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PROF RICHARD ÅKERMAN Stockholm, Sweden ANDREW CARNEGIR New York, N.Y. DR. JAMES DOUGLAS New York, N.Y. PROF HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France R.A. HADFIELD Sheffield England PROF HANS HOEFER Leoben, Austria PROF HENRI LOUIS LE CHATELIER Paris France M FLORIS OSMOND Paris, France JOHN E. STEAD Middlesborugh, England PROF DIMITRY CONSTANTIN TSCHERNOFF St Petersburg, Russia CHARLES D WALCOT Washingtion D.C. PROF DR HERMANN WEDDING Berlin, Germany

Jan 1, 1910

BRANCH COUNCILS MINING BRANCH R M Foose, Chairman (Industrial Minerals) Carroll A Garner (Coal) J V Beall, Eastern Secretary A B Cunmins (Industrial Minerals) R E O'Brien, Western Secretary E D Gardner (Mining, Geology, and Geophysics) Carroll F Hardy (Coal) Philip J Shenon (Mining, Geology, and Geophysics) R E Byler (Minerals Beneficiation) A C. Callen (Mineral Industry Education) Grover J Bolt (Minerals Beneficiation) R J Lund (Mineral Economics)

Jan 1, 1951

Critical Shortage of Engineers M AN POWER commitments for defense, superimposed on normal domestic requirements, exceed the available supply of labor. The armed services, industry, and the professions are sizing themselves up man power-wise and are announcing that serious shortages are imminent or already in existence. The engineering profession is facing serious shortages. The main reason for this is the recall of engineering and scientific personnel to the armed services.

Jan 4, 1951

By Tony B. Szwilski

A short study has been made of the underground mining potential in the Plains region, the Province of Alberta, Canada. Particular reference is made to the possible application of longwall mining: Presently underground mining is limited to small scale room-and- pillar methods. The problems anticipated with large scale mining at shallow depths (30 m) are examined. Production factors based upon longwall retreat mining utilizing shield supports are also considered.

Jan 1, 1981

Professional Divisions I-Institute of Metals Division* GEORGE K ELLIOTT, Chairman GEORGE C STONE, Vice-chairman WILLIAM M CORSE, Secretary-treasurer Executive Committee D K CRAMPTON SAMUEL L HOYT R I, SUHL W K FRANK ZAY JEFFRIES A E WHITE H W GILLETT H C JENNISON R F WOOD STANISLAUS SKOWRONSKI II-Petroleum Division F JULIUS FOHS, Chairman EDWARD L ESTABROOK, Vice-chairman C P WATSON, Secretary-treasurer

Jan 1, 1923

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR JOHN R. SUMAN HOUSTON, TEXAS PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS DONALD B. GILLIES CLEVELAND, OHIO H.- G. MOULTON NEW YORK, N.Y. TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL -EILERS SEA CLIFF, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS W. B. HENRY HOUSTON, TEXAS HENRY KRUMB NEW YORK, N. Y. ERIE V. DAVELER , NEW YORK N Y W. M PEIRCE PALMERTON, PA. PAUL D. MERICA NEW YORK, N. Y. LEROY SALSICH DULUTH, MINN.

Jan 1, 1941

United Engineering Society WALTER H ALDRIDGE J VIPOND DAVIES I V N DORR Engineering Societies Library Board SYDNEY H BALL ALEXANDER C HUMPHREYS GEORGE C SLONE JOHN H JANEWVAY Engineering Foundation Board H M BOYLSTON J VIPOND DAVIES GALEN H CLEVENGER Society for Promotion of Engineering Education WILLIAM KELLY ALLEN B ROGERS American Engineering Standards Committee GRAHAM BRIGHT GEORGE C STONE GEORGE E THACKRAY Alternates-RICHARD L LLOYD and HARLOWE HARDINGE

Jan 1, 1923

By J. M. McDowell

A study has been made to deter~r~irre how the behavior of a water drivee reservoir changes as a function of the permeability of the formation and as a function of the size of the aquifer. The effect of pressure maintenance programs on the rote of nat11rn1 water influx is also studied, (IS well as the influence on the influx of the position of water injection we1ls with reference to the oil-water contact. The results are determined by the use of an electrical reservoir analyzer and are plotted as families of curves of pressure, natural water influx, and water injection vs time or cumulalive production. Two size aquifers are studided. One is limited with a 36-inile radius, and the, other approximates an infinite reservoir. The field remains the same in all respects for the completed. study except that the permeability is changed to agree with that assumed for the aquifer. 1 N TR ODUCTI ON this study was undertaken in -dcr to determine how the pres- sure decline and water influx of a water drive field would change as a function of the rate of fluid withdrawals, as a function of the permeability of the formation, and as a function of the size of the aquifer. The effect of pressure maintenance programs on the rate of natural water influx was also studied as was the position of water injection wells with reference to the oil-water contact. The information has been determined by the use of an electrical reservoir analyzer1, sometimes referred to as a Carter type analyzer. This instrument is an analog type computer which can be set up to represent a water-drive oil field. It can reproduce the past performance of the field in terms of analogous electrical quantities when the proper circuit analog of resistors and condensers has been determined, also, it can determine the future behavior for any method of production which may be selected, or permit the comparison among several different methods. Although most applications of the reservoir analyzer"" have been to thc study of specific field performance, it is intended to use the analyzer here to help understand how various reservoir characteristics effect the final performance of the field and to sec under what conditions water injection will be of benefit and to what extent. Within the oil industry the performance of water-drive reservoirs was first described analytically by LV. Hurst' and M. Muskat2 for certain types of boundary conditions. The solutions of the equations developed involved products of exponential functions and Bessel functions. Later publications by Hurst4 and van Ever-clingen" and the hooks of Muskat6 gave further information on reservoirs with other boundary conditions. They also presented rather extensive curves and tables to help evaluate the analytical expressions involved. A rccent series of publications by Chatas. bascd on the work of Hurst and van Everdingen, gives quite complete charts and tables of data to evaluate the pressure decline or water influx in infinite or limited radial reservoirs. and in linear reservoirs. The curves in all of these publications are given in dimensionless form

Jan 1, 1956

By H. Kosmider, P. Coheur

New processes of blowing with an oxygen-enriched air or gas mixtures of oxygen and steam allow the steelmaker to produce, in a basic converter, a rimmed steel low in nitrogen (0.0020 pct), phosphorous (0.020 pct), and sulphur (0.020 pct). The physical properties (ductility) of the new steels are excellent. Furthermore, from the point of view of economy, these new methods of blowing offer outstanding possibilities. THE natural occurrence of geological deposits of iron ore and local economic circumstances led European blast furnace men to work large quantities of lean iron ore with a phosphorus content as high as 0.5 pct. The iron obtained from these ores generally contains 1.5 to 2.1 pct phosphorus, 3.6 to 3.9 pct carbon, 0.3 to 0.6 pct silicon, 0.04 to 0.08 pct sulphur, and 0.3 to 1.2 pct manganese. To produce steel from this pig iron, the steelmaker has at his disposal several processes. One of the simplest and most economical is the pneumatic process developed by S. G. Thomas in 1879. This process of steelmaking, called the Thomas process, consists of blowing through the bottom of a basic bessemer converter and is used widely in Western Europe, as shown in Table I. Due to the development of tonnage oxygen plants, this process has become more important because the use of oxygen offers new possibilities of steel manufacture. Not only may the quality of the steel be improved, but liquid pig iron also may be used, the composition of which does not meet the heat requirements of the blow with atmospheric air. It is not intended to present here a detailed scientific discussion of the basic bessemer process but rather to discuss briefly its industrial possibilities in the case of rimmed steel and when blowing with atmospheric air, oxygen-enriched air, or gas mixtures of oxygen and steam. This paper is based on the current practice at Klockner-Hüttenwerk Haspe's steel division, and at six Belgian and Luxemburg steel works. The latter are members of the Liege section of the C.N.R.M. (National Institute for Metallurgical Research) and are: ARBED, John Cocker-ill, Esperance-Longdoz, HADIR, Miniere et Metal-lurgique de Rodange, and Ougree-Marihaye, most of which are working with tonnage oxygen plants.' In order to avoid any misunderstanding, it should be noted that most of the techniques to be men- tioned, or similar ones, are used currently at many steel plants in Western Europe. Background The basic converters used in Europe have a capacity of 17 to 65 tons of steel, and are similar in shape to the one in Fig. 1. The lining is brick or rammed dolomite and has a life of 250 to 500 blows. The bottom is rammed dolomite and has a life of 40 to 80 blows. As far as we know, the type of blast used does not appear to have any influence on the life of the lining. Bottom life, on the contrary, depends very much upon the composition of the blast. It is only when

Jan 1, 1955

By C. E. Sims

In some experimental work conducted several years ago, it was noted that sulphur seemed to have a distinct influence on grain size of carbon steels. 111 order to check this observation, a series of S..A.E. 1040 steels was made with the normal composition held as nearly constant as possible. The steels were made with three sulphur levels, which were 0.012, 0.024 and 0.038 per cent sulphur, respectively. For each of the sulphur levels, steels were made with only silicon deoxidization and with aluminum additions of 0.1015, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.10 per cent. The melting medium was an acid-lined high-frequency induction furnace. These steels were forged and rolled and differentiall!. quenched from temperaturcs in the range of 1500O to 1800°F. After this, the A.S.T.M. grain size was determined and plotted as in Fig. I. It will be noted, first of all, that the aluminum-free steels had filler grain size with higher sulphur when heated to 1500, but that this condition was reversed at 1700°. When aluminum was added to produce fine grain size, the steels in the lowest sulphur level were fine-grained only to 1600°. and then only with an addition of one pound of aluminum per ton. The medium sulphur steels werc fine-grained to 1600' with a wider range of aluminum addition. The steels in the highest sulphur level were fine-grained at 1600° over a still wider range of aluminum additions and fine- grained at 1700° with an addition of one pound per ton. Fig. 2 shows curves of the grain-coarsening temperature for these steels and illustrates how sulphur and aluminum combine to give greater inhibition to grain growth than aluminum alone. Only the highest sulphur steels have a grain-coarsening temperaturc above 1700°.. At 1650°, the low sulphur steel is fine-grained only at its peak, while the highest sulphur steel is fine-grained over a wide range. In these tests, one pound of aluminum per ton gave the best results; this is equivalent to about 1 1/2 lb. per ton for commercial condition. IllcQuaid-Ehn tests made on these steels showed the same trend but to a lesser degree. The tests were repeated on a series of S.A.E:. 1015 steels with sulphur levels of 0.02 and 0.03j per cent. Aluminum additions were made in the range from 0.025 to 0.15 per cent. These steels were forged and rolled, normalized at 2000°F. to put them all in the same starting condition, then reheated to various temperatures from 1600" to 1800" and cooled at rates that would allow ferrite precipitation in the austenitic grain boundaries. The results of these tests arc shown in Fig. 3. It will be noted that. up to the temperature of 1650°, there is very little difference in the grain size obtained from the two levels of sulphur. .At temperatures of 1700° and 1750°, however, the lower sulphur steel was fine-grained only with an aluminum addition of 1 1/2 lb, per ton;

Jan 1, 1945

By H. Papazian, Robert A. Lad

SINCE it can be shown both theoretically'' : and experimentally that disordered Cu3Au has a greater internal energy than the ordered alloy, it might be expected that its chemical reactivity would be greater. Experiments were initiated' to test this hypothesis. This note will describe some recent results obtained in the study of the rates of corrosion of ordered and disordered polycrystalline Cu3Au by aqueous FeCl., The work of Robertson' has indicated that the attack by such solutions is intergran-ular and highly orientation dependent. It was of interest to see whether the order-disorder effect was great enough to overcome the variations from specimen to specimen which would arise from this type of attack. The polycrystalline alloy specimens (0.020 in. wire, 1¾ in. long) were preannealed in ½ atm H, at 700°C for 2 hr. The subsequent heat treatments to produce order and disorder were performed in M atm He. Disordered specimens were obtained by heating at 450°C for 2 hr and quenching in water. Ordered specimens were produced by heating for 2 hr at 450°, furnace cooling to 380°, and soaking at 380°C for 80 to 90 hr. Room temperature was reached by cooling to 150" at a rate never exceeding 7" per hr, and water quenching from 150°C. The specimens so produced exhibited electrical resistivities characteristic of the two states; of the order of 11.27x10 ohm-cm for the disordered, and 4.28x10 ohm-cm for the ordered specimens. The corrosion rates were studied at 30°C in ferric chloride solutions of several concentrations (?,¼, 1.5, and 1 molar). The specimens were attached to a stirrer during the tests. Tests were interrupted at intervals, and the specimen weight change was determined after washing and drying. Analysis of the solutions showed that the attack was limited to the copper. The higher corrosion rate for the disordered alloy, as illustrated in Fig. l, is typical of the results obtained. The effect of variation in ferric chloride concentrations is indicated in Table I for typical specimens. The variations in the ratio of reactivity for disordered and ordered specimens at the different concentrations are within experimental error, and the best value is estimated to be near 1.4. The experimental variation was due in part to the mode of attack, as mentioned, and in part to the fact that films were formed on the specimens under some conditions. Electron diffraction patterns of the films were very complex and indicated the presence of metallic iron, as did chemical analysis. In an attempt to eliminate the difficulties arising from the mechanism of attack, single crystal specimens were used. A greater reaction rate was again measured for the disordered specimens, but the reproduci-bility was no better than that for the polycrystalline metal. This would indicate that film formation was primarily responsible. It was concluded that the reaction with aqueous ferric chloride served to demonstrate that the reactivity of disordered Cu3Au is greater than that of the ordered alloy. However, the difficulties with film formation did not permit determinations of a precision great enough to warrant extension of the study to partially ordered alloy systems.

Jan 1, 1957

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR R. C. ALLEN . CLEVELAND, OHIO PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS H. A. BUEHLER ROLLA, Mo. JOHN M. LOVEJOY NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENT, TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS HENRY KRUMB NEW YORK, N. Y. PAUL D. MERICA NEW YORK, N. Y. H. G. MOULTON NEW YORK, N. Y. HARVEY S. MUDD Los ANGELES, CALIF. WILFRED SYKES CHICAGO, ILL..

Jan 1, 1937

BRANCH COUNCILS MINING BRANCH R E Byler, '53, Chairman (Minerals Beneficiation) - C M. Cooley, Acting Secretary A Lee Barrett, '54, (Coal) Carroll A Garner, '53, (Coal) E. H Crabtree, '54, (Minerals Beneficiation) Ian Campbell, '54, (Industrial Minerals) A B. Cummins, '53, (Industrial Minerals) E. D Gardner, '53, (Mining, Geology, and Geophysics) LeRoy Scharon, '54, (Mining, Geology, and Geophysics) R. T Gallagher, (Mineral Industry Education) John H Ffolliott, (Mineral Economics)

Jan 1, 1952

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR JOHN M LOVEJOY NEW YORK, N. Y PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS HOWARD N EAVENSON PITTSBURGH, PA HENRY A BUEHLER ROLLA, MO. VICE PRESIDENT, TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N Y VICE PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS LOUIS S CATES NEW YORK N Y PAUL D MERICA NEW YORK, N Y WILFRED SYKES CHICAGO, ILL R C ALLEN CLEVELAND, OHIO HENRY KRUMB NEW YORK, N Y

Jan 1, 1937

T. H Aldrich '96 Walter H. Aldridge '89 R M. Atrater, Jr '97 James B Bailey '00 Samuel Barker, Jr. '00 John F Berry '93 Charles A Bohn '93 H. A Brassert '99 Victor B. Buck '98 Frederick Burbidge '87 Frederick P Burrall '97 John Cabot, Jr '99 William McC. Cameron '97 W Gaston Caperton '94 Norman Carmichael '99 Alvin B. Carpenter '97 Charles A Chase '00

Jan 1, 1952

Lake Superior Meeting . PAGE Gathmann, Emil.-Casting and Molding Steel Ingots. Discussed by J. W. Richards.. 2 McCaffery, R. S.-The Acid Bessemer Process. Discussed by Bradley Stoughton, J. W. Richards 3 Elliott, S. R.-Athens System of Mining. Discussed by F. W. Sperr, Lucien Eaton 4 Mercer, H. T. and Paulson, A. C.-Handling and Treatment of Rock-drill Steel at Copper Range Mines. Discussed by Harrison Souder, H. T. Mercer, W. H. Schacht, C. M. Haight 5 Hayden, J. E. and Eaton, Lucien.-Building Reinforced-concrete Shaft Houses. Discussed by William Kelly, T. L. Condron, Lucien Eaton 7 Eaton, Lucien.-Mechanical Ventilation at Lake Mine. Discussed by C. A. Mitke 8 Schacht, W. H.-Steam Regenerators Reduce Coal Consumption. Discussed by 0. P. Hood, W. H. Schacht ? 9 Linton, Robert.-Standardizing at North Butte Mining Co. Discussed by Grant H. Tod, C. A. Mitke 10 Smith, H. DeWitt and Sirdevan, W. H.-Mining Methods and Costs at United Verde Mine. Discussed by C. A. Mitke 12 Davy, Myron A.-Reflecting Microscope for the Mining Engineer. Discussed by C. P. Berkey, W. A. Rukeyser 14 , Norden, J. A. and Willson, A. R.-Hoisting Equipment at Utah-Apex Mining Co. Discussed by E. M. Norris 17 Aldrich, H. R.-The Dip Needle in Stratigraphy. Discussed by H. R. Aldrich, W. 0. Hotchkiss, Carl Zapffe, E. A. Kronquist 18

Jan 1, 1921

By Frank T. Sisco

SHORTAGES of metals and minerals and substitution of less critical materials for those in which a virtual famine exists received detailed and frank discussion at a recent conference in Washington called by Robert E. McConnell, director of the Conservation Section, Office of Production Management. Representatives of the large engineering societies in the United States and O.P.M. department heads participated in the discussion. To open the session Mr. McConnell called upon Zay Jeffries, chairman of the O.P.M. Advisory Committee on Metal Conservation and Substitution, to summarize the present situation. Dr. Jeffries touched briefly on the status of metal shortages, which has already received considerable attention in the popular press, and said that much of the present difficulty was caused by the too-hasty substitution-without sufficient con¬sideration of the immediate conse¬quences-of metals having ordinarily a small yearly consumption, for those having a much larger annual consumption. As a result, all the alloying metals used in alloy-steel manufacture have become scarce, with the exception of molybdenum; further¬more, despite a reserve of 11,000 tons of molybdenum in this country and despite a normal consumption of only about 3500 tons and a prospective annual production rate of 21,000 tons by October, a shortage of molybdenum is possible before this war is over.

Jan 1, 1941

"Located in Madison River Canyon, about 14 miles by road from Norris, Mont. Built in 1907 by Madison River Power Co.DAM: Rock filled wooden crib structure, 183 ft. long, 34 ft. high or 44 ft. to top of flashboards.SPILLWAY: 140 ft. long, equipped with flashboards 10 ft. high.PIPE: One 10-foot and one 12-foot wood-stave pipe, 7,515 feet long.PRESSURE: One pressure chamber, 32 ft. high, 30 ft. wide and 81 ft.CHAMBER: long, built of concrete.PENSTOCKS: 4 9-foot steel penstocks about 200 ft. long, one for each wheel.WATER WHEELS: 4 double horizontal, center discharge, Sampson special 44-inch turbines, 3,600 h-p., at 100 ft. head. Speed 300 r. p. m„ direct connected to generators.GENERATORS: 4 G. E., W. C., 2,250 k-w., 4,000 volts, 300 r. p. m., 3 phase, 60 cycles, alternators, with exciters mounted on same shaft.TRANSFORMERS: 12 G. E., W. C., 900 k-w., 60 cycles. High tension voltage 23,100, 34,650, 46,200; low tension voltage 4,000, 3,800, 3,600. Now operating at 46,200, delta connected. They can be connected Y for 40,000, 60,000 or 80,000.OPERATION: This is the principal plant of the whole system and carries most of the load."

Jan 1, 1913

By Bradley Stoughton

PROMINENCE has been given lately in engineering circles to the question whether an organisation with manifold interests can be as effective as one with a single aim, especially if that single aim be the furtherance of affairs of moment and the welfare of engineers in general. In its earlier days, the A. I. M. E. was forbidden by its constitution to engage in non-technical public affairs, but the members altered the constitution in this respect, in the year 1912, in response to the growing demand that engineers be more human in their interests and that the engineering societies represent them in this respect. Since that time, the activity of mining engineers in public affairs has been growing rapidly, and we are happy that the Institute has been able to render very valuable economic services. Doubtless the greatest public service rendered by engineers in a recent great emergency was the work of the Naval Consulting Board, without which the U. S. Navy would never have been able to enter promptly into service upon our entrance into the war, ,and both Navy and Army would have been a long time without the munitions that came at an early date. We can never forget that this Board was established through the direct activity of the then President of the A. I. M. E., with the hearty cooperation of other national organizations.

Jan 1, 1920

By CARLE R. HAYWARDC

BEFORE discussing this subject it is necessary to define somewhat the meaning of the tern metallurgical.. When I was a student at M. I. T. ore-dressing was not thought of as metallurgy in any sense of the word, but it was considered as more closely allied to mining, enabling the miner to market an otherwise unmarketable product, or at least to market it to better advantage. Progress in ore-dressing has gradually allied it more closely with smelting, for at present the raw material received by the smelter is predominantly concentrates and smelting practice has been profoundly affected by the products of the concentrating mill. It is not surprising therefore that in many schools ore-dressing is frankly considered as metallurgy and although there may be some dissenting opinions it will be considered as such in this discussion. Twenty-five years ago at M. I. T. metallography was taught in a few optional lectures. This subject has developed rapidly and been expanded into the new and increasingly important field of physical metallurgy. To many metallurgists the -term metallurgy means only physical metallurgy. They know little or nothing about smelting and leaching and even less about ore-dressing. Having then broadened the scope of the term metal¬lurgy to cover ore-dressing, smelting, leaching and phys-

Jan 1, 1930