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By Harold M. Smith

This report presents a complete qualitative picture of knowledge of the composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detail on two imaginative maps--one, the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere, depicts the hydrocarbons that have been identified in petroleum; the other, the Heterogeneous Hemisphere, shows the sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds that have been found. All compounds are placed on the maps according to boiling point. The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds. The possibilities of the Petroleum World of the future are discussed as a function of needed research,

Jan 1, 1966

By Harold M. Smith

This report presents a complete qualitative picture of knowledge of the composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detail on two imaginative maps--one, the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere, depicts the hydrocarbons that have been identified in petroleum; the other, the Heterogeneous Hemisphere, shows the sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds that have been found. All compounds are placed on the maps according to boiling point. The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds. The possibilities of the Petroleum World of the future are discussed as a function of needed research,

Jan 1, 1966

By Paul R. Clark

Outline of Presentation ? Brief review of gasification and IGCC ? Polygenerationand its potential ? Why gasification today ? Major technology providers and their activities ? US initiatives ? Alberta Energy Resources and application of gasification ? CO2 management ? Advantages and barriers to gasification ? Conclusions

May 1, 2006

By Tom Pfitzer, Alice Correa, Meredith Hardwick

The past decade has brought significant changes in the use of risk-based criteria for safety within the U.S. Department of Defense. The Range Commanders Council (RCC) chartered a working group to develop and define risk acceptance criteria for protecting the general public and mission essential personnel from debris from launch ranges. This working group has continued to develop and update RCC Standard 321 as the needs of the ranges and range users have evolved. A revision to RCC Standard 321 is near finalization and will include casualty criteria, guidelines for assessing risks due to other flight hazards in addition to inert debris, and an overall risk management process for range safety. This paper reports on work in progress and includes several precedents which may prove important to the explosives safety community.

Jan 1, 2007

CONTENTSSummary.Introduction.Location and Geology.Historical and Exploitation.Part 1. Washability Characteristics of the Liddell.Seam.Foybrook Open Cut, Top Bench.Sampling.Size and Ash Distribution.Washability Data.Washery Separations.Part 2. Washability Characteristics of the LiddellSeam.Foybrook Open Cut, Bottom Bench.Sampling.Size and Ash Distribution.Washability Data.Washery Separations.Acknowledgments.References.INTRODUCTIONThe washability characteristics, size-range and chemical analyses of the screening from the Liddell Seam are matters of growing interest in view of the increased exploitation of this seam over the last few years, and also since the Newdell Coal preparation plant of the New South Wales Mining Company Proprietary Limited, utilizing magnetite heavy media separation, commenced...

Jan 1, 1954

By Sandra Penttinen

There are several ways to get a positive reaction from neighbors to blasting projects. When you need to enter structures to conduct a pre-blast inspection, the impression you make on the structure owner must be positive from the very start. Public relations with neighbors is the key. The purpose of all communications with persons residing near planned blasting operations is to educate structure owners as to what will take place during the blasting operations, to explain that safe blasting practices will be followed and vibration and airblast limits will be imposed to protect surrounding structures from damage. Once access into the structure is obtained, the structure owner can be shown, by careful documentation, all existing cracks and defects in the structure prior to blasting and construction. The objective of your visit and all communications is get your foot into the door and win the confidence of the structure owner so that he or she understands blasting will not compromise the structure.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. J. Van Der Merwe, N. A. Barcza, M. Boyes, N. R. Clarke

Oriel Resources has with the support of SRK (Cardiff) and DRA and Mintek (South Africa) carried our a Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) to recover high grade chrome ore from its Voskhod deposit very close to Chromtau that is near to Aktobe in Kazakhstan. Voskhod is a large podiform ore body that contains nearly 20million tons of chromite grading about 48% Cr2O3 and with a Cr/Fe ratio of over 3/1. Selected bore hole core samples were obtained from the confirmation drilling programme during the DFS phase of the project in 2005 for pilot plant test work to design the mineral beneficiation plant. The chrome ore is characterised by four main types, namely high grade lumpy and chip sized ore, high-grade fine ore, lower grade (subordinate) lumpy ore and lower grade fine ore. Gravity separation tests carried out by Mintek showed that the large density difference between the high grade (at over 3.7t/m3) and lower grade ore (at less than 2.97t/m3 ) should ensure very good separation in the DMS drum and DMS cyclone stages resulting in high recoveries of Cr2O3 - rich chromite ore products. Very high chrome ore grades of up to 64% Cr2O3 and Cr/Fe ratios of 4 to 1 were obtained at an 80% mass yield from selected samples of lumpy and chip ore size fractions. The overall predicted recovery from the design work on the mine and plant is expected to be closer to about 70% of the ROM (Run of Mine) feed. DRA has completed the design of the mineral processing plant to recover about 900 kt/a of chrome ore from the 1.3 Mt/a of ROM feed. The plant has been sized to handle up to 1.5 Mt/a and will also be able to address the variability in ore feed as different regions in the deposit are mined. The lumpy high-grade product and the chips size fraction is expected to grade around 48% Cr2O3 and the fine concentrate between 56 and 58%Cr2O3 The ratio of products is expected to be about 70, 15 and 15 percent respectively but will vary to some extent during the expected 20 year life of the mining operation based on including the associated adjacent Karaagash deposit together with the Voskhod deposit. The prediction of the product split from the processing plant depends on many factors such as the geology, mineralogy, mining, handling and metallurgical processing. An overall process flow model has been developed that covers the ROM ore, the various types of chrome ore feed to the mineral beneficiation plant, the projected products and the subsequent smelting of the chromite ores to produce High Carbon Ferrochromium. The model allows the optimisation of the quality of the chrome ore in terms of Cr2O3 content, Cr/Fe ratio and recovery to be studied. This information can also be evaluated in terms of the economic requirements for smelting High Carbon Ferrochromium (HCFeCr) at a given location. Oriel is planning to supply chrome ore to Ferrochrome plants mostly in China and Russia. The use of the model will assist to maximise the value of the Voskhod project to its owners and also assist the users of the chrome ore in selecting the appropriate supply quality to meet their needs for a given smelter operation. The smelting of high grade Voskhod ore requires a limited addition of about 5 to 7% quartz to flux the MgO and Al2O3 and about 25% coke as a reducing agent to produce an alloy containing from about 65 to 74%chromium depending on the Cr/Fe ratio.

Jan 1, 2007

By T. G. Carter

Support system design for tunnels and underground excavations has for many years relied heavily on the use of rock mass classification systems and the Hoek-Brown failure criterion as a means for characterizing rock mass behaviour. Because of their development, both the GSI system and the Hoek-Brown criterion admirably characterize most ?normal? rockmasses from the viewpoint of their behaviour for rock excavations. They, however, run into difficulties when applied at the two ends of the rock competence scale. This is largely because block size and incipient strength are such that rockmass behaviour in these domains tends not to be controlled by interblock shear strength but rather by material strength. At the low end of the rock competence scale (UCSi <<15 MPa and GSI generally <30) discontinuities play less of a role and rock mass strength tends to matrix strength. Similarly, at the high end of the scale (GSI >>65, mi>>15), because discontinuities are now widely spaced, block size becomes so significant that again, intact material behaviour rather than the fracturing becomes the dominant factor controlling rock mass strength. In this paper several case examples are presented to illustrate the application of the high-end (spalling) and low-end (weak ground) transition Hoek-Brown relationships proposed by Carter, Diederichs and Carvalho (2007) as a basis for better defining rockmass behaviour at the extreme ends of the rock competence scale.

Jan 1, 2008

By R. Sweennen, A. Vervoort, J. Caers

A case study is presented of the mechanical behaviour of fractures in the Westphalian A and B siliciclastic succession of mud-, silt- and sandstones with intercalating coal layers in the Campine basin of northeast Belgium. Mining ceased in the area in 1992 and a pilot well was drilled to assess the feasibility of methane extraction by hydraulic fracturing. Work was carried out to study the influence of types of cement fill in fractures on the shear behaviour of the rocks by comparison with that of the coal seams. X-ray computerised tomography was used for visual appraisal and selection of jointed rocks before destructive shear testing was carried out. Two major type of veins were found to be present, one cemented with carbonate and the other with kaolinite or kaolinite/carbonate. Uniaxial compressive strength and shear tests showed that differentiation of the two types of veins was vital in evaluating the strength of the sandstones, as cementing of the fractures by rigid carbonate minerals can reinstate the strength of the rock masses to that of the intact material. Kaolinite was more susceptible to plastic deformation than carbonates

Jun 19, 1905

Used in conjunction with geology and geophysics, geochemistry provides powerful exploration tools of special relevance to Australian environments. New methods are needed that will confront the forthcoming emphasis on locating concealed orebodies. Deep weathering is conducive to techniques using groundwaters or gaseous emanations as sample media. Increasing use is anticipated for isotope measurements and for recognition of country rock characteristics that denote proximity to mineralization. Improvements in the sensitivity, reliability and portability of analytical instruments will underpin the contributions of geochemical methods to future mineral exploration.

Jan 1, 1982

By M R. Stevens

The Kauri Block (Hauraki Hill) andMatawai Valley epithermal vein systems, near Coromandel township, are hosted by hydrothermally altered Miocene andesites and Mesozoic greywackes of the Coromandel VolcanicZone. The hydrological setting of both geothermal systems was probably that of an andesitic volcanic arc. Two types of veins are recognised: 1. Simple veins composed of fine comb quartz, and 2. Complex (breccia) veins composed of vein fragments of sulphide-bearing, chalcedonic silica cemented by saccharoidal and fine comb quartz. &nbsp; Pyrite, arsenopyrite, marcasite, and gold form the ore minerals. Both deposits historically exploited hypogene and supergene bonanza gold. &nbsp; At Hauraki Hill, breccia veins up to 7m wide contain abundant fragments of recrystallised colloform banded-crustiform textured quartz veins (&apos;Golden Cross&apos; style) and were probably major channels for ascending deep mineralising fluids. Alteration assemblages are zoned with the higher elevations of Hauraki Hill-Bunkers Hill characterised by strong kaolinite alteration whereas deeper levels are dominated by illitic clays. &nbsp; At Matawai, complex veins and hydrothermal breccias pinch and swell, and inflect, within a total width of veining and alteration that exceeds 50 m. The greywacke host rocks are altered to an assemblage of illitesmectite, quartz, chlorite and pyrite although there are pockets of kaolinite. &nbsp; The proposed genesis of veins and ores in both deposits invokes episodic rapid mixing (quenching) of hot mineralising reservoir fluids with cool acid condensate waters, whilst acidification and increased fO2 triggered gold deposition. These hydrothermal systems heated up during their later stages and at Matawai visible gold was deposited from a late mesothermal stage. The main conclusion is that the northwest CVZ has excellent potential for large gold deposits (= 30 tonnes contained gold).

Jan 1, 1993

By Christopher C. Jobes, Alan G. Mayton, Timothy J. Matty, Joseph P. DuCarme

Mining injury statistics show that a significant number of back, neck, and head injuries are linked to exposure from vehicle vibration. Use of a suspension seat is a common way to isolate the vehicle operator from the adverse effects of vibration exposure. Thus, researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health1 – Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (NIOSH – PRL) performed laboratory studies on four passive and two semi-active seat suspension designs. These are typical of seat suspensions commonly found on large off-road heavy surface mining, construction and agricultural vehicles as either replacement or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) systems. One included a pneumatic (air bladder) spring mechanism. The fifth and sixth suspensions were a NIOSH magnetorheological (MR) semi-active damper design based on the pneumatic (air bladder) and one of the coil spring suspensions above. These suspensions were modified with a commercially available MR damper substituted for the OEM damper. These six seat suspension systems were tested and analyzed, for vertical vibration only, using the ISO 5007 Standard [1]. This paper describes the laboratory vibration tests using a MTS® shaker table and discusses the results obtained for the different suspension designs and highlights the rheonetic technology studied. Implications of the seat suspension designs relative to their capabilities for isolating vehicle operators from vibration exposure are discussed. Results for suspensions 1 through 3 showed frequencies of isolation from 2.1 to 3.0 Hz using the 40-kg (88-lb) mass and from 1.65 Hz to 1.8 Hz using the 80-kg (176-lb) mass. Suspension #4, in tests with only the 80-kg (176-lb) mass, showed an isolation frequency of 3.7 Hz. With the MR damper added to seat suspension #4, the peak transmissibility was lowered from 1.3 to 0.95 and showed a corresponding downward shift in frequency from 2.25 Hz to 1.4 Hz. In fact, the results for suspension #5 (the MR damper added to seat suspension #4), using test #3 conditions of the programmed control algorithm, showed isolation (attenuation of transmitted vibration) throughout the test frequency range from 1.0 to 6.0 Hz.

At present, discounted cash flow analysis is generally accepted as the preferred method of valuation of mine projects in surface coal mining. One of the major reasons for that is its ability to take into account the time effect of money over the life-of-mine. As a looking-forward method, it requires forecasts be made with regard to economic, technological, technical, geological, and environmental conditions that will prevail in the future. All forecasts are inherently uncertain as they are a function of the uncertainty of all variables of the discounted cash flows analysis. This indicates that the only alternative for modeling the uncertainty in the project evaluation is the development of adequate risk models to serve the decision-making process. The paper offers a model of project cash flows at risk in strip coal mining, which is an integrated corporate risk management solution. The model is based on a stochastic approach that provides the answer to the question about how large is the deviation between stochastic cash flows and the planned value (or that used in the budget) at each time step of the discounted cash flows analysis, that is due to the uncertainty in the model variables. A solution is worked out for the allowable range of the stochastic cash flows variation that determines the probability of achieving the planned value of a mine project. The Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to model the stochastic behavior of the project variables. A case study of an opencast coal mine project is provided to illustrate the applicability of the risk model. The results obtained provide a new understanding of the mine project risk as a component of the project discount rate.

Jan 1, 2006

Born, March 28, 1853 Died July 23, 1916 On July 25, 1916, the Board of Directors adopted the following minute and directed that it be entered upon the records of the Board & published in the Bulletin of the Institute, and thereof be sent to the family of Mr. Kirchhoff: Charles Kirchhoff was one of the oldest, most widely known and most highly esteerned members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. On his return in 1875 from a European course of study, to begin a highly successful professional career, he joined the Institute, then just commencing to acquire both national and international recognition. He became at once, and-for more than 40 years continued to be, its earnest , and active supporter, serving it as Manager, Councilor or Director for terms aggregating 9 years,-as Vice-President for 2 years, and twice as President for a year. During the critical period of the erection of the United Engineering Society&apos;s building, and the transfer of the Institute to permanent head-quarters therein, Mr. Kirchhoff was its efficient representative in the United Engineering Society, and on the Building Committee. In 1910, amid the congratulations of colleagues, employees, and innumerable friends, Mr. Kirchhoff retired from active business as Vice- President and General Manager of a great technical publishing company. Yet he sacrificed of his well-earned leisure yet one more year, to serve the Institute as President through 1911.

Jan 9, 1916

By Phil Jones, Ben Johnson

During a period of six months in FY2018, a series of trials were conducted to compare drilling accuracy using two different methodologies and the subsequent impact this had on ore dilution. Testing was conducted at Cracow underground gold mine in Queensland, Australia. The drill rig’s existing alignment process was compared to a new technology system with the following observations:

Jan 1, 2019

By Christian Flores

El proceso que se enfrentó en Tambomayo tuvo su principal complejidad en llevar un proyecto en etapa de exploración hacia la construcción de una a unidad productiva la cual permita obtener resultados económicos y trabajar con altos estándares operacionales en el que prime la seguridad y un buen clima laboral, acompañado al hecho de que la empresa cuenta con una cultura operativa tradicional, lo que género que las principales dificultades para la toma de decisiones es que se tengan que ir derrumbando paradigmas operacionales y de esta manera ser un agente de cambio para el logro de los objetivos.

Sep 1, 2017

The objectives of this paper are two-fold. First, it will show what problems can arise when single estimated values are substituted for a distribution of values when evaluating an open pit mine project in the face of uncertainty. Secondly, it will show how the ability to deal with uncertainty and risk in mine project evaluation can have a significant impact on the ownersÆ and stakeholdersÆ investment decision-making. Here a new mine evaluation framework, the integrated valuation/ optimisation framework (named IVOF), is introduced as an alternative tool for mine project evaluation where uncertainty and risk are incorporated in the evaluation process.

Jan 1, 2009

By S. D. Van Nort

The Grasberg porphyry copper-gold deposit of Freeport Indonesia Inc., an 81% owned subsidiary of Freeport-McMoRan Inc., lies within the Ertsberg Mineral District in central Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The Grasberg deposit was discovered during a drilling campaign initiated in early 1988. Production at the open pit Grasberg deposit commenced in December 1989. The Grasberg copper-gold orebody is contained with a young igneous complex of dioritic composition which intrudes limestones of the Tertiary New Guinea Group. Alteration is typical of porphyry copper deposits worldwide except that higher grade primary chalcopyrite with significant gold values is associated with a centrally located zone of strong quartz stockwork.

Jan 1, 1991

By Ron Beeslaar, Tony Rorke

The Professional Blast Manager is a blast design tool that has been developed in South Africa. It is aimed at mining and civil engineen, blasting contractors and mine planning engineers. The code can be used as a stand-alone package or be combined Into complex mine information systems.

Jan 1, 1998

By A Rorke, B Cubitt, R Beeslaar

The recent drop in the value of the South African Rand has resulted in an increased export value for South African coal and has lead to new coal reserves becoming available for mining. Very often these reserves are in close proximity to existing structures and utilities thus calling for stringent blast control measures to keep the risk of vibration, air blast and fly rock damage to a minimum.

Jan 1, 1997