Search Documents

By Miguel Araújo Vasconcelos Filho, Ulisses Tetti

In order to determine the influence of the number of increments of the sinter sample on the variability of the chemical composition obtained in Sinter Plant production, a variographic study was carried out. It was performed with two series of samples. The first series was composed of 40 samples with a 6-second interval, with the objective of obtaining the so-called minimum practical error, resulting from the extraction processes of the sample of the conveyor belt and preparation and analysis in the laboratory and the second series composed of 60 samples with a range of 4 minutes, which points to the sample selection error. The results obtained showed that the minimization of the sample selection error occurs for increments spaced in 15 minutes, being in agreement with ISO 3082, but with significantly better results than those currently practiced for intervals between 1hour increments. It was then decided on the suitability of the sampler to allow hourly increments to be collected and on a second opportunity to install a sampling tower with primary and secondary samplers to collect increments every 15 minutes including sample size reduction.

Oct 1, 2019

By Heitor Cristo Clem de Oliveira

Devido às influências deletérias do fósforo sobre as propriedades do aço e os teores cada vez mais altos de fósforo no minério, a remoção do mesmo através do processo de desfosforação do ferro-gusa ganha cada vez mais importância. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação termodinâmica de misturas a base de CaOFeO utilizadas no processo de desfosforação de ferro-gusa. A avaliação termodinâmica foi realizada através dos softwares termodinâmicos, ThermoCalc e FactSage, os quais mostraram-se eficazes na determinação da concentração de fósforo de equilíbrio no metal, fases presentes e temperatura de fusão das misturas.

Aug 16, 2017

By José Hamilton Resende Tavares, Késsius Bortolan Menezes, Mariana Vieira de Moura

Sampling and its representativeness is of significant importance in process control and decision making in the mineral sector. In this way, the present work seeks to compare different methodologies for the sampling of the iron ore from Anglo American. Through a sample of 120 kg, representing the industrial flotation circuit feed, samples obtained by the method of long pile, random sampling and rotary sample divider were analyzed, being the latter adopted by the company. In this case, after sampling, the material obtained through each method was subjected to the same sequence of characterization tests and the difference between the results statistically analyzed. Through such analysis it was observed that the random sampling method showed high values of variability and is therefore considered as unsatisfactory when compared to the other methods tested. In addition, rotary sample divider also showed parameters slightly superior to the long pile method. This study confirms the importance of appropriate sampling systems and procedures systems in the pursuit of reliable results.

Oct 3, 2019

By Wujian jun

In the process of wire rod production, the rolled wire products must be cooled from the red-hot state to the normal temperature state. How to cool the wire rod after rolling is one of the key links of product quality control in the whole wire rod production process. In this paper, combined with the closed-loop transformation project of controlled cooling temperature of Xuanhuan iron and steel group co., LTD., the closed-loop related controlled cooling equipment (including water cooler, valve table, etc.), nozzle layout and process layout of water tank, and closed-loop software control system of controlled cooling temperature of high-line are analyzed and designed. Closed-loop system design USES temperature of cooling water cooling and water cooling two temperature closed loop regulating circuit, through temperature feedback and feedforward to achieve the uniformity of temperature adjustment, in order to prevent occur due to temperature closed loop control function with the phenomenon of a steel before and after the temperature difference is bigger, system Settings have "absolute temperature regulation" and "relative temperature regulation" selection mode. The system has a self-learning mode, which can modify the temperature feed forward formula. In addition, this paper takes the hard wire 82B rod as the test object, and studies the process parameters and the comprehensive mechanical properties of the rod before and after the water cooling system reform. The research results show that the temperature closed loop system, can ensure the rolled piece temperature control precision of plus or minus 10℃, enhances the stability of wire rod cleaner performance. It can reduce water consumption by about 186m3/h and improve the utilization rate of cooling water.

Oct 1, 2019

By Thorsten Müller

In order to increase the production of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) as well as to fulfill the growing expectations of various industries served, steelmakers must have wide- ranging know-how in terms of plant technology, operation, processes, quality control and, last but not least, know-how for AHSS including certification procedures. MET/Con is highly focused on the production of coated AHSS with tensile strengths higher than 600 MPa. Common heating and cooling technologies are unable to handle high alloyed steel grades – pre-oxidation and rapid cooling technologies have been developed to face these new challenges. MET/CON and Drever International have the knowledge to produce newest steel grades with these technologies.

Jul 30, 2018

By Douglas Leal Lemos

Na Aciaria-LD CSN obtém duas estações de gusa, chamadas de Estação Leste e Oeste. A logística de transporte do gusa produzido no Alto Forno até a Aciaria é feita através dos Carros Torpedos. Nas estações são feitos cambamentos dos carros para abastecer panelas de gusa, que levarão até os Conversores. Para efetuar este movimento de cambagem é necessário controlar dois motores de corrente continua e freios que obtém nos carros. Na UPV obtém vinte e sete carros torpedos em operação, assim o controle deve estar preparado para controlar todos. Antes da modernização o painel funcionava sem nenhuma tecnologia de controle e obtinha alto custo de manutenção. Em virtude destes aspectos novo sistema obtém conversores estáticos que controlam motores e controlador responsável para efetuar balanceamento de carga do gusa. Este projeto tem como objetivo garantir continuidade operacional do sistema além de gerar maior confiabilidade no equipamento e uma alta tecnologia para efetuar melhorias, analise de defeitos entre outros. O rendimento após a implantação é fantástica devido ao controle preciso obtido além da rastreabilidade de todas as variáveis do sistema e um custo de manutenção baixíssimo, tornando-se um equipamento no estado da arte.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rodrigo Perito Cardoso

Low-temperature nitriding of stainless steels is applied to obtain wear resistant surfaces without losing its corrosion resistance. The treatment consists in introducing nitrogen into the steel surface avoiding chromium nitride precipitation. The corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels is expected to be improved if the treatment parameters are correctly selected. It can be related to ?Fe2-3N and a'N phase formation on the treated surface. In the present work the influence of the pretreatment and treatment temperature on corrosion resistance of plasma nitrided AISI 420 steel samples is studied. Annealed, as-quenched and 400ºC-tempered samples were nitrided at 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500°C, for 6 h at 600 V. The pressure was 3 Torr and the gas mixture was composed of 70%N2, 20%H2 and 10%Ar, at a gas flow rate of 3.34×106 Nm3s-1. Plasma was generated using a square-wave pulsed DC power supply and the sample temperature was controlled by the duty cycle. The modified layers were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and microhardness measurement. The corrosion resistance was studied by electrochemical characterization, by means of Open circuit potential and Anodic polarization curves. The maximum surface hardness was achieved at 400°C. This temperature seems to be near the limit temperature for low-temperature treatment aiming to improve or at least to keep unaltered the corrosion resistance in relation to that verified for non-treated steel samples. Results confirm that the pretreatment and treatment temperature significantly affects the corrosion resistance of the treated surface.

Aug 8, 2018

By Thamyres Moura Lima

O presente trabalho, traz a analise eletroquímica, curvas de polarização,das ligas Ti-35Nb-xTa (x = 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5)Ta (% em peso) anodizadas, a um potencial de 20V e 1hora e sem anodizar , para verificar o aumento da resistência a corrosão dessas ligas. O meio ao qual os ensaios foram realizados foi o sfb ( fluido corpóreo simulado).Obtendo como resultado que as ligas anodizadas apresentam maior resistênciaa corrosão nesse meio. A liga sem adição de tântalo obteve menor densidade de corrente, assim tendo uma maior resistência a corrosão após anodizada o que não ocorre sem a anodização.

Oct 30, 2017

By Daniel Mapa Clemente

Processing of tin slags in reduction furnaces was studied in order to optimize tin recovery and reduce recirculation rates of slags containing thorium and uranium oxides. A theoretical approach considering a mass balance of the process was developed and adjusted by experimental results in order to predict the final slag composition. A metallic phase (FeSnSi) was discovered trapped in the slag due to high apparent viscosity, raising the FeO and SnO2 contents of the slag sample. This FeSnSi alloy is rich in tin and its recovery would help to reduce the slags recirculation. High contents of ZrO2 were found in the slag, restricting it from reaching complete fluid phase. Through an analysis of the slag in the CaO-FeOx-SiO2 and ZrO2-CaO-SiO2 phase systems it can be concluded that final slags should be modeled aiming fluid phase at working conditions and additions should be planned in order to control ZrO2 levels.

Oct 30, 2017

By Felipe Krug

A decapagem química, necessária para a remoção de óxidos e hidróxidos da superfície dos arames na galvanização contínua a fogo, emprega uma solução a base de ácido clorídrico que necessita constante monitoramento. O controle da temperatura e a concentração, são imprescindíveis para obtenção de custos competitivos, qualidade de produtos e manutenção da segurança operacional. Este trabalho realizou uma crítica, nas práticas e controles já implantados, identificando desperdícios e oportunidades e fazendo um re-alinhamento do processo alterandose parâmetros e rotinas de forma a obter o menor custo, mantidas qualidade e segurança operacional.

Aug 16, 2017

By Larissa de Moraes Peres

A utilização da pré-concentração de minerais é um processo já conhecido e que gera ganhos significativos em termos de aumento de teor de alimentação das usinas. Tal processo, porém, gera produtos de granulometria fina que dificultam, ou mesmo impossibilitam, a avaliação da abrasividade destes pelo ensaio de Bond, método mais utilizado atualmente na indústria mineral. O ensaio LCPC se apresenta, então, como uma alternativa para avaliação da abrasividade de materiais que se encontram em uma granulometria mais fina. O objetivo principal do trabalho apresentado neste artigo é avaliar o índice de abrasividade de minérios que passaram por um processo de pré-concentração e tal avaliação foi realizada por meio do LCPC. Foi possível observar que, para a amostra de cobre, a pré-concentração resultou em um concentrado de abrasividade menor que a alimentação, o que torna o processo vantajoso como uma etapa anterior ao beneficiamento propriamente dito. Já no caso do zinco, observou-se uma maior abrasividade no concentrado, o que sugere a concentração dos minerais abrasivos no concentrado, ao contrário do que seria esperado, que seria uma maior concentração de minerais mais abrasivos na ganga.

Oct 30, 2017

By Eduardo Piassi Nicoli

Este trabalho tem a finalidade de apresentar projeto para melhoria de qualidade e redução do consumo de água em torres de resfriamento sem a utilização de produtos químicos e ainda eliminando problemas de incrustações e acúmulo de metais pesados, corrosão e formação biológica, através de solução inovadora (novo modelo mental).

Oct 30, 2017

By Lidiane da Paixão Carvalho

Foi estudada uma forma de reduzir o custo de produção de aços que atendem a norma NBR 6656 LNE 38 (ou LNE 380) na Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN). Esses materiais são utilizados em peças de conformabilidade crítica principalmente para indústria automotiva. Na CSN, o Forno Panela tradicionalmente faz parte da rota obrigatória de fabricação desses materiais constituindo um “gargalo” de produção. Efetuou-se uma análise da composição química, então empregada para os aços e das propriedades mecânicas resultantes, e então se buscou uma nova composição que atendesse a norma e que permitisse outra rota de produção. Percebeu-se que uma redução no teor de manganês em relação ao normalmente utilizado propiciava uma melhor adequação à norma, além de permitir o uso de uma rota alternativa que maximizava a produção e permitia reduzir custos.

Jul 30, 2018

By Gabriel Duarte Lott

O processo de análises físicas e químicas de amostras de minério de ferro [3] é um processo crucial para avaliação do tipo de minério que está sendo extraído, beneficiado e expedido nas operações das mineradoras. Assim, aplicar novos conceitos e equipamentos altamente tecnológicos, que irão garantir resultados cada vez mais precisos e a execução das tarefas de forma cada vez mais segura, é a chave e o desejo das empresas. No laboratório da VALE S/A, em Itabira, foi realizado um estudo de caso de um sistema automatizado de preparação de amostras capaz de realizar as etapas de divisão da amostra abaixo de 1mm, pulverização, confecção de pastilha prensada e fundida, análise de perda por calcinação (PPC), limpeza de utensílios e acessórios e descarte de resíduo de minério de ferro. Nesse estudo é abordado a avaliação dos equipamentos e tecnologias instalados e os desafios tecnológicos e de processos enfrentados durante a implantação desse projeto.

Oct 30, 2017

By Rainer W. Kaiser

High wear resistant HSS rolls are being successfully used in the first stands of HSM finishing trains since the early 1990´s. The strong demand of mill administrators to make them applicable also in the last stands of the finishing rolling mill is a major influence factor of R&D efforts at respective roll suppliers. Looking back to the successful replacement of ICDP and HiCr rolls by more economic HSS rolls in F1-4 in regard to the TCO, rolling mill managers wish to repeat such scale gain also at F5-7 stands. Actually used enhanced ICDP rolls wear faster, being the HSM stoppage factor. F1-4 HSS rolls can be used for example 3 times longer. There is an obstacle to be overcome by roll suppliers and end users to replace F5-7 rolls by HSS rolls. Stick and crack resistance properties of HSS need to be improved. As a worldwide known leading producer of cast rolls for steel mills since 1820, the traditional German family owned foundry and machine shop IRLE, existing since 1693, accepted to face also this additional challenge. IRLE´s long year experience and prior researches have shown possible development directions to improve mentioned stick and crack resistance properties of its HSS grade, called SST. A new material of the HSS family is in the development pipe line and is discussed: SST/G. Choice criteria of the development direction, steps to control and guarantee respective sections of an industrial scale production as well as observations and results are described.

Jul 30, 2018

By Fernando Hernández Polanco

Transportation and handling metals and alloys from mills to consumption factories as well as dosing in conventional processes with ingots and scrap has always been considered a complicated activity with high operating costs. Several manufacturers of ferroalloys willing to solve these problems have chosen an alternative for their products that can be used to secure, during transport and dosage in the processes to making special steels, with more efficient consumption of ferroalloys. The trend for the production and sale of ferroalloys is to provide the product in the form of granules packed in bags or in bulk. In this paper we will show you how the granulation process was developed and rapidly adopted the ferroalloys industry as an effective solution to reduce operating costs, create cleaner and safer working environments.

Oct 30, 2017

By Maurilio Pereira Gomes

The aim of this work was to heat treat and characterize sintered valve seat inserts (VSI). The powder metallurgy route was the only way found to substitute cobalt and lead, used in the VSI original alloy, due to their high cost and toxicological effect, respectively. The studied VSI was obtained with AISI M2 high-speed steel powder mixed with iron powder and other additives such as manganese sulphide, graphite, zinc stearate, carbides and copper, which was added by metallic infiltration. All the VSI were air quenched and double tempered, for one hour each, at seven different equidistantly temperatures, ranging from 100 °C up to 700 °C. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated by means of the VSI apparent density, apparent hardness and crush radial strength. The chemical composition was determined through gas analysis, for the light elements such as carbon and sulfur, and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for other elements. Microstructural characterization was performed with the support of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Regarding the VSI final application, the best results were achieved with the inserts air quenched and double tempered at 600 °C.

Oct 30, 2017

By Mathias Woydt

The tribological and mechanical properties of binderless and metal-bonded niobium carbides (8 or 12 vol.-% of Cobalt, 12 vol.-% of Fe3Al) are presented. Rotating disks made of niobium carbide bearing hard metals were mated against alumina (99.7%) under unlubricated (dry) unidirectional sliding tests (0,1 m/s to 12,0 m/s; 22°C and 400°C) as well as in oscillation tests (f= 20 Hz, ?x= 0,2 mm, 2/50/98% rel. humidity, n= 105/106 cycles). Microstructure and phase compositions were determined as well. The tribological data obtained were benchmarked with different ceramics, cermets, hard metals and thermally sprayed coatings, where NbC bonded with 8% and 12% Co presented above 8 m/s the lowest wear rates so far in such a benchmark. Binderless NbC (HP-NbC1) and the metal bonded NbCs exhibited low wear rates under dry sliding associated with high P?V load carrying capacities. NbC-based hard metal bonded with 12 vol.-% of Fe3Al resulted in a higher hardness level than for 12 vol.-% cobalt. The tribological profile established revealed a strong position of NbC bearing materials under tribological considerations and for closed tribosystems against established reference tribo-couples.

Jul 31, 2018

By Joaquim Luiz Monteiro de Barros, Fabiana Moreira Costa

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar de forma didática e através de exemplo prático, os processos de limpeza de gases de exaustão durante a produção de ferro e aço para atendimento as normas ambientais e a possibilidade da recuperação de energia térmica desses gases captados para aumento da eficiência energética das plantas siderúrgicas.

Aug 1, 2019

By Hirohide Kamada, Gustavo Scarpim

The increase in industrial demand is responsible for a consequent evolution in the process of injection of aluminum under pressure (Die Casting) to achieve requirements such as; greater geometric complexity of injected parts, larger dimensions, hard-filled cavities, thin walls, and more refined mechanical and aesthetic requirements. Thus, the industries have searched for sensible increases in pressure and injection speed, always combining the best resistance and performance of the wells submitted to the new process conditions. The need for more aggressive applications for the cavities means that there is a constant evolution of the entire production chain in the manufacture of molds, passing through several processes, among them; machining, designs with complex engineering solutions, refining in the process of heat treatments and surface treatments. Allied to these needs, high performance steels manufactured by differentiated processes with high fracture resistance, hot strength and wear must be selected. This work aims to present the main factors considered in the development of high performance molds, the engineering of materials involved, technological trends and technical engineering solutions for the different variables of the die casting process.

Nov 22, 2018