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At the inception of the gold-mining industry at Kalgoorlie the small supply of firewood required for steaming purposes was naturally all drawn from the limited local areas, which promised soon to become denuded. With the advent of the railway toKalgoorlie came the ever increasing machinery and steam power, and the accompanying demand for firewood so increased that the fuel contractors began their operations, by following the timber belts along the Yilgarn railway line, and graduallygetting further westward, until at present we find them as far as Woolgangie, 63 miles from Kalgoorlie, and with the regular railway rates, I0. per ton per mile, this maybe considered the limit of payable timber at current rates. Although in the early days the reserve of timber along the railway line must have appeared as incalculable and inexhaustible as that of coal did in Europe a couple of centurys ago, the day is now near us when even this source will fail to meet the demands made upon it, for, although a good two years' supply is available or the areas under the axe, yet it is time to look ahead and find from whence the future supplies are to be drawn. Along the railways we find the zone of felling operations limited for want ofcommunication, and only such portions of the forests as are within six or seven miles of the railway come under the axe at present while virgin forests to the rear remain practically unexploited. It is only in the course of the past sixteen months that the firewood industry has developed...

Jan 1, 1901

Alkaline leaching with sodium carbonate solution adjusted to pH 9·5 to 10·0 preferentially dissolves thorium from a mixture of rare earth and thorium hydroxides. Rare earth sodium carbonates form in the alkaline leaching stage.These are converted to rare earth oxides for use as optical and ophthalmic polishing agents. Quadrivalent cerium is extracted under similar alkaline leaching conditions.INTRODUCTIONAustralia has made significant contributions to mineral chemistry and mineral dressing. As often happens with an industrially immature country, research investigations often outstrip the ability or desire of commerce to exploit them. It is wrong to think exclusively in terms of export of raw materials. Imagination assists in developing world trends. The chemical utilization of mineral sands has interested a group of investigators, chiefly at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.) and, more recently, in the mining industry itself. From an international point of view the highlight of this work was Newnham's (1960) process for the separation of hafnium from zirconium. Earlier work at C.S.I.R.O. investigated the chlorination of rutile, zircon, and monazite. Assuming that titanium tetrachloride would be available in large quantities in the post war years, extensive work was done by Kraitzer, McTaggart, and Winter (1948) on organic compounds of titanium. This work led to the development of heat resistant paints, plastic compositions, and improved organic protective coatings that predated overseas work by up to seven years. (Post, Shiihara and Schwartz, 1961; Anon, 1955). Contributions were made to the production of refractory hard metals (Kraitzer, 1949; Kraitzer and Newnham, 1956). Pilkington and Wylie (1947) and Urie (1947) investigated the production of rare earths from monazite by an acid process.

Jan 1, 1963

Detailed investigation was carried out on the dephosphorization of a number of phosphorus-rich manganese or samples of India by leaching with dilute sulphuric acid. Various process parameters like concentration of acid, liquid-solid ratio, temperature of leaching, time of leaching, and particle size of the ore were studied in detail for the three samples of manganese ore from central India, and optimum values were worked out on a laboratory scale. Preliminary studies show that certain ores which are not easily amemlible to appreciable dephosphorization by leaching with dilute sulphuric acid can be made amenable by :roasting to 700-900°C before leaching.

Jan 1, 1974

In a previous paper the author showed that silver considerably delayed the recrystallisation of lead after cold work. The effect of antimony on the rate of recrystallisation of distorted lead was studied next, and the experiments performed, and the results obtained, are described in this paper. Electrolytic lead was used as a standard of comparison.It was also used to make the lead antimony alloys.This electrolytic lead contained 0.0005% total impurities.It was prepared from commercial lead by fire refining, followed by electrolysis and finally by vacuum casting. The process was described in the previous paper and the description need not be repeated here. PREPARATION OF LEAD - ANTIMONY ALLOYS.The steps taken to procure pure antimony are outlined in the appendix. To make the lead antimony alloys a mother alloy was prepared thus:-A quantity of the antimony (it was received in the powdered form) was placed in a pyrex glass tube, which was closed at one end. The antimony was washed with hot hydrochloric acid (1: 1), then with more dilute acid, then with distilled water, and finally with absolute alcohol; it was dried by warming and evacu,ating the tube. This should leave the antimony more nearly free from surface oxides.The amount of antimony was determined by weighing quickly; the appropriate amount of vacuum-cast electrolytic *Research Fellow, Dept. of Metallurgy, University of Melbourne.

Jan 1, 1936

By Y Yang

This paper discusses various issues surrounding the metallurgical control for furnaces, especially focusing on processes with long time-constants and æmetallurgical memoriesÆ. Examples will focus on furnaces accepting particulate and sometimes ill-defined feeds, eg submerged-arc furnaces, blast furnaces, secondary scrap smelting operations, recycling operations, waste incinerators, etc. Generally, because of the usually higher metallurgical time constant of these furnaces, these reactors have to be controlled in a feed-forward manner by the use of a hybrid of æblack boxÆ or empirical and ægrey boxÆ semi-empirical first principles metallurgical modelling and simulation techniques in a supervisory metallurgical control capacity.

Jan 1, 2000

By Tyler R. J

Methylene blue dye adsorbs on chalcopyrite concentrates slurried in aqueous solution. Saturation adsorption can be achieved within about 24 hours for dye equilibrium concentrations greater than about 10-5 M. The dsorption coverage is obtained from a measurement of the' colour change of the solution. Comparison with BET measurement of the concentrate surface area shows that 2.4 ± 0.1 µmol of methylene blue are adsorbed per square metre of surface accessible to the dye cation. The procedure described can be used as a single-point measurement and values for the surface area can be otained to within about 10 per cent with inexpensive instrumentation.

Jan 1, 1979

By A Unlutepe

The Bosphorus Rail Tunnel Project, located in Istanbul, Turkey, aims to provide a Euro-Asian rail link, via an immersed tube tunnel crossing the Bosphorus Strait, along which will run all commuter, freight and intercity passenger trains of Turkish State Railways (TCDD), as well as the future extension to the European rail network. The total length of upgrading and new railway construction will be approximately 76 km. The main structures include the immersed tube tunnel; mechanised shield tunnels; new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM) tunnels; cut-and-cover, at-grade and retained-cut/fill structures; and some service structures. This paper discusses Phase 1 implementation of the project, one of the major transportation infrastructure projects in the world today, whose varied structures present stimulating engineering and construction challenges.

Jan 1, 2008

The widely accepted concept of mineral resources are that they are finite - mining therefore being intrinsically unsustainable. Yet the modern global mining industry continues to grow production at strong rates - how can this be? In reality, mining is a complex industry, starting with exploration, development, operations and then rehabilitation and closure. A recent major study of Australia has shown that for most mineral commodities, exploration continues to find new deposits, or expand resources at existing mines. In parallel, however, there are a number of key 'mega-trends' which are growing in their importance - declining ore grades (or quality), increasing tailings and waste rock volumes, the need for deeper mining, more refractory ore types, increasing energy inputs and higher unit energy costs, increasing pollution issues and, of course, not to forget greenhouse gas emissions issues. This paper will present a detailed case study of the ultimate sustainability of the Australian mining industry - showing long term historical data sets on ore grades, waste volumes and economic resources and placing these trends in light of major twenty-first century issues such as energy supplies (especially Peak Oil), climate change and existing and emerging land use conflicts (eg agriculture versus mining). Australia is a critical case study in the sustainability of mining, as it is a major global exporter of numerous commodities, and this is expected to continue to underpin the ongoing industrialisation of countries such as China and India. The ultimate question begs - can Australia actually meet this fundamental challenge, or will our resources run out, or will we be constrained by environmental issues such as climate change, land use or perhaps water? Rather than a mere optimist's or pessimist's view, this paper will present a range of hard data which underpins the debate about the sustainability of mining this century: ultimately, we cannot assume that the patterns of past mining will continue to work in the future. The sustainability of mining continues to hang in a precarious balance.

Jun 1, 2010

THE object of this paper is to review certain features in connection with the mining of narrow lodes, say up to 20 ft. or so wide. The types of ore-body to which it is intended to refer are those which occur. chiefly as fissure or shear-Iodes-that is, those lodes which are to be found in belts of country which have been subjected to dynamic stresses, resulting in the formation of cracks and fissures, into some of which has been concentrated sufficient metal-bearing material to form ores. Very frequently one of the walls of such a lode is found to be a fault, or plane of differential movement.The first point which comes up for consideration is the shaft and its position. From the information afforded by the prospecting which has been done on a lode relative to the dip, nature of country, &c., the position of the main hauling shaft can be determined. For purposes of general utility the hangingwall is generally chosen, if a vertical shaft, though, on account of freedom from creeps, the foot-wall would be safer. Vertical shafts are preferable to underlie shafts in many ways; but wherethe lode maintains a flat dip the cost of cross-cutting at the various levels becomes very heavy'. This difficulty may to some extent be modified· by sinking a vertical shaft in the hanging-wall...

Jan 1, 1912

Trends in Test Filtration to Respond to Decreasing Sample Size There has been a steady decline in the quantity of samples available for testwork when developing new mining processes due to the maturing mining technology and the increasing costs of pilot testing. Larox, a supplier of filtration equipment and its co-operation partner Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) have been actively developing new equipment, testing methodologies and tools to plan test campaigns with the objective of being able to determine the optimum filtration technology and the parameters for sizing full scale equipment with a minimum sample size. With smaller sample sizes, the test scale diminishes from pilot scale to bench scale, and the small equipment size has implications for scale-up. Redesigning the equipment to simulate full scale equipment rather than to match filtration theory has led to some interesting developments. Comparisons between bench scale equipment and production units help identify the limitations of bench scale testing. The nature of filtration is such that it is unreliable to estimate filterability theoretically, and different testing methodologies have been investigated to be able to test the feasibility of filtration from samples as small as few grams. While not optimising the filtration technology, these methodologies provide an adequate level of accuracy for scoping studies. Together with improvements in equipment, a software tool has been developed to reduce the number of tests necessary to optimise filtration technology and parameters for sizing.

Sep 13, 2010

Engineering education has become a matter of national concern, at last, so I would like to talk about the links between the mining industry, the universities and technological developments. The Australasian mining industry and the mining schools have collaborated closely since the first school was established in 1871 and during those years there were a series of remarkable technological developments. For example:In the late 1880s George AndersoIl Richard developed chloride leaching of gold at Mt Morgan. This made a large difference to the wealth of Mt Morgan Mining Ltd.In the mid 1890s Robert Sticht demonstrated that pyrite smelting was an economically feasible process at Mt Lyell and the wealth which came to Mt Lyell Mining Co from his outstanding work made it one of the great companies in the country.During the first 15 years of this century flotation was developed at Broken Hill and it has proved to be one of the great technological inventions of this century.In the 1920s G K Williams started his outstanding work on lead smelting and refining at Port Pirie, this was work which ultimately re-wrote the text book on lead metallurgy and established Port Pirie as the mecca for lead metallurgists.In the 1920s also Frank Stillwell, later joined by Austin Edwards, established the new science of mineragraphy at the University of Melbourne. They were both great geologists, both were superb scientists and oddly enough both were outstanding athletes.In the 1930s Dr Ian Wark, a man in the front rank of Australian scientists of any period, started his outstanding work on flotation, work which resulted in a text book which remains a leader in its field today.In the 1930s also Arnold Black at Broken Hill South Ltd picked up the work which had been done at Mt Lyell many years previously and eventually wrote the papers on hydraulic fill which demonstrated that he led the world in fill technology. What a remarkable story of achievement it was, it laid the groundwork for the great industry we have today. It was possible because the industry was well supported by outstanding university schools and I would like to talk about some of these.

Jan 1, 1989

By D M. Frantois-Bongarton

Variograms can be powerful tools for the analysis and control of process streams and their sampling. Their uses and proper utilisation have been described somewhat unclearly to date, and their limitations and precautions of use are too rarely mentioned. The general meaning and properties of the variogram tool and its use in geostatistics are therefore reviewed in details to derive a critical view of its proper use for process control: what to expect from it and what it cannot deliver and which uses are illusory or potentially misleading. A summary of GyÆs seminal work accompanies this essay to put the concepts into historical perspective.CITATION:Frantois-Bongarton, D M, 2012. Review of variogram properties and remarks on its use in process control, in Proceedings Sampling 2012 , pp 175-180 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 21, 2012

Using Mineral Maps to Rank Potential Processing Behaviour

Sep 13, 2010

By Kennedy G. L

Experience is reporled in the operation of the pilot Lurgi carbonization plant at Morwell, afler it had been reconstructed to obtain better control of the heating of the briquettes in order to produce a strong char suitable for use as a metallurgical fuel. The theoretical Ideal Heating Cycle, which had been designed from earlier laboratory research, was closely approached in the carbonizer, and up to 97 per cent of the whole dried briquettes entering the carbonizer were recovered unbroken in the char.The strength of the char produced in the pilot plant was limited by the performance of the drier where the cracking and breakage of the briquettes was more severe. Theoretical studies have indicated that this limitation could be removed by using a hot briquette feed to the pilot plant. Experience indicates that with a hot briquette feed to the drier and with ideal heating in the carbonizer, hard char could be produced from Yallourn briquettes in continuous operation.The project has been terminated for economic reasons...

Jan 1, 1966

This paper describes the excavation of No. 1 Power Station Lift Shaft at the Kiewa Hydro-Electric Project. The advantages and limitations of the borehole method are outlined, and general principles of plant design are discussed.INTRODUCTIONFor many years, attempts have been made to reduce mine development costs by various methods. Some of the, techniques of tunnelling have been adopted in horizontal headings, and in main vertical shafts, mechanical plant has displaced hand labour with notable success. However, in the field of small rises and winzes, improvements have largely been effected by attention to details of procedure. The most promising avenues for' substantial reductions in cost relate to:(a) Long-hole drilling(b) The borehole method(c) Calyx drilling.Whilst each of these methods has its peculiar advantages, the borehole rising method is probably most useful, and capable of wide application.In brief, the borehole method of rising requires a, drill hole parallel to the axis of the rise. A hoisting rope is passed through the borehole, and is attached to a platform on which the rising crew are raised with their equipment to the drilling position in the rise.When properly planned, the method is particularly safe, and has generally received the approval of mine inspectors and safety authorities. Rising work is generally hazardous, even when special timbering methods are used. In...

Jan 1, 1959

During the latter part of 1937 consideration was given to the construction of a; local smelting plant for producing blister copper. Previously copper concentrates had been shipped to the United States of America. The proposition had the advantages of a saving in cost of realization, quicker financial return and reduced dependence on overseas shipping.The smelter was designed by the existing staff, who had difficulty in obtaining data on small plants, particularly on the reverberatory furnace. Construction was started in March, 1938, and the reverberatory was blown in on January 16th, 1939. One roaster had been operating for several weeks prior to this date.While results and operating technique on this new departure in small-scale smelting are barely beyond the experimental stage, it is felt that the experience gained to this time should be recorded to help fill the obvious gap in published information covering plants of this type.At present there are three copper smelters operating in Australia; the other two plants are equipped with blast furnaces.LOCATIONThe new smelter is situated in a position convenient to the concentrator and to the power plant. The site is traversed on two sides by a brick flue, from an old smelter plant, which connects with a 250-ft. stack. This stack and portion of the old flue are used in connection with the...

Jan 1, 1939

An oxide ore heap (80,000 ton assaying 2 per cent copper) and a sulphide ore heap (300,000 ton assaying 1·7 per cent copper) are being leached in series in a closed circuit system. The ore is friable and weatherseasily giving severe percolation problems. These were eased by applying liquors at 235 gal/min to trenches 2 ft wide and 6 ft deep along the full length of the heaps.Cementation recovery was improved from 20 per cent to over 80 per cent by regular intermittent agitation of the iron using a back hoe unit.Liquor pH is controlled by acid addition, and iron content is controlled by a bleed-off set according to predictions made from a pH-Eh diagram drawn for the liquor components. These controls, together with acyclic wetting and draining procedure, have raised production from 6 ton/week to 10 tdn/week of 80 per cent copper.

Jan 1, 1968

Recently discovered Carboniferous bentonites are variable in charadeI and thickness, but being altered aeolian, ash-fall tuffs, they are probably extensive. Most are the Ca-montmorillonite type without the natural swelling characteristics of the Wyoming deposits, but their situation, thickness, and response to beneficiation through cation exchange may give them some potential as sources of future economic deposits.INTRODUCTIONLoughnan and See (1959) gave an account of bentonites and fuller's earth deposits of New South Wales. The most likely potential industrial sources were those occurring in the uppermost formations of the Newcastle and Singleton Coal Measures (Permian) in the Hunter Valley and deposited during epochs not marked by strong contemporary vulcanicity.One feature of the record of known occurrences at that time was the absence of bentonites from the thick volcanic sequences of the Carboniferous, but since this paper appeared, many bentonite beds have been discovered by the writer in the Carboniferous facies formerly known as the "Kuttung Series".The purpose of this contribution is to report briefly on the occurrence, genesis, mineralogy, and economic potential of these deposits which augment possible sources of bentonite near major industrial centres on the eastern seaboard.The potential world demand for bentonite would increase markedly with the trend to pelletization in the steel industry, if its use in this field became more general. More detailed mineralogical studies will be presented in later publications.STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONBentonite occurs at irregular intervals throughout a thick sequence of dominantly continental, plant bearing strata...

Jan 1, 1965

Conventional hand drawn isopach maps of the cover of the Bulli Seam are too eomplex for use in the delineation of large domains of similar cover. Isopach maps prepared from trend surfaces fitted to the cover data are much simpler in form and so provide a convenient method of delineating broad domains of similar cover.

Jan 1, 1968

Early in 1940 the development and sampling programmes in hand on the North and British Sections of North Broken Hill Limited were such as to necessitate the drilling of a large number of drill holes ranging up to about thirty feet in length. On the British Section, one purpose was to test the existence, width, and value of narrow lodes believed, for geological reasons, to occur in the walls of the existing workings. Another object was to definitely disprove the existence of payable shoots of ore in certain largerhodonite and quartz-garnet ("garnet sandstone") pillars which had been formerly left as unpayable.On the North Section, the main purpose of the short holes was to delineate the ore-body boundaries by drilling laterally from drives in ore, and thus enable level layout to be planned in advance of sill stoping. It was also desired to test the walls of stopes in those portions of the mine where the economic limit of mining is not rendered obvious by a clear-cut wall, but should be determined by assay. In these latter cases it was hoped to eliminate "prospecting by stoping," a procedure by which any doubts as to the existence of further good ore behind the low-grade walls were settled by continuing to stope laterally until all chance of such an occurrence was removed.LONG HOLE ROCK DRILLINGFollowing an investigation of recorded instances of similar practice elsewhere it was decided to use the rock drill for a series of trial sample holes. A 3-in. drifter was used. This was selected from those in use underground, and was given a special overhaul; had a new machine been purchased, a 4-in. type would probably have been obtained as being more suited to the work. The rods were H in. hollow round steel with a type "1" Jackrod thread. Couplings were of chrome steel, and were H in. in diameter, and 2 in. long. Jackbits (type "1" thread) in sizes from 2 in. to 4 in., with 1-in. gauge changes, gave a range of nine bit sizes. They were resharpened by hot milling, and were not milled to a definite gauge size.After sharpening, bits were sent underground without sorting into sizes, the drillers selecting the next bit with callipers. In view of the small scale of operations, it was not considered worth while to adopt special measures, such as the cold grinding of bits, which might have given a better product. Later, however, new bits were used exclusively, the idea being to accumulate enough blunt Jackbits to warrant a thorough treatment of the sharpening...

Jan 1, 1941