment. Improved technology for carbonaceous (preg-robbing) gold ores was developed. It was tested for some gold deposits including Sukhoi Log. It allows to overcome preg-robbing activities of ores treated and to improve dramatically performance of cyanidation and adsorption circuits. The studies on refractory gold ore treatment including bio-oxidation, pressure oxidation, roasting and ultra-fine grinding were conducted. Heap leach technology was tested and introduced by Irgiredmet for a number of Russian mines. Zinc cementation, activated carbon and ion-exchange resin adsorption were used for gold recovery from pregnant heap leach solutions. The options including combined technology ?Heap leach/ RIL or CIP? for clay ores were also developed and tested. The plant using developed technology is at construction stage now. The study on In-Situ gold leaching was conducted. The comparison of different gold lixiviants for this purpose was carried out. Gold recovery from pregnant leach solution by activated carbon and anionite including gold elution from loaded adsorbents etc. was also studied. In 2000 the In-Situ leaching technology was commissioned at Maminskoye gold deposit (Ural). The technologies for treatment of complex ores and by-products were proposed. For example, the technology of gold, silver, copper and zinc recovery from calcines after sulphuric acid production was developed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Egbert Burchardt

"Some of the challenges faced by the mineral industry in the future are the need to process low grade ores at the lowest operating cost, to deal with elevated energy cost and to address scarce water resources in some regions of the world. These challenges will increase the demand to develop highly energy-efficient and less water-consuming mineral processing systems. Experience from other industries suggests that HPGRs could help to achieve these goals, due to their high energy efficiency and their ability to be used as dry grinding systems. Historically, HPGRs have been used mainly as tertiary crushers in mineral applications for the production of ball mill feed. In the cement industry, however, HPGR systems have been successfully applied for grinding limestone, clinker and slag to a final product fineness (p80) of between 30 and 90 µm without the need of downstream ball milling. The total energy consumption of HPGR finish grinding systems in the cement industry has been found to be 30 to 50 % lower than in ball mill systems. This leads to the question of whether the same methodology can be adopted in the mineral industry. Such a step would require the use of dry rather than wet grinding systems. Traditionally, dry grinding systems have been only an exception in mineral processing, since most post grinding processes are wet. However, there are successful - mainly ball mill based - dry grinding examples in gold, nickel or iron ore. Experience from some of these dry grinding references are summarized in this paper. In addition, this paper explores two future-orientated questions: What opportunities does HPGR finish grinding offer the mineral industry? What are general conditions and challenges for adopting this technology for mineral applications?"

Jan 1, 2014

Beneficiation and dephosphorization of refractory oolitic hematite ore are investigated in this paper. It is shown that single magnetic separation, gravity separation or flotation is unable to recover iron effectively from the ore due to the complex mineralogy. The joint separation by spiral chute-shaking table shows a prospect for the treatment of the ore. An iron concentrate with 58.67% iron grade and 51.93% recovery is obtained by the joint separation of spiral chute and shaking table under the fineness of ?0.074mm 90% and dispersant dosage of 2kg/t for a sample ore of 37.51% Fe and 0.88% P. However, P content in the concentrate is still up to 0.52%. Dephosphorization from the concentrate is hence carried out. The final iron concentrate assaying 59.26% Fe and 0.056% P is obtained when the concentrate obtained by joint separation is leached by sulfuric acid of 1% (mass fraction) with solid percentage 10% at room temperature for 10min.

Jan 1, 2014

By P. C. Beuria

Iron ore concentrate contains different mineral phases viz. hematite, magnetite, goethite, kaolinite, and gibbsite. Presence of some of these phases like goethite, kaolinite, and gibbsite contribute to the loss on ignition (LOI) content of the sample. Iron ore fines (pellet feed) are pelletized for utilization in DRI & BF processes. In the present pelletization technology i.e., straight grate and grate kiln processes, the LOI in the ore should be within the range of 2.0-2.5%. LOI content in the iron ore concentrate is found to be more than 4% after beneficiation of low-grade iron ore. It is therefore difficult to produce good quality pellet because of high LOI content. The LOI content of the sample is a detrimental factor in the pellet making. For effective pelletization, the LOI content in iron ore fines needs to be reduced before pelletization. It can be reduced by fluidized bed roasting. The objective of present work is to understand the kinetics of removal of LOI from iron ore fines. The effects of bed depth, temperature, and residence time on reduction of LOI content in iron ore fines were studied using muffle furnace. The process of roasting was carried out at four different temperatures varying from 400 to 950 °C with a variable residence time of 30, 45, 60 & 75 minutes and at bed depths of 16, 32, 48 & 64 mm. In all instance of experiments carried out, one of the parameters was kept constant. It was observed that at 850 °C and 30 minutes of residence time, there was sufficient removal of LOI in static bed condition even at a high bed depth of 64 mm. Keywords: LOI, pellet feed, fluidized bed roasting, goethite

Sep 1, 2012

By R. Chowdhury

Axis House manufactures and supplies alkylhydroxamate reagent of various carbon chain lengths for application in flotation of oxide copper and other minerals. As part of reagent performance improvement the structural factors of hydroxamate are examined by various analytical tools in particular with X-ray diffraction of single crystals. In a recent publication, the structure of n-octylhydroxamic acid and its corresponding potassium salt are presented with findings of hydroxamic functional group geometric preference, H-bonding, keto-enol tautomerisation, acid-salt aggregation and alignment of carbon chain. In this paper an example of branched alkylhydroxamate 3, 5, 5-trimethylhexylhydroxamate will be presented and compared with the result of linear alkylhydroxamate.

Sep 1, 2012

By Jing Zhou

2-hydroxy-3-naphthoy hydroxamic acid code name F203 is a good collector of cassiterite, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoy hydroxamic acid code name ZJ-3. F203 and ZJ-3 are similar series of isomers. They have similar naphthye, and similar series of functional OH and ?CONHOH, but the seat of OH and ?CONHOH group are different, on the F203 is 2.3; on the ZJ-3 is 1.2, ortho position too. According to Isomeric principle ZJ-3 is a good collector of cassiterite slime too. Using ZJ-3 as collector flotation -10µm occupies 90%, grade 1.16% Sn cassiterite slime of Da Chang Chehe concentration plant, pass one coursing flotation, two cleaning and one scarenging flotation, and obtains grand 18.26% Sn, recovery 92.68% cassiterite concentrate. The result proves the Isomeric principle of flotation reagents is correct again. This principle may supply to synthetize new flotation reagents reference. Keywords: F2O3, ZJ-3, cassiterite flotation, Isomeric principle, Isomeric principle of flotation reagents

Sep 1, 2012

By Fengming Li, Baocheng Song, Yuemin Zhao, Hailin Dong, Liping Peng, Chusheng Liu, Chenlong Duan

The large-scale vibrating screens with high processing capacity and efficiency are now in great demand in the mineral processing industry of China. However, as the equipment is always suffering from the strong external harmonic exciting force, the inertial force and the impact from the minerals, the fracture of the beam and the crack of the lateral plate are easy to occur, which has a negative effect on the reliability of the equipment itself and the industrial production. Considering the essential high reliability of the equipment, a new large-scale vibrating screen with duplex statically indeterminate mesh beam structure (VSDSIMBS) was developed. The natural characteristics, namely, the natural frequency (or the modal frequencies) and the natural mode, and the dynamic characteristics of the VSDSIMBS were obtained by the modal analysis and the harmonic response analysis. In addition, the dimensions and the constructions of the statically indeterminate plate and the mesh beam were chosen as the design parameters, to which the sensitivity of the whole mass, the maximum deformation and the maximum stress of the duplex statically indeterminate mesh beam structure (DSIMBS) were summarized for the optimization of the DSIMBS. Now the large-scale VSDSIMBS is being well used in China.

Jan 1, 2014

By I. A. Agapov, I. S. Anisimov, N. V. Rylov, A. M. Sagitova

"The smelter slags represented silicate crystalline rock with medium to coarse-grained structure with spinifex skeletal network of olivine in hedenbergite matrix. Accessory magnetite, pyrrhotite and copper sulfides chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite, chalcocite and digenite occurred in dissemination in silicate matrix. The sample was studied by optical and electron microscopy with support of quantitative XRD. Modal mineralogical composition included olivine, pyroxene, magnetite, chalcopyrite, quartz, pyrrhotite. Copper deportment showed copper distributed in chalcopyrite (40 %), cuprite (22 %), covellite (21 %), bornite, chalcocite, digenite (5 %), Cu-bearing pyrrhotite (4 %) and spinel (2%). Liberation of copper minerals in the material ground to P80=71 µm was good with over 90 % sulfides in free grains and floatable binaries. The results showed theoretical possibility of 65 % copper recovery by flotation. Conclusion based on mineralogical data was precisely confirmed with flotation tests studies that proved to recover around 60 % of copper to commercial grade concentrate. INTRODUCTION Annual world copper matte smelter slags production is estimated to be millions of tones and contain thousands tones of unrecovered Cu, Zn and significant amounts of Ag and Au. Mineralogical study of one large processing sample of material of historical piles of Cu matte smelter slag was carried out to find possibility to recover copper and define theoretical recovery by flotation. The study of the slag material was aimed to determine possibility of upgrading the material on existing copper flotation plant to develop additional mineral resources. The objectives for mineralogical investigation were to target for best liberation fineness, determine theoretical recovery and possible concentrate quality for sulfide flotation tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Large representative processing sample was collected by mixing of 120 t of slag material representatively excavated from historical piles of Cu matte smelter slag. The sample was used to define the processing technology to recover copper and gold from the material."

Jan 1, 2018

By A. J. Ren

The ore, dealt with in this paper, is a certain rutile in Shanxi province, China. A trunk flowsheet with gravity concentration is used, and the TiO2 grade of rutile concentrate is about 90%, but the TiO2 recovery is less than 50%. In order to increase the rutile recovery, the laboratory test, using the truck flowsheet with flotation, is carried out. The flowsheet is that firstly floatable gangue is re-moved by flotation; secondly rutile is recovered by flotation; and thirdly impurity is separated by LIMS, HIMS, gravity concentration and flotation from the rutile concentrate. In rutile flotation, BK423, a phosphonic acid, is used as rutile collector, and Na2SiF6 is used as silicates depressant. The experimental result shows that the recovery of rutile concentrate is improved obviously, and the recovery of ultimate rutile concentrate is 68.01% TiO2 and 84.88% rutile. The TiO2 grade of first concentrate is 95.98%, and the TiO2 recovery is 45.60%. The TiO2 grade of second concentrate is 80.53%, and the recovery is 22.41%. Furthermore, magnetite and ilmenite are recovered in the flowsheet.

Jan 1, 2014

By Zhou Yucai, Zhou Jing, Zhu Yimim

"In this article, research on the beneficiation process for a carbon containing copper-molybdenum deposit in Henan province has been carried out. The elemental composition, mineral composition and relative content, characteristics of embedded and symbiotic relationship, the forms of the copper-molybdenum particlesand their disseminated features, and particle size distribution have been worked out. Flotation behavior of copper-molybdenum mixed flotation and separate flotation in the systems of different collectors and depressants, and the influence of different flowsheets on the copper-molybdenum separation have been investigated by actual ore flotation tests, The separation problem of copper-molybdenum for a carbon-containing copper molybdenum ore has been solved.INTRODUCTION In this paper, technological mineralogy, small experiment of flotation recovery of copper Molybdenum ore, and expansion experiment of mineral recovery of copper Molybdenum ore are introduced. (1) The results of process mineralogyshow that the content of copper is 0.42%, molybdenum is 0.021% in the raw ore, they mainly exist in the form of sulfide, with low oxidation rate. (2) The results of flotation tests show that the combination of butyl xanthate and isopropyl ethylthionocarbamate reagents is effective collector of copper-molybdenum mixed flotation for carbon copper molybdenum, (3) When the grinding fineness is -0.074 mm taking 71%, and regrinding fineness is -0.038 mm taking 85%, the flowsheet of first copper-molybdenum mixed flotation and then regrinding rough concentrate and last separation flotation of copper and molybdenum was adopted, which realized the effective separation of copper and molybdenum for carbon-containing copper molybdenum ore. Good flotation indexes were gained with copper concentrate containing 20.96% copper and copper recovery 90.06%, and molybdenum concentrate containing 46.78% molybdenum with molybdenum recovery 72.68%. (4) The seven days average concentration index of scale-up the continuous dressing experiment is as follows, the copper content in copper concentrate is 20.16% and the recovery is 89.61%; the molybdenum content in molybdenum concentrate is 24.58% and the recovery rate is 74.09%."

Jan 1, 2018

By J. Leite

In a small-scale mining in Brazil?s northeast, scheelite were exploited since 1940?s using a traditional gravity concentration flowchart (composed by jigs and shacking tables) that operates with low efficient for fine particles. Tailing of this plant was submitted to chemical, mineralogical and size characterization. Results pointed 50% smaller than 74µm with a grade of 0.11% WO3. The particle?s size is an important operational variable to heighten recuperation by shacking tables. Tests using Falcon SB40 centrifuge concentrators and shacking table were realized, optimizing their operational variables. Based on the tests results a new flowchart was proposed for concentrating and tailings recovery.

Sep 1, 2012

By James A. Finch

"Developed countries are in the midst of re-structuring education in minerals-related disciplines as raw materials, once vital to wealth generation, contribute progressively less to the economy. The changing circumstances mean institutions must justify mineral processing by new criteria. After considering what a mineral processor needs to know the ways to deliver are considered. Taking twenty graduates per year to illustrate, one institute could justify this number as a program in a department or school (of whatever grouping of disciplines). A strong research component would make the package additionally attractive. Divide among four institutions and mineral processing is best served in a research centre with delivery taking advantage of multi-centre and distance learning opportunities.INTRODUCTIONThis is one of five plenary lectures at the Congress. I may have preferred a technical subject, as that is what occupies most of my thinking hours, but it is reasonable as an academic that this topic should come to one of us. The fact the topic has not been high on my agenda may provide one advantage: that I can suggest directions free of pre-conceived notions, just as when reviewing the background to a technical article the temptation to select in support of one?s interpretations is resisted. The trick will be to add something new.One reading of the title seems to query whether mineral processing education has a future. (I will refrain at this juncture from defining mineral processing and assume for now we share an understanding of the term.) The proximity of natural and human resources led to the Industrial Revolution and the interaction continues to stimulate and sustain industrial and economic development in many parts of the world. The search for raw materials has historically played a key role in opening frontier areas, with undersea and outer space next. The reason is obvious: raw materials along with food and energy underpin society. Thus mining will remain part of human activity along with the need to pass on the knowledge and skills.What happens over time is resource relocation. Raw materials become exhausted in one area to be replaced by sources elsewhere; the demand for some materials lessens while growing for others. Educational institutions can find themselves with the wrong geography or with staff focussing on the wrong subjects. When this happens the restructuring produces much discussion. This is where we are in parts of the world. Japan, Western Europe and the United States are the prominent examples (Dowd, 1998; Flemings and Suresh, 2001; McDivitt, 2002). Mineral processing is becoming a series of courses in related disciplines: resource engineering, environment engineering or materials engineering. The start of the transition is evident in Canada and Australia, perhaps earlier than expected given the contribution of raw materials to their economies. A common backdrop in the developed countries is social pressure to reduce the impact of the ?untidy? aspects of life, and that includes mining. (This is not new: in classical times the mine face was the preserve of slaves and convicts.) These values are exportable, potentially affecting recruitment into mining schools everywhere."

Jan 1, 2003

By V. A. Chanturiya

The results of development of new collecting reagents selectively interacting with the metals of platinum group (MPG) are presented. A new approach to the concentration of the platinum minerals from the fine grade platinum containing products with the use of cloud point polymers for the first time proposed for this purpose is discussed. An original method for the investigation of complexing reagents with the platinum under flotation conditions developed by authors is described. The influence of the complexing reagents on the xanthate adsorption and on the electrochemical properties of the platinum arsenide surface (sperrylite) as well with the interaction mechanism between the reagent and metallic platinum were investigated by means of the modern physical and physicochemical methods of the solid and fluid phase studies. The results of tests of some complexing reagents with the rich copper-nickel ore in the cycle of nickel-pyrrhotite flotation are given. The data obtained makes it possible to mark the complexing reagent containing phosphine group as the most effective additional collector for MPG. Cloud point polymers containing thioamide, aminosulphide, and phosphine functional groups were examined. It is shown that all the reagents tested increase the platinum and palladium extraction to the nickel-pyrrhotite concentrate without quality loss. Platinum containing particles flocculate selectively.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. M. Wen

In mineral processing, the settling of mineral particles in water, the flow of ore pulp, the dewatering and filtering of concentrates and so on, are related to the pulp viscosity. While the interaction between mineral particle surface and water affects directly the pulp viscosity. Therefore, it is of great value to the development of mineral processing theory to research the effect of mineral particle surface on the water viscosity in boundary layer. In micro-fluid, the effect of mineral particle surface on the water molecules in boundary layer can not be ignored. The water viscosity in boundary layer and the effect of the nature of mineral particle solid surface on the viscosity are analysed based on the deduction of attraction potential energy formula of mineral particle surface to the water molecules in boundary layer. The results show that the attraction potential energy of mineral particle surface to the water molecules in boundary layer is determined by the properties of solid molecules and fluid molecules and varies inversely as the third power of the distance from mineral particle surface. The water viscosity in boundary layer consists of the viscosity of free water and the additional viscosity resulting from the attraction of mineral particle surface. The increment of the viscosity caused by the attraction of mineral surface is µs. This additional viscosity is also inverse ratio to the third power of the distance from mineral particle surface. The greater the dipole moment, the polarizability and the ionization energy of mineral particle solid surface molecules are, the higher the attraction potential energy of mineral particle surface to the water molecules and the water viscosity in boundary layer are. The thicker stationary water boundary layer is d0. The higher the µs is, in other words, the greater the attraction of solid surface to water molecules is, the thicker the stationary water boundary layer becomes when free water viscosity is constant.

Jan 1, 2014