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By E. A. Gulbransen, J. W. Hickman

ONE of the important factors that determine the resistance of a metal or alloy to further chemical reaction is the structure of the superficial oxide film A thorough understanding of the physical and chemical structure as well as the stability of the oxide film formed on the surface as a function of time and temperature of the chemical reaction might furnish clues as to the nature of the reaction process and the protective nature of the film A comprehensive program has been undertaken to study these phenomena This paper summarizes the structure of the oxide films formed on the metals iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium and copper at temperatures up to 700°C Before the introduction of the electron diffraction technique, it «as necessary to use either direct chemical analyses or X-ray diffraction analyses to determine the nature of the oxide film formed on the metal or alloy Chemical analyses yields information on the percentages of the several atomic species present in the film while X-ray diffraction analyses yield information on the atomic geometry In special cases the information obtained may be identical, but in general both view-points are necessary Much of, the early work was carried out on the oxidation of bulk samples where thick films were obtained The products were identified after cooling to room temperature by X-ray diffraction and chemical analyses Although much useful information has been obtained in this manner, little could be learned about the character of the protective oxides during the period when the films were actually protective Evidence concerning the chemical structure of thin oxide films has been made possible by the development of the electron diffraction reflection technique In this method the most fruitful investigations have been made by carrying out the reaction in situ at the temperature at which the film is actually protective LITERATURE The oxidation of iron has been extensively investigated by X-ray and electron diffraction Jackson and Quarrell1 found that oxide films formed and examined at the same temperature differed considerably from those allowed to cool to room temperature The results showed that below 400°C the oxide that was stable in intimate contact with iron was Fe304, between 515° and 900°C the stable film was FeO Above the upper change point of iron the oxide was found to be Fe304 prom 400° to 515°C , FeO, Fe304 or a mixture of the two oxides was found Recrystallization of the air-formed film below 400° and above 900°C led to the formation of Fe304 In the range where thicker films consisted of FeO, the air-formed film was converted to a new hexagonal oxide not previously described

Jan 1, 1946

By H. P. Greenwald

THE Committee on Rock-Dusting was formed after the fall meeting of the Coal Division in Chicago in 1938. Its primary task was to study the recommended American practice for rock- dusting coal mines to prevent coal-dust explosions as approved by the American Engineering Standards Committee. After approximately two years' work he committee concluded that although certain portions of the recommended practice could well be revised, information needed for a logical revision was not at hand, and it was inadvisable, therefore, to make revisions

Jan 1, 1943

A tentative plan for the Colorado Meeting has been formulated as follows: One day will be spent at Denver, one day at Colorado Springs, one day at Cripple Creek, a trip by automobile to the top of Pike's Peak, one day at Pueblo, one day at Leadville. All the principal mines and mills of the districts mentioned will be visited, including the gold mines in Cripple Creek, the lead, zinc, and steel works. of Pueblo, the production of ferro-molybdenum by electric furnace at Leadville, etc. Special arrangements are being made for the social entertainment of ladies at all points; one evening at Colorado Springs will be devoted to a reception and dance, and the usual dinner will he given on another evening. The following papers have already been accepted for the Colorado Meeting, and some have already been published: Fireproofing Mine Shafts by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. By E. M. Norris. (March Bulletin.) Air Blasts in the Kolar Gold Field, India. By E. S. Moore. (March Bulletin.) The Use of Coal in Pulverized Form. By H. R. Collins. (April Bulletin.) Coal Mining in Washington. By F. A. Hill. (April Bulletin.) Carbocoal. By C. T. Malcolmson. (May Bulletin.) Gaging and Storage of Oil in the Mid-continent Field. By O. U. Bradley. (March Bulletin.) An Interpretation of the So-called Paraffin Dirt of the Gulf Coast Oil Fields. By A. D. Brokaw. (April Bulletin.) The Theory of Volcanic Origin of Salt Domes. By. E. DeGolyer. (May Bulletin.)

Jan 5, 1918

By H. B. Goodrich

Anthony I?. Lucas died suddenly at his home in Washington, D. C., on Sept. 2, 1921. Captain Lucas, as he was known to us, was born in Dalmatia, Austria, in 1855, of Montenegrin ancestry. He was graduated as an engineer at the Polytechnic of Grate and served in the Austrian Navy as second lieutenant. In 1879, he obtained leave of absence and visited an uncle in the United States. After an extension of this leave of absence, in order to undertake an engineering engagement in the lumber district of Michigan, where he resided, he decided to become an American citizen. He was naturalized in May, 1885. His name was Luchich, but as his uncle had adopted the name of Lucas, which was more easily pronounced by Americans, from his entrance to this country, he used this Anglo-Saxon form. Without knowing this fact, upon first meeting him a person was sometimes surprised to note the rather Germanic pronunciation of the Captain. Although he subsequently revisited Austria with Mrs. Lucas, he made his permanent home at Washington, D. C. His son served with distinction in the A. E. F. during the World War. His activities in this country as a mining engineer were at first in Colorado and later in salt mining at Petit Anse and Belle Isle, La. During his salt investigations, his attention was directed toward the possibility of oil in the Gulf Coast region and in January, 1901, his well, the "Lucas Gusher," on Spindle Top, Tex., started a new era in the oil business and his reputation as discoverer made him famous throughout the world. Captain Lucas became a member of the A. I. M. E. in 1895. During 1914, 1915, 1918, and 1919, he was chairman of the Petroleum and Gas Committee of the Institute and was at all times prominent in Institute affairs. As to the personality of Captain Lucas, the lasting impression is of a courteous hospitable gentleman, genial, affable, obliging, and helpful with his advice br assistance to any colleague. He was sincere, honest, firm against all obstacles, backing his judgment with his own hard work along any course which he had determined to be correct. His value in the engineering world lies mainly in the petroleum industry. In the oil business all wild-catters are pioneers that deserve credit and gratitude upon their success. There are, however, names that particularly stand out in our history. Drake conquered such obstacles as ridicule, lack of finances, and started the oil business. In 1901, Captain Lucas had the conviction that Spindle Top, a dome rising about 12 ft. above the coastal prairie south of Beaumont, Tex., contained commercial oil. He was scoffed at by practical oil men of the East. Noted geologists

Jan 1, 1921

ONE of the interesting-though not unnatural-features of the whole Porphyry Copper development is the way in which the history of each property dovetails with that of one or more of the others. The same names keep cropping up as one digs into the accounts of events from 1900 to 1915. J. Parke Channing made examinations of Nevada, Ray, and Inspiration, as well as of Miami. Henry Krumb did important work in the early stages of the exploitation of Utah, Nevada, Ray, Braden, and Inspiration. Pope Yeatman was favorably impressed with the Braden property before he had ever visited it, when he saw a batch of Braden ore sent to the United States for testing. It reminded him immediately of Nevada Consolidated ore: indeed, he was unwilling at first to believe that it came from South America. And it was while working on the examination at Utah Copper that Philip Wiseman became enthused with the possibilities of the Ray mines. In 1905, Mr. Krumb, under the general direction of A. Chester Beatty, was strenuously engaged at Bingham, Utah, in arriving at an answer to this question: Should or should not the Guggenheim interests back Jackling to the tune of several million dollars to build the big concentrators at Gafield? Seeley W. Mudd was the Guggenheim engineer on the Pacific coast and in that capacity was indirectly responsible for the work at Bingham. At his suggestion Wiseman came up from Los Angeles as one of Krumb's assistants-at $5 per day, incidentally. A little later Mr. Mudd, in Utah on one of his visits, went down to Bingham. That evening in the old Hills Hotel in Markham Gulch he was going over reports with Mr. Krumb. Wiseman and some of the other engineers on Krumb's staff were present. During a breathing spell, Mudd expressed

Jan 1, 1933

By A. Tonejc, A. Bonefacic

As can be seen from the phase diagram A1-W1 the equilibrium solubility of tungsten in aluminum is practically nil at room temperature. By quenching from the liquid state (50,000°C per sec), Varic, Burov, and Kolesnicenko2 obtained A1-W solid solutions up to 0.15 at. pct W. The quenched alloys were in the form of foils, 0.2 to 0.3 mm thick. Considering the results of Duwez and Willens,3 it is obvious that this thickness, which makes impossible a sufficiently rapid quenching, was the main reason for the relatively low content of tungsten dissolved in aluminum found by varic.2 he present note shows that the metastable solubility of tungsten in aluminum can be appreciably extended in aluminum-rich A1-W alloys. The quenching technique and the procedure employed for the preparation of the alloys have been described previously.475 The resulting quenched flakes varied in thickness from 1 to 20 µm from experiment to experiment. However, the measurements of the lattice parameters were carried out only with flakes thinner than 5 µm. The areas of quenched flakes were between 0.1 and 15 mm2. The quenched flakes were placed into a 0.3-mm glass capillary tube which was then mounted in a 114.6-mm-diam Debye-Scherrer camera. Straumanis asymmetric film position and nickel-filtered CuKa radiation were used. The lattice spacings were computed taking X(CuKa1) = 1.54050A for resolved and ?(CuKa) = 1.54178A for unresolved doublets. All specimens were rotated at room temperature, 26o +2°C. The lattice parameters were estimated from extrapolation against the Nelson-Riley function. It was estimated that the error in the lattice parameter of the measurements on a single film lies within +0.0004A for lower and about +0.001A for higher concentrations of tungsten. The lattice parameters of the metastable solid solutions A1-W are plotted vs the concentration of tungsten in Fig. 1 together with the parameters measured by previous investigators.' Each point of the present measurements represents a determination of the lattice spacing on different quenched flakes, for a given concentration of tungsten. With experimental accuracy, the lattice parameters of the metastable solid solutions fall on the straight line passing through the already known data.' As estimated from the uncertainties in the lattice spacings of the solid solutions, the alloys were homogeneous within 0.1 at. pct W. The solubility of tungsten in aluminum-rich A1-W solid solutions obtained by a very rapid quenching technique is increased to about 0.95 at. pct W. This value is 6 times greater than the amount known up to now. -he lattice parameters of the resultant aluminum solid solutions with higher concentrations of tungsten than 0.95 at. pct W did not remain constant AUGER electron spectroscopy has been used to clarify the role of impurities in the embrittlement of AISI 3340 steel. Analysis of fracture surfaces has shown that the embrittled condition is correlated with appreciable antimony segregation at grain boundaries. The low temperature (400" to 600°C) temper embrittlement of low alloy steels containing various combinations of Cr , Ni , Sb , Mn , P , Sn , and As has been examined extensively for many years. General reviews of the area have been made by McMahon1 in 1968, LOW' in 1959, woodfine3 in 1953, and Holloman4 in 1946. Recent work by Low, Stein, Turkalo, and LaForce5 has done much in separating the alloy and

Jan 1, 1970

By N. H. Emmons

THE work of a consulting engineer or manager, when controlling mining-operations, requires that he have all the information concerning the mine in as concise a form as possible, and as the ore-reserves and their depletion and enlargement are the vital points to be studied, it is well to have them kept up to date and in some convenient form. The present paper describes a method adopted by me, which shows in a very clear manner the ore-reserves in a mine. The case illustrated is that of a vein near enough to the vertical for the vertical elevation of the mine to be the main working-map. A flat ore-body would be represented on a similar plat, but instead of the horizontal thickness of the vein being shown in the circles, the vertical thickness would be inserted. Fig. 1 represents an ideal longitudinal elevation of a mine, plotted in the ordinary way, using 100-ft. blocks and section-lines. In a mine where the block-numbers are posted by the engineer underground, the system of keeping the ore-tonnages extracted from the different blocks is easily maintained, and the actual tonnages of ore extracted can be kept so that the surveyor can have a check on his estimate from time to time. The ore-reserve sheet, Fig. 2, should be the same size as the map it is to accompany. Each square is used for the description of the ore-reserve in the block it corresponds to on the elevation. Where the section-lines cross the levels a circle is drawn, in which are written the widths of ore at that point, these widths being used in the calculations of each block cornering in the circle. It has been found convenient to show the figures in black in the lower half of the circle when the actual widths of ore are known, and when it is necessary to make up the figures of probable ore, as at the time of making

Jun 1, 1912

By Waldemar Lindgren

Discussion of the paper of WALDEMAR LINDGREN and CLYDE P. Ross, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 106, October, 1915, pp. 2171 to 2190. WALDEMAR LINDGREN, Boston, Mass.-I happened to go down to Cuba rather unexpectedly in the winter of 1914, and spent a few very interesting days at Daiquiri and Mayari. To C. F. Rand and his associates I am greatly indebted for permission to visit the mines and for many courtesies received. A few months after that, I met Professor Kemp who informed me that he had just returned from a geological study of Daiquiri. We talked over what to do in a case like that. We both liked to publish our opinions, and so finally agreed to write two papers entirely separately, I not knowing any of Professor Kemp's conclusions,1 and vice versa. We were rather interested in seeing what would happen. Of course, as might be expected, we disagreed on some points; not, of course, that we ordinarily disagree, but simply because when two men work in the same field and with different ideas, probably they are apt to vary slightly in their conclusions. Some years ago A. C. Spencer went down there for the military interim government and published the results of his study. His view of the origin of the deposit differed from that of Professor Kemp and from mine. So here are three different results obtained by three different geologists. Such differences in opinion on obscure subjects sometimes tend to bring geology into disrepute. It is perhaps not surprising that different opinions have been expressed, for this occurrence of iron ore is one of the most difficult to explain that I have ever seen. MAX ROESLER, Great Neck, L. I.-I had the opportunity this summer of spending about two months down at the Juragua deposits, and studied them with the idea of writing a paper on them, which I hope will come out later. The interpretation of the occurrence at Ocania Mine is the thing which particularly struck me, in the last paper. At the Ocania Mine we may have these large blocks of limestone which have been utterly and entirely altered, to a remarkable extent.

Jan 5, 1916

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Apr. 10 to May 10, 1915: Members ADMAN, WILLIAM, Supt., Susquehanna Coal Co Lykens, Pa. BARTH, CARL G., JR., Min. Engr 6151 Columbia Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. BOOTH, ERIC EDWIN, Min. Engr., Mount Elliott Mine, Selwyn via Cloncurry, North Queensland, Australia. BOYDELL, HARRY CYRIL, Asst. Mgr., Randfontein Central Gold Min. Co., Box 42, Randfontein, Transvaal, South Africa. BRADY, SAMUEL HOWARD, Mine Supt Bohemian Club, .San Francisco, Cal. Buses, HARRY EDWARD, Mine Supt., Engels Copper MiningCo Keddie, Cal.

Jan 6, 1915

By Eli T. Conner

My connection, under a commission from the Councils and Board of School Control of the city of Scranton, Pa., with a recent investigation of mine-caves and the resultant damages to surface-improvements, has led to the preparation, at the invitation of our Secretary, of the present paper. It is notorious that there are, in the anthracite-fields, frequent subsidences of the surface, due to the removal of the coal beneath. No particular attention is paid to such occurrences, unless they happen to injure surface-improvements. Many caves have happened in Scranton and its viciuity, which hare excited but little remark, since they have generally caused no serious damage. In August, 1909, a cave occurred in the Hyde Park section of the city, generally known as the West Side, which nearly destroyed school-house No. 16 and considerable adjacent property. Fortunately, there were no pupils in the building at the time; but the thought of the possible result, had the usual number of pupils and teachers been present, aroused the public to the gravity of the situation; and the School Board employed engineers to investigate the case. Two reports were made by separate sets of engineers, which differed in some particulars. These differences were pointed out in the public press and magnified, and the consequent agitation of the subject was taken up and greatly exaggerated by some of the metropolitan newspapers, giving to uninformed people the very erroneous impression that the whole city of Scranton was in danger of sinking into the bowels of the earth. All this tended to affect the credit of the city and to depress real-estate values. The matter was considered at a joint meeting of the Board of Trade, the Councils, and the School Board. The Hon. J. Ben. Dimmick, a former Mayor, suggested that it

Jan 1, 1912

By Andrew Fletcher

AS good health is the most important asset in life, the development of healthful conditions should be the one common meeting ground of agreement between management and labor. Health should not be a subject to be pulled apart, shoved around, or bargained about. Differences of opinion may exist in the procedure and techniques employed in approaching the goal of maintaining the health of workmen, and in the method of increasing the ultimate profit of the employer by improved working and living conditions. Such matters are doubtless appropriate subjects for discussions between the interested parties, but techniques are only tools. If an employer fails to remedy a hazard or a menace which contributes to poor working condlions, this constitutes a legitimate grievance. It should not be necessary, however, nor is it desirable that fundamentals of health maintenance become matters of collective bargaining, any more than should the principles of management and engineering. I have been especially concerned during the last few months with the propaganda in collective bargaining negotiations throughout the country for including in union contracts a given number of days of sick leave with pay. We all

Jan 1, 1946

By Norman Weiss

IF we were to measure progress this year in terms of large new mills and discoveries of fundamental significance we should certainly be disappointed. Outside of the uranium field there was little of a spectacular nature. San Manuel and Reserve completed their first year of operation; Erie approached readiness; the Toquepala project in southern Peru broke ground and gained speed. Important mill enlargements occurred at Inspiration, Anaconda, Ray, and Climax Molybdenum. A 3000-ton copper concentrator was completed at Pima, near Tucson. The Republic Mill of Marquette Iron Mining Co. started up in April. Abroad, the great developments in the African Copper Belt can be likened to the rapid growth of the porphyry coppers in this country. Fundamental research was confined nearly entirely to iron ore flotation and recovery of metal values from leach solutions, particularly uranium. The large number of review articles this year reflected a desire to take stock and consolidate past gains before taking the next bold steps. Undoubtedly a shortage of competent young engineers and technicians is stunting the natural growth of theoretical investigation in the field of minerals beneficiation, as well as the conversion of ideas into action. We find our small stock of talented young scientists concentrated in a few centers of erudition because there are not enough to diffuse through the industry. It is safe to say that among mine administrators and managers there is more interest in the education, training, and welfare of the young engineer than ever before.

Jan 2, 1957

By AIME AIME

THE Iron and Steel Division and the Institute of Metals Division are laying plans for a rousing meeting the week beginning Sept. 21 in the land of the bean and the cod-at Boston. The two divisions are collaborating with the American Welding Society, the American Society for Steel Treating, and the Iron and Steel Division of the A. S. M. E., to have technical sessions of widespread interest and social affairs that will compare with the best of previous years. In connection with the meetings an exhibition of production and testing equipment, heat-treating equipment, furnaces, welding equipment, and metal products will be held on Commonwealth Pier all week, where those attending may see the latest developments in the field of their own work.

Jan 1, 1931

By Walter Harvey Weed

The notes given in this paper, the result of observations made during recent brief professional trips to the northern States of Mexico, are offered as a slight contribution to the geological knowledge of a region little known, but long famous for its rich gold- and silver-mines. They are not detailed geological studies, but they contain, I believe, the salient facts. The following districts were visited: 1. Santa Eulalia (silverlead) ; 2. Parral (silver-lead); 3. Las Vigas (copper); 4. Jimenez (copper); 5. Guadalupe y Calvo (gold); 6. La Cumbre (gold); 7. Palmarito (silver); 8. Cananea (copper); 9. Sierra Pinitos (gold); 10. Sierra Azul (gold). 1. The Santa Eulalia Silver-Lead Deposits. Seventeen miles SE. of Chihuahua is the mining district of Santa Eulalia, to which that city owes its origin and long prosperity. Discovered in 1703, this district has been, and still is, one of the great silver-lead producers of the world. For 86 years after its discovery, the total output upon which the crown tax was paid amounted to $112,000,000. Worked until within the last 20 years by the most primitive methods, without machinery of any kind, the deposits continued to yield a vast treasure of silver; at present the yearly tonnage far exceeds that of former times. A broad-gauge road runs from Chihuahua up the valley of a small creek to the village of Santa Eulalia, which is situated within the borders of the mountains of that name. A few miles out of Chihuahua a narrow-gauge railway, owned by the Chihuahua Mining Co., branches off to the mines. This road ascends a smooth but steeply-rising plain to the base of the mountains, and winds about the slopes until the mines are

Jan 1, 1902

By Rossiter W. Raymond

By the courtesy of Mr. Charles W. Jenks, of Boston, one of the owners of this interesting mine, I am enabled to lay before the Institute a suite of specimehs, illustrating its peculiar formation and the paragenesis of mineral species which it presents; and a recent brief visit and rapid reconnoissance of the locality permit me to supplement this exhibition with a general description, based upon personal observation. The mine is situated upon the Culsagee Fork of the Tennessee River, in Macon County, North Carolina, a few miles from Franklin. The most practicable route by which it can at present be visited is by wagon (or preferably on horseback) from Seneca City, S. C., a station on the Charlotte and Atlanta Air Line Railroad. The itinerary is as follows: to Walhalla,* nine miles; Walhalla to Highlands, twenty-nine miles; Highlands to the Culsagee, fourteen miles. By passing the night at or near Highlands, the mine can be reached and examined and the return to Highlands made on the second day; and the round trip, if performed in the saddle, can be completed in three days from Seneca City. It is not easy, with due regard to steed and rider, to do it in less time. The rough and precipitous mountain roads do not permit rapid travel; and the journey is at best a fatiguing one. But its slight hardships are overpaid by the stimulating effect of the climate and the great beauty of the scenery, both of which are destined to become more widely known than at present, to seekers for health and pleasure. Indeed the town of Highlands, already named, is almost entirely made up of northern immigrants, attracted by these advantages and by the inducement of cheap land for agriculture and stock-raising. The Culsagee or Sugartown fork of the Tennessee traverses the belt of ancient crystalline schists on the west flank of the Blue Ridge. This belt abounds in valuable minerals. Among those of the nonmetallic class may be mentioned graphite, soapstone, serpentine, asbes-

Jan 1, 1879

By T. A. Rickard

The Cripple Creek district occupies a cluster of foot-hills on the south side of Pike's Peak and is a portion of an extensive, though uneven, plateau which unites the eastern range of the Rocky mountains with the Sangre de Cristo. It is essentially a small volcanic area, of about 20 square miles, amid the granite of the Front range. But though, when regarded as a rich mining district, it may be considered as an isolated area,* yet, geologically, it is, as Whitman Cross has pointed out, only an outlying portion of a much larger volcanic region, which stretches to the south and west, around Silver Cliff and the Rosita hills, forming the picturesque country cut by the deep cañons of the Arkansas river and its tributaries. The mines are situated amid a volcanic complex, consisting of tuffs and breccias which have been penetrated by an extensive system of dikes and other intrusive masses. The prevailing formation is an andesite breccia, which lies upon the worn surface of the granite and fills the deep basin around a volcanic vent. The breccia, since its deposition, has been broken into by several eruptions of phonolite and, later still, by a series of thin dikes of basalt and other allied rocks of a highly basic composition. The successive sedimentary formatione which, elsewhere in Colorado, lie upon the basal granite, are not represented in the district; whatever sediments were laid down before the volcanic period must have been removed by erosion, and there is very little evidence which affords a datum-line whereby the geological age of the volcanic eruptions can be determined. Whit-

Jan 1, 1901

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18

Jan 1, 1923

By R. W. Raymond

That the death of Martin Coryell, which occurred at Lambertville, New Jersey, on Monday morning, November 29th, touched the sympathies of a wide circle of professional associates and personal friends, was amply testified by the gathering at the funeral services on Friday. Like his distinguished friend and neighbor, the late Ashbel Welch, Mr. Coryell was one of those pioneers in American engineering to whom we owe the great railway and canal systems which lie at the base of our national prosperity, and who have consequently enjoyed the respect and esteem of their successors of the present generation. Martin Coryell was born July 20th, 1815, at New ope, Rucks County, Pa., and was educated principally in the schools of his native town arid of Lambertville, New Jersey, to which place he returned for permanent residence fifty years later. With the exception of a brief period in youth, during which, to restore his failing health, he learned and practiced for a few months the carpenter's trade, and another brief period, later in life, when he read law for a time in the office of B. H. Brewster, of Philadelphia, afterwards Attorney-General of the United States, Mr. Coryell may be said to have spent his life as an active civil and mining engineer. Even these two episodes can scarcely be said to have been deviations from that profession, since they served to give him more thorough preparation for constructive and administrative work. The Delaware Division Canal, the Raritan Canal, and the Brunswick Canal, are among those upon which Mr. Coryell was employed. For the Raritan Canal Company, under the superintendence of Ashbel Welch, he located the greater part of the Belvidere Railroad (now the Belvidere division of the Pennsylvania Railroad), and directed its construction from Trenton to Lambertville. He was also active as a mining engineer, being one of the early pioneers of mining in the Lake Superior copper region, and had much to do with the development of the Hazleton coalfield and the railroad which has since expanded into the Lehigh Valley system. In 1862, he removed to Wilkes-Barre, where, in 1864, he became manager of the Warrior Run Mining Company. One of the editors

Jan 1, 1887

By Albert Sauveur

(New York Meeting, February, 1913.) IT is delightful to read a technical paper like that of J. E. Johnson, The Effect of High Carbon on the Quality of Charcoal-Iron, presented in October, 1912, at the Cleveland meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.1 The clear, simple, and straightforward manner in which he describes his experiments and results makes you feel as if you had been, so to speak, at his elbow during the course of his investigations, while his method of procedure is so rational that you can fairly anticipate each step in the logical sequence of the tests performed. The following notes suggested by Mr. Johnson's paper are presented here in the hope that they may help, if only a mite, towards the final solution of a problem of considerable scientific and industrial importance.

Jan 3, 1913

By H. E. Ellis, O. L. Patterson, Granville Dutton

A large-scale water-injection program for the Holt Bryant reservoir of the Delhi field has been established by means of the new automatic multi-pool analyzer. The objectives of this program were to increase reservoir pressure and eliminate a cross-dip gradient of 200 psi. Pressure increases during the first 15 months of operation have allowed for increased oil production rates of 2,600 BID or 25 per cent. To determine the required water injection it was necessary to predict natural water influx ram. Elimination of the pressure gradients required the water-injection program to account for the fluid migration and pressure interaction between segments of the reservoir. An integral part of the ana1ysis included the determination of in-place volumes of oil and gas. The operation of the automatic multi-pool analyzer in determining the water-injection program is described. New features of the analyzer inc1ude an automatic maferial balance analog and a leart-squares computer for determination of unknown reservoir properties. Operational procedures are sufficiently simple to allow direct use by reservoir engineers on a routine basis. The rapidity and accuracy with which problems may be solved permit repeated ana1yses as a check upon reservoir performance. INTRODUCTION This paper describes the use of a new analog com- puter in determining the optimum injection program for a complex reservoir. The Holt-Bryant (Fig. 1) is the major reservoir in the Delhi field of Louisiana. Production is from the Tuscaloosa at subsea depths of 2,970 to 3,286 ft. The sand dips to the south and southwest from three to five degrees. The reservoir is approximately 12 miles long and varies in width from 1/2 to 2 miles. Various calculations have placed the initial volume of oil in-place in the wide range of 275 to 355 million STB. Two small gas caps were initially present in the reservoir. The Holt-Bryant reservoir was discovered in Dec.. 1944, and was fully developed with 188 producing wells by 1948. After development was completed, an east-west pressure gradient began to establish itself. This

Jan 1, 1957