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By W. O. Philbrook, A. H. Jolly, T. R. Henry

IN the course of a study of slag-control methods, the authors devised a laboratory technique by which the basicity of basic open-hearth furnace slap could be estimated with sufficient accuracy to make the method of possible interest for slag-control purposes. The process consisted of measuring the slight basicity of an extract of the powdered slag in water. The procedure was presented, for the benefit of those who might care to experiment with it, in a paper submitted in the 1944 McKune Award Contest and presented at the 1944 Open-hearth Conference in Pittsburgh.1 Interest expressed at that meeting and favorable operating experience with the method at a neighboring plant, as described in a related paper by Michael Tenenbaum and C. C. Brown,2 have encouraged us to present further details of the development, technique, and pitfalls of the method and some additional data not included in our first report. At the outset it must be admitted that this method of estimation of slag basicity is not perfect; neither is any other that we know of. It is subject to somewhat greater errors than would be desirable, but compares favorably with other techniques in this respect. It has the disadvantage that it places the final determination of slag basicity in the hands of a laboratory technician rather than the furnace operator, although it can be operated in a control laboratory adjacent to the furnaces. It requires close attention to certain details, as do most laboratory procedures. On the favorable side, it eliminates the "human factor" of personal judgment inherent in estimation from pancakes or powdered samples. The procedure can be placed in practice much more rapidly and presents much less of a training problem than visual methods of estimation. The principle and operation of the method are so simple that it would not be surprising if others have experimented with the same or similar procedures, but we are not aware of any prior publication of details. Our own shop has been operating fairly successfully for several years with the aid of slag pancakes. Since the past year or two have not been favorable for the expenditure of time and energy where the need was not urgent, we have not introduced the new practice for actual slag control and hence do not have extensive operating data. In presenting this method, therefore, we make no claims as to theoretical justification nor guarantees as to practical applicability, but offer it as an empirical observation. We believe it has sufficient merit to warrant its investigation by those just instituting a slag-control program or in search of supplementary methods for judging slag basicity PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD It is well known that when burnt lime or slaked lime is shaken up with water it

Jan 1, 1945

By T. F. Dumm, O. Trass, V. R. Koka, L. G. Austin

"The size distributions of carefully screened 2 size fractions of ground materials were determined using a Microtrac laser dif-fractometer. The size distributions were fitted to the empirical function P(x) = 1/[1 + (x50/x)1] where P(x) is cumulative mass fraction less than Microtrac size, x. The standard deviation of A for a 50 second test time was approximately 0.5, so that seventeen test times give a mean with an estimated error within t 0.25 (95% confidence level). Values of were 5.44, 4.82, 4.40 for a coal ground under different conditions, indicating statistically different shape distributions; the average value for mica was 2.91 owing to the high aspect ratio of the particles. The ratio of x50 to the geometric mean sieve size was 1.2 for the coal and 0.70 for mica.1 IntroductionKoka and Trass have presented evidence [1,2] that materials ground in the Szego mill [3] give different shapes depending on the milling conditions. The variations in shape were deduced qualitatively by viewing SEM photomicrographs of selected 1/2 screen fractions. This paper quantifies their observed differences in shape by using measurements of the size distributions of screen fractions examined in a laser diffractometer [4] (Microtrac, Model 7991). The basic concept is that particles of 'a given ""screen"" size will give a wider distribution of ""Microtrac"" size when the particles are flaky with high aspect ratios, and a narrower distribution when the particles approach the cubical and spherical geometries.2 TheoryAustin and Shah [5] have shown that coal screened within a 1. 1/2 upper-to-lower sieve size range will give rise to a much wider distribution of Microtrac size. They found that the screen interval of irregular fragments of comminuted coals or quartz gave Microtrac size distributions which could be described by the simple function"

Jan 1, 1988

By Charles C. Hawes

DETERMINATION OF SILICA OXIDE iron ores usually are found in intimate association with silica and phosphorus compounds. Their quantitative separation and purification sometimes present difficult problems to the chemist. Silicic acids may represent various degrees of dehydration. They are exeedingly weak, but combine with metallic oxides and form some of the most stable oxides in nature, the silicates. When iron ores are treated with hydrochloric acid, they yield practically all their iron. However, apart from rare exceptions, varying amounts of insoluble residues of silica, alumina, lime, magnesia and compounds of phosphorus, sulphur, titanium, chromium and others will be left. If the oxides of silicon, aluminum and titanium are present in small quantities, the insoluble residue is generally very small, but the presence of these oxides is more usual in larger quantities. Therefore, only a special treatment can break the bond between these elements. Ore Residues Acids remove the soluble constituent of the ore, leaving the insoluble residue, which chemically is rock or gangue and must be treated accordingly. Alkali carbonates are used frequently to break up the residue, but other fluxes have also been recommended, such as a number of lead and boron salts. The introduction 0f these salts, which offers certain advantages, requires, however, their removal before the other constituents can be analyzed, and this elimination is sometimes difficult. Usually in quantitative analysis silicates are dissociated by fusing them in a platinum crucible with sodium carbonate, thereby forming sodium silicate, Na2SiO3, sodium aluminate, Na2Al204, sodium titanate, Na2TiO3, and carbonates of other elements. All the carbonates are soluble in hydrochloric acid, but also some silicic acid is formed that must be rendered insoluble. To this end the solution is evaporated several times, as the first evaporation still leaves as much as 5 per cent of the silica soluble. Even after a number of evaporations, minute quantities of silica may be found with the iron and alumina present. Perchloric Acid as an Agent for Dehydrating Silicic Acid Perchloric acid, HC104, (60 per cent), has been used for years as a solvent, but few chemists have used it to dehydrate silica. It is derived from anhydrous perchloric C1207, which is most unstable and dangerous. Perchloric acid is a strong oxidizing agent, which boils at 203°C. It is more effective in rendering silica insoluble than any other known agent, and most rapid in action. After perchloric acid is added to a mixture containing silicic acid, the resultant solution is

Jan 1, 1945

By William T. Barrett

It is said that Thales of Miletus, 600 B.C.,1 was aware of the attraction of lodestone toward iron and highly magnetic minerals. However, the birth of magnetic concentration followed shortly after the invention of the first electromagnet by Sturgeon in 1825. Sturgeon's magnet was described in the annals of electricity.2 The first attempts to concentrate minerals by the use of magnets date back to about 18473 but the first commercial drum-concentrator was apparently invented by R. Cook in 1849. Credit must also be given to the invention of P. Righter's machine in 1867,5 and to the highly successful Wenström separator devised in Sweden in 1883.8 Since the advent of these early separators there have been virtually hundreds of patents granted covering minor modifications of drum-type magnetic separators. The more important advances from a technological viewpoint have been the design of stable power supplies for d.c. magnets, the advent of ceramic permanent magnets which are now replacing electromagnets for the concentration of ferromagnetic minerals, and advances in general magnet and machine configurations.7 One of the problems facing both the designer and the user of magnetic separators is the evaluation of the body forces acting on particles in the magnetic field of the separator. Perhaps the most elegant method of evaluating the body force associated with a drum-type magnetic separator is that recently suggested by W. F. Brown.8 Brown measures the radial component of the field intensity one-half inch from the drum surface and fits a Fourier series in the angle about the drum axis (Figure 1). Once the coefficients of the series are known, it is then possible to calculate [ ]

Jan 1, 1970

By Dave N. K., T. P. Lim

"A fast, reliable and accurate method for radium-226 determination in environmental water samples has been devised, using an alpha spectroscopic technique. The correlation between barium-133 and radium-226 in the barium-radium sulphate precipitation mechanism was studied and in the limited experimental recovery range, the coefficient of correlation was r = 0.986. A self-absorption study for various barium carrier concentrations was also undertaken to obtain the least broadening of alpha energy line widths. An optimum value of 0.3 mg barium carrier was obtained for chemical recovery in the range of 85%.IntroductionWith the increase in uranium mining activities, the migration and spread of radioactivity via various environmental pathways is of great concern. Because of its inherent biological hazard and relatively long half-life, (approximately 1620 years), raidum-226 is frequently monitored as a measure of radioactive contamination of the environment. It is, therefore, necessary to modify existing methods for rapid determination of radium-226 in environmental samples for quick corrective measures in the event of seepage, dam leakage or discharge violations."

Jan 1, 1981

By JOHN HOMER, Jacob L. Carr, Jonathan K. Hrica, Kathleen M. Stabryla, Iman Benbourenane, Jennica L. Bellanca

Given the recent focus on powered haulage incidents within the US mining sector, an appraisal of collision avoidance/warning systems (CXSs) through the lens of the available research literature is timely. This paper describes a rapid review that identifies, characterizes, and classifies the research literature to evaluate the maturity of CXS technology through the application of a Technology Readiness Assessment. Systematic search methods were applied to three electronic databases, and relevant articles were identified through the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sixty-four articles from 2000 to 2020 met these criteria and were categorized into seven CXS technology categories. Review and assessment of the articles indicates that much of the literature-based evidence for CXS technology lies within lower levels of maturity (i.e., components and prototypes tested under laboratory conditions and in relevant environments). However, less evidence exists for CXS technology at higher levels of maturity (i.e., complete systems evaluated within operational environments) despite the existence of commercial products in the marketplace. This lack of evidence at higher maturity levels within the scientific literature highlights the need for systematic peer-reviewed research to evaluate the performance of CXS technologies and demonstrate the efficacy of prototypes or commercial products, which could be fostered by more collaboration between academia, research institutions, manufacturers, and mining companies. Additionally, results of the review reveal that most of the literature relevant to CXS technologies is focused on vehicle-to-vehicle interactions. However, this contrasts with haul truck fatal accident statistics that indicate that most haul truck fatal accidents are due to vehicle-to-environment interactions (e.g., traveling through a berm). Lastly, the relatively small amount of literature and segmented nature of the included studies suggests that there is a need for incremental progress or more stepwise research that would facilitate the improvement of CXS technologies over time. This progression over time could be achieved through continued long-term interest and support for CXS technology research.

Jun 17, 2022

By Anderson DR, Tassell G

A major environmental impact study carried out in the sand dunes of eastern Cape York used image analysis of remotely sensed data to both select sites for ground investigation and categorise the different ecological units present. The approach adopted was particularly suited to the type of environment in question and allowed a high degree of quantification, at a high level of confidence, at costs several orders of magnitude less than conventional Methods.

Jan 1, 1987

By Nelson R. Shaffer

Secondary minerals, amorphous materials, and biologic entities that form on building stone can cause aesthetically unflattering changes in color and may even result in stone decay. Techniques to determine causes of such changes generally have entailed destructive sampling and often required chemical, thin section, X-ray, or other relatively slow, expensive measurements. We have found that a rapid leach of in-place stone using small volumes (50-100 ml) of very pure distilled, deionized water provides recovery of sufficient dissolved material to help diagnose stone anomalies. Water is sprayed onto the stone and collected in a nonwetting plastic pan. Ion chromatograph analysis of waters thus collected from more than 160 sites showed wide variations in concentration of anions F, Cl, NO3, and SO4. Anion analyses were made in minutes for less than $20 per sample. Cations Ca, Mg, Fe, and Sr also were detected, and analyses might be used to determine mineral sources using equilibrium computer models. Solid particles filtered from the samples can be examined microscopically to provide further information about atmospheric agents affecting the stone. The collected water can even be evaporated to precipitate dissolved minerals. Chloride values in samples rinsed from stone ran as high as up to 17,000 ppm, nitrate to 100 ppm, and sulfate to 1,000 ppm. Limited data also indicate that measurable amounts of fluoride were found in some of the rinse waters. Chlorides were most abundant in areas where the stone has become dimpled or spalled. Nitrates were generally higher near ground level, and sulfate tended to be more abundant in samples taken from higher sites or from sheltered sites. Dark-stained limestone tended to yield less soluble material than clean-looking stone. Leachable elements were higher in samples from urban areas. Most of our data are from limestone buildings, but the technique works on other types of dimension stone, man-made construction materials, and even natural outcrops of rocks. Longitudinal studies show that soluble materials vary through time and are affected by climate. This rapid, in situ leach technique, although still being perfected, shows great promise in the diagnosis of stone alteration and in the evaluation of stone treatments because it is completely nondestructive.

Jan 1, 1999

By J. Mark Richardson

Steady-state flowsheet simulators for mineral processing plants have evolved to a current high level of utility and accuracy. Reliable, general-purpose, semi-empirical models now exist in nearly all unit operations categories particularly in the areas of comminution and classification. .These models, installed as user-selectable functions within the integrated frame- work of flowsheet balance-solver software systems, can be strung together to represent any plant configuration. In addition, CAD-like graphics, data reconciliation and model parameterization functions have become standard features of the current generation of integrated plant simulators. These advances have given engineers the capability to investigate many different plant scenarios while requiring a minimum of actual plant testwork. This paper describes a methodology and an integrated software package which are being successfully applied in a number of operating plants worldwide to predict plant performance under changing conditions. Those conditions which can be changed include effect-of ore type, feed size, water addition rates, equipment geometries and flowsheet modifications. By using data from actual plant optimization exercises in real mills, the paper illustrates and out- lines a technique which includes plant data collection, ore breakage testing, flowsheet simulation, model-fitting (parameterization), data adjustment and model experimentation. Brief descriptions of some unit operations models, such as autogenous mills and cyclones, are provided as examples of the current state of such models. Ore breakage testing and its relation to certain models is also discussed. Computer- generated size-distribution graphs, along with tabular data generated by the simulator, round out the presentation and serve to demonstrate the real- ism and accuracy of the models. The paper concludes with a partial list of cases where this technology has been successfully applied.

Jan 1, 1992

By Simon T. Johnson

Potential applications for boom tunnelling machines requires reliable assessment of in-situ performance. The majority of existing classification schemes concentrate on the prediction of excavation rate, neglecting the important influence of tool consumption rates. A statistical approach is taken to the analysis of the performance data, which was obtained first-hand through in-situ monitoring, and laboratory testing of representative rock samples. A statistical discrimination technique is used to produce a scheme for the prediction of performance groups, each of which covers a limited range of cutting rate and/or tool consumption rate.

Jan 1, 1984

By D. A. Trotter

"Low-pressure sodium light sources have been available for several years, but have not received wide acceptance in underground mining. This is because they are difficult to operate using DC power, they are not an intrinsically safe light where explosive gases may be encountered and they give poor colour rendition.With the need for energy conservation, several Canadian hard-rock metal mines are now changing their lighting to low pressure sodium, as it has the highest efficacy of any light source in terms of lumens per watt. Studies have pointed out several other advantages as well. Glare can be controlled, they penetrate fog well, they are easily maintained, they have a long life and they give the highest visual acuity when compared to other types of lighting. As well, in an underground mine, contrast is much more important than colour for task identification. For close work, the colour problem is alleviated with the use of cap lamps.Case studies are presented from Canadian practice. These show how the lights are modified for underground use, calculations preceding light installation, and how and where the lights are installed in the underground environment. Mention is made of worker reaction to the lights and possible physiological effects.IntroductionThe importance of good underground lighting to the total environment of mining cannot be overemphasized. In addition to the obvious benefits of improved worker morale, available studies show that good lighting practices reduce accident severity and frequency as well as increase production."

Jan 1, 1982

By Joseph A. Holmes

Iv all new movements unavoidable misapprehensions arise, which should be cleared away, lest they retard the progress of the movement itself. An impression has gone abroad that the movement for conservation of resources is a new movement. No one knows better than the engineer that this is not the case. Men like Douglas and Raymond and John Fritz and Edison and McDonald, and hosts of others, have preached and practiced conservation as applied to mineral resources throughout a long and useful life-time; and, in general, the work of the engineer and the chemist, both in this and in other countries, has been along the line of continually greater efficiency in the use of all available materials. And the results already accomplished through the efforts of these experts are now saving annually many millions of dollars to the people of the United States in materials and labor. It is true, however, that the need for conservation, that is, for a wiser and more efficient use of the natural resources, has taken on a new life, and is being brought home to the people of the United States in a manner which is awakening public interest and even the public conscience. It is, therefore, both appropriate and fortunate that the engineers, the chemists, and the thinking men of all classes are availing themselves of the present impetus to the movement to emphasize anew the lessons which heretofore they have found it more difficult to impress upon the American public or even upon the captains of industry. Still another of these misapprehensions is to the effect that many of the leaders in the present movement hope to bring about conservation of resources through legislation or execu-

May 1, 1909

By Kenneth Medearis

The accurate prediction of possible damage to historic structures subjected to blasting-related ground motions is not infrequently the dominant factor in whether or not a mining or quarrying operation is allowed to proceed. A recent scenario involving an 1802 Pennsylvania Historic House was resolved satisfactorily, primarily because of the use of modern structural dynamics analysis techniques rather than simplistic peak particle velocity guidelines. One of the associated dominating factors was the truly significant agreement of the analysis results and the values obtained from actual on-site test shot blast motion recordings.

Jan 1, 1993

By Adrian Brown

Floor heave can be a major problem in large open pit mines. Unrestrained floor heave can lead to flooding, equipment destruction, slope instability and subsidence. It is particularly troublesome in coal mines where the floor is frequently relatively flat, and is often underlain by major water Searing units. This paper examines methods of analysis used in computing floor stability, and sets out a simple rational method of evaluating the required level of water pressure control to maintain acceptable floor stability. The approach is illustrated by reference to the stability of the floor of the Morwell open cut lignite project in Southeast Australia, where this approach has been used successfully for over a decade.

Jan 1, 1982

By Georges Ranque

THIS paper by. Georges Ranque is an attempt to reason out the conditions of formation and stability of inclusions and to establish an operative process capable of eliminating or minimizing them. The paper consists of two parts; one in which the author considers the laws of physical chemistry and physics that apply to liquid slag-metal systems and one in which he describes a practice based on the theoretical considerations. Such a paper is bound to contain controversial points and it is therefore your speaker's intention to present Mr. Ranque's side of the picture to the best of his ability without regard for any thoughts or criticisms of his own. RISING VELOCITIES OF INCLUSIONS Most nonmetallic inclusions have densities ranging from about 1.7 to s, while liquid steel has a density of about 7. Under these conditions, ferrostatic pressure should cause the inclusions, being lighter, to rise from the bath and be eliminated. This rising tendency is expressed by Stokes' law, from which may be calculated the rising velocity of a spherical particle in a liquid medium whose density and viscosity are known.

Jan 1, 1947

By David J. Kerr, Robert Mason

"From1927 to1989, the Hornemineproduced53.7 Mt of ore grading 6.1 g/t Au and 2.2% Cu from two large volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits composed primarily of pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The ore bodies were hosted by a package of chlorite-sericitealtered epiclastic rhyolite tuffs which were deposited in a narrow palaeo-graben located on the flank of a major felsic volcanic centre. M ineralizingfluids percolated upward through the permeable footwall rocks and were further focussed along syn-volcanic, graben-bounding faults. Sulphides were deposited by a process of sub-seafloor replacement of the rhyolite tuffs.Gold-copper-(zinc) mineralization, including ore zones mined between 1985 and 1989 as the REMNOR ore zones, is present throughout the 900 m of felsic volcanic stratigraphy at the Horne. All the deposits were formed by syn-volcanic hydrothermal processes active during felsic volcanism. There is no evidence to indicate that any economic gold mineralization was introduced by a post-volcanic hydrothermal episode.RESUMEDe 1927 a1989, /amineHorneaproduit53.7 Mt de minerai avec une teneur de 6.1 g/t Au et 2.2% Cu provenant de deux grands amas de sulfures massifs volcanogeniques comprenant esentiellement de la pyrrhotite, de la pyrite et de /a chalcopyrite. Ces gites font partie d'une séquence de tufs rhyolitiques epiclastiques chloritises et sericitises qui ont ere déposes dans un paleo-graben étroit situe sur le flanc d' unimportant centre vo/caniquefelsique.Lesfluides mineralises ont circule de bas en haut a travers /es roches perméables sous-jacentes; ils ont été également canalises par les failles syn-volcaniques en bordure du graben. Les sulfures se sont déposes par remplacement des tufs rhyolitiques immédiatement et sous /e plancher océanique.Les zones minéralisées en or et cuivre (±zinc) - y compris celles qui ont ere exploitees au cours de l’opération Remnor (1985-1989) - se retrouvent, sans discontinuité, à travers les roches volcaniques felsiques dont l' epaisseur atteint 900 m. Ces gites se sont formes par le biais d' un processus hydrothermal qui ag issait pendant le volcanisme felsique. II n'y a aucune évidence de minéralisation aurifère d'importance économique qui soit postérieure a l' activité hydrothermale syn-volcanique."

Jan 1, 1990

By G. W. Sparkes

The use of CR-39 plastic polymer as a solid state nuclear track detector in the textural analysis of radioactive minerals in geological samples was first described by I.R Basham in 1981. CR-39 autoradiographs provide a detailed, high-resolution image of the in situ distribution of the radioactive minerals within geological samples on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. This technique is an inexpensive and effective means of obtaining detailed textural information that provides insight into the style of mineralization, its relationship to primary and secondary structures in the host rock, and its association with particular geological features or mineral phases. Although this technique does not provide any information on the identity of the minerals responsible for the radioactivity, the resultant autoradiographs can be used to select regions for further detailed analysis such as petrography, microprobe analysis, or SEM imaging. This paper summarizes the procedure and outlines the appropriate time and materials required for both the exposure and etching of the CR-39 with respect to the intensity of the radioactivity emitted by the geological samples.

Jan 1, 2013

By Charles E. Barker

Jan 1, 1985

By G. D. Hood, B. E. Davis

A problem that has continued to plague the Florida phosphate industry is loss of coarse phosphate in the flotation circuit. Attempts to remedy this problem such as floating the coarse material (plus 425 µm) in a separate circuit have resulted in limited success, but recovery is still not optimum. A fundamental examination of the mechanisms involved in the conditioning of the coarse phosphate has led to results that seem to supersede common paradigms. The Bureau of Mines investigated conditioning parameters such as fatty acid/fuel oil dosage, residual clay content in the feed, conditioning time, mixing intensity, and conditioner solids content. The study revealed that the effect of all these parameters was important. However, it was discovered that contrary to common beliefs, the conditioning time affected the grade of the rougher concentrate much more than the recovery. Specifically, the longer the conditioning time, the less quartz that was floated. It was also discovered that high mixing intensity conditioners could lower the conditioning time required for good grade. Many phosphate operators use low intensity drum type conditioners. Optimizing the conditioning time, mixing intensity, and other conditioning parameters resulted in a rougher concentrate grading 30 pct P.2O5, with an attendant recovery of 95 pct.

Jan 1, 1993

By M. Melashvili

"The SART Process was introduced to the gold mining industry in the late 1990s and several commercial plants were built over the following 10 to 15 years. Most of these plants have operated well and enjoyed plant performance in line with expectations based on the underlying chemistry of the process. However, two of the plants have consistently suffered from high reagent consumption and poor product quality, which has motivated a re-examination of the process fundamentals in the hope of understanding the reasons for poor performance when it occurs, and developing mitigating strategies.This testwork along with a review of the relevant literature has demonstrated that the amount of sulphide added to the primary reactor, relative to the copper concentration, is the most critical parameter dictating plant performance, with pH and residence time important secondary factors. The primary product in the SART Process is synthetic chalcocite, Cu2S, and the stoichiometric requirement for sulphide addition is therefore 0.5 moles per mole of copper in solution. Testwork shows that when sulphide is added in excess of this amount (generally with the express purpose of lowering residual copper in solution) it not only fails in its intended purpose, but can have a negative impact on the settling and filtration characteristics of the copper sulphide product, as well as the final product quality. Moreover, these problems are exacerbated the higher the selected operating pH in the pH 3 to 5 range, and the longer the residence time of slurry in this pH range.Freshly precipitated copper sulphide compounds are known to be very fine and slimy, with poor settling and filtration characteristics. It is therefore important to engineer the SART Process in such a way as to encourage growth in the average particle size of the precipitate crystals. This was the rationale for recycling a portion of the thickener underflow to the primary reactor when the SART Process was developed. The theory of crystallization predicts that compounds of extremely low solubility, such as chalcocite (Cu2S: KSP = 10-48), are likely to experience growth in crystal particle size through aggregation rather than heterogeneous nucleation. On this basis, the SART practice of recycling a portion of thickener underflow to the primary reactor in the commercial plants is unlikely to lead to crystal growth via nucleation, and could in fact promote breakage of the aggregates that formed in the thickener. Recycling thickener underflow could therefore have the opposite of the desired outcome. The result of testwork that is reported here lends credence to this theory and questions the wisdom of recycling in the SART process.There is evidence to suggest that operating the copper sulphide thickener in the SART Process without flocculants may be beneficial. Thickener underflow densities could improve from the current 10 - 15% range to 40 - 50%. This will not only reduce the flowrate of slurry to the filter, but the filtration properties of the slurry (filtration rate, filter cake moisture content) will also improve. This is one of the most critical engineering and design aspects of the SART Process, and the achievement of high solids density in the thickener underflow will not only improve the health and safety aspects of the operation, but also has the potential to lower capital costs and improve the quality of the final product."

Jan 1, 2016