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By Victor F. Hollister

The great increase in post-World War I1 use of molybdenum was made possible by discoveries of that metal in porphyry molybdenum and porphyry copper deposits. This section documents significant porphyry molybdenum discoveries of the post-war period. The most important discovery was Henderson in Colorado. It is not only one of the world's largest and richest, but it was found by a team of geologists who defined the hood model and tested it successfully at Henderson. Under the leadership of Stewart Wallace, these scientists established a set of criteria for exploration for Henderson-type de- posits that was copied by the industry. The discovery bf vertical cylinder type porphyry molybdenum deposits was less renowned. Boss Mountain in British Columbia and then Mt. Pleasant in New Brunswick were given relatively scant notice, compared with the Henderson discovery. However, these deposits have geometrics distinct from that found in the typical hood, which directly affects their exploration characteristics. Mt. Pleasant, included in this section, is a well defined, near vertical breccia pipe. Both the Henderson and Mt. Pleasant discoveries were made by relatively small groups operating independently of the bureaucracy that characterizes large corporations. The management role in each case was one of encouragement. In addition, Wallace had the beneficial experience of working for Climax, whose objective was the discovery of porphyry molybdenum deposits. Henderson was the natural outgrowth of the exploration effort by those who studied and understood the Climax deposit.

Jan 1, 1991

Prof C T O'Connor holds the degrees of BSc, BSc Hons, University of Cape Town (UCT), where he started his academic Lecturer in the Department of Physical Chemistry in 1976. Mr P Smith, educated in England and the former Southern Rhodesia, joined Gold Fields of South Africa in 1966 as a Metallurgical Learner Official. After obtaining a BSc Eng at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1972, he returned to Gold Fields. Mr P D K Robinson was born in Zimbabwe, and was educated at Dale College in Kingwilliamstown, matriculating in 1952. He holds a Mine Surveyor's Certificate obtained in 1961) and a Mine Manager's Certificate (obtained in 1966), as well as an EDP from the University of the Witwatersrand.

Jan 1, 1991

By C. J. Beyke

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has developed a process for the selective recovery of Pb metal from a mixed Pb-Zn concentrate. The concentrate was leached in recycled H2SiF6 at atmospheric pressure and 95° C with a redox potential of 570 mV (Eh). Eighty-five pct of the Pb was selectively leached from the concentrate while 87 pct of the Zn remained in the residue. Pressure leaching of the concentrate was slightly less successful, with 78 pct of the Pb leaching from the concentrate and 80 pct of the Zn remaining in the residue. Pure Pb metal was successfully electrowon from a purified PbSiF6-H2SiF6 solution with 96 pct current efficiency and 0.69-kW.h/kg energy consumption.

Jan 1, 1991

By Kanau JL, Kilgour I

This paper describes the metallurgical processes at the 80 000tpd Ok Tedi Mining Limited concentrator, which treats copper- gold ore by single-stage crushing, SAG and ball milling and flotation to produce over 500 000tpa of concentrate. Plant and process developments, including installation of column cells, reduction of fluorine in concentrate, use of sulphidisation and process control improve- ments are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1991

By P. S. Newall

As part of a much larger research project, factor analysis was employed to help interpret and compare the geochemical signatures produced by two different sample media; a traditional -80# soil fraction, and a coarse float. Both sample types were collected by hand auger from the extension zone of the Redmoor sheeted-vein complex and analyzed -for 19 major and trace elements. The rationale behind the study infers that the geochemical anomalies produced by wallrock alteration around such targets can be better detected in the lithogeochemical rather than the soil environment, sometimes at considerable distance from their source.

Jan 1, 1991

By P. M. Swash

The paper describes the use of mineralogical methods in the exploration and evaluation of primary diamond occurrences. The most common methods that are used include the systematic search for kimberlitic indicator minerals, surface textural study of the indicator minerals, (garnet, spinel, ilmenite and chrome diopside) and alluvial macrodiamond studies so as to understand their provenance and guide exploration towards diamondiferous targets. The mineral chemistry of the indicator is used to positively assess the origin of the mineral grains and is also pivotal in the determination of the diamond potential of a deposit. Petrography of the primary deposit is able to identify the body to be kimberlitic and is also a support to the mineral chemistry findings. Unambiguous proof of a prospects potential to contain macrodiamond is proven by the occurrence of microdiamonds in the residues from the rock. The presence of a sufficient number of microdiamonds in the rock is enough to determine a semiquantitative grade estimate and warrant further metallurgical evaluation so as to determine its actual macrodiamond content.

Jan 1, 1991

By A. F. Jolly

As a part of ongoing research into the sulfidation partitioning of selected complex minerals, the U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted research designed to selectively recover Cu from sulfidized chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Ferric chloride (FeCI3) solutions leached >90 pct of the Cu and <20 pct (sometimes < 10 pct) of the Fe in the sulfidized concentrates. Cupric chloride (CuCI2) leaches were even more selective, solubilizing essentially 100 pct of the Cu and < 5 pct of the Fe. In contrast, leaching non-sulfidized CuFeS2 with either FeCl3 or CuCl2 showed that somewhat more Fe than Cu dissolved. These studies demonstrate that Cu is substantially more leachable from sulfidized CuFeS2 than from nonsulfidized CuFeS2? The Cu-and Fe-bearing constituents generated as sulfidation products, CuS (covellite) and FeS2 (pyrite), respectively, are differentially dissolved. The solubility of Fe from pyrite in sulfidized CuFeS2 is much lower than the solubility of Fe from complex nonsulfidized sulfide where Fe and Cu are bound in the same crystal lattice. Thus, the Cu dissolves selectively, producing a high-Cu filtrate from which Cu can be recovered by cementation or by electrolysis. Flotation of CuS-FeS2 mixtures indicates partitioned phases can be physically separated if effective liberation can be achieved. Magnetic separation tests yielded less promising results.

Jan 1, 1991

By Y. J. Wang

Editor&apos;s Note: Y.J. Wang&apos;s paper appeared in the September Technical Papers section. There were some inadvertent editorial errors in it. So we are reprinting it here. Abstract - This paper examines the ventilation network problem from a view point of solving a system of B equations in B unknowns, where B is the number o f branches in the network. Based on Kirchhoff s current and voltage laws, the solution to the general ventilation network problem must satisfy B network equations. In this paper, the air quantities and control-device pressures are chosen as variables and are grouped into B dependent variables (unknowns) and B independent variables, resulting in a system of B equations in B unknowns. Based on whether their variables are dependent or independent, the network branches are classified into f our types: five d, non-fixed, p-fixed, and q fixed. The ventilation network problem may include all four types of branches. There are .some conditions under which the problem as defined in this manner does not have a unique solution. To have a unique solution, the Jocabian matrix of the equations m us! he nonsingular. It then follows that: • the number of branches with independent air quantities must be less than or equal to the number of chords with respect to a spanning tree; •the subnetwork of branches with independent air quantities must not contain any cutset; and •the suhnetwork of branches with dependent control-device pressures must not contain any cutset. These three conditions must be met regardless of the values for the variables. In addition to the problem formulation, a solution procedure applying the Newton (or Newton-Raphson) method is outlined and illustrated with an example problem.

Jan 1, 1991

By F. E. Heuze

This article deals with the effects of high-explosive and nuclear explosions in rock masses. We first highlight the strong influence of geological discontinuities, such as joints and faults, on ground motion characteristics. Then, we briefly introduce the Discrete Element Method, as a new technique for numerical simulations. II is shown to be far superior to continuum-based approaches, when dealing with the dynamics of discontinuous media such as jointed rocks. Finally, we simulate the ground effects from a generic contained nuclear explosion, which bears some similarity to the SHOAL event in granite. This calculation is intended to emphasize the influence of the near-source geology on the distribution of energy, and on the motion at various azimuths in the medium.

Jan 1, 1991

By William J. Francart, Edward J. Miller

The utilization of computer based monitoring systems for fire detection in underground coal mines has grown significantly in the past seven years. In 1984, an annual MSHA survey identified a total of 38 systems being used in U.S. underground coal mines, while a 1990 survey indicated the number has risen to 112. The applications for mine monitoring have also changed according to the annual surveys. From April 24 to June 21, 1990, investigations were conducted by personnel of the Ventilation Division, Pittsburgh Health Technology Center, in cooperation with Coal Mine Safety and Health, concerning the installation and operation of Atmospheric Monitoring Systems in underground coal mines. These investigations were conducted to gather information concerning the ability of the AMS to detect fires and heatings, false and nuisance alarm frequencies, information related to system maintenance, and information related to employee training on system operations. This paper addresses current applications of the systems, fire and heating identification rates, application of systems in dieselized coal mines, system maintenance, and employee training requirements. While deficiencies were identified in some applications, results of the studies and survey indicate the use of atmospheric monitoring systems can be effective in identifying mine fires and heatings.

Jan 1, 1991

By A. S. Malicsi, M. D. Baker, I. Iwasaki

Fine grinding may he required for- some coals to remove sulfur and ash or to prepare coal-water slurry. Fine grinding leads to increased hall wear and its effect on the surface properties of the ground coal becomes of concern. Marked hall wear - tests were performed to study the effects of oxygen, pH, the soluble species of coal, and the addition of pyrrhotite on hall wear. The synergistic action of coal and oxygen greatly enhanced the corrosion of mild steel halls during grinding. Elec.trochemica1 measurements on a mild steel electrode in coal slurries and SEM observations of grinding hall surfaces were carried out to explore the corrosive wear mechanism.

Jan 1, 1991

By Willard C. Lacy

Discovery of a mine is a complex affair. No mine is simply found but comes about through the efforts of many. It is difficult to establish "credit" when a mine is found and becomes a viable operation, or "guilt" when a mine is lost, goes bankrupt, or remains undeveloped. The story of the Toquepala and Cuajone developments entails various stages of: (1) discovery and recognition; (2) testing and innovation; (3) political and industrial negotiation and intrigue; and (4) finance, development, and operation. The Toquepala and Cuajone projects introduced innovative drilling techniques, were among the first major porphyry copper deposits to utilize induced polarization (1P)geophysical methods, were among the first deposits to undertake complete feasibility studies on drilled- out ore bodies, and were developed by the first large Western Hemisphere copper mining consortium. Many persons have contributed to the development of these two great deposits. Some of the names have been lost and certain contributions have gone unrecognized. I apologize for these omissions.

Jan 1, 1991

By C. J. Pritchard, R. E. Gundersen

I commend the authors on examining an interesting method of shaft lining and attempting to improve safety in a dangerous environment by remotely installing the shaft lining. It is important, though, to not trade off shaft lining safety for long-term mine safety by lining an intake shaft with combustible material. In many operations, the mine utilities are installed next to the lining of the intake shaft, supplying a possible ignition source if damaged or overloaded. Although the polyurethane studied in the paper is of relatively high density, no mention is made of the flame retardency of the samples. When exposed to heat, small amounts of polyurethane will melt and bum but are extinguished when the heat source is removed. If large surface areas of combustible polyurethane - a tunnel or mine shaft- are exposed to ignition heat sources that are not removed or extinguished early, an uncontrollable, fuel rich fire may result with high carbon monoxide levels, low oxygen concentrations, and greatly increased burning rates that can have devastating effects on the ventilation system and miners&apos; safety. Although these heavy polyurethanes lend themselves to a "pouring" application around the annulus of the shaft liners and is a continuous process, past experience with atomizing and frothing polyurethane spray systems indicates a high degree of maintenance and operator attention to the nozzle1 delivery system. This may require more miner&apos;s time to be spent in the shaft maintaining the foam system, negating some of the safety advantages of the system. If polyurethane foams are to be used in mines, they must be of the highest quality available in terms of flame spread, heat emitted while curing, and contaminants emitted while curing and spraying. In addition, employees must be given adequate training and be thoroughly informed in all aspects of polyurethane foam safety procedures. As witnessed by our fellow miners in South Africa, we can accept no less.

Jan 1, 1991

By Monette J. C, Nulty J. H

High temperatures and pressures are required to obtain acceptable stripping rates. Higher chemically induced stripping rates could reduce the need for higher temperatures which lead to cyanide losses. The higher rates could lead to lower carbon inventories and higher gold production. This paper reports laboratory and continuous test unit data which strongly suggest that the preceding can be achieved. New stripping agents demonstrate efficient stripping under conditions of cyanide depletion such as after carbon acid washing. Stripping times for gold and silver can be reduced by at least half compared to caustic cyanide through the use of these novel substances.

Jan 1, 1991

By A. Zomosa

In the operation of continuous countercurrent decantation it is well known that an increase in the number of thickeners results in an increase of the fixed costs. But inversely it happens that the variable costs are reduced, i.e. the valuable material has a better recovery. The aim of this paper is to solve the problem by means of an economic balance of both parameters, in order to determine the optimum number of stages.

Jan 1, 1991

By Li Keqiang

This paper discusses the pile foundation of tall buildings in Shenzhen region. For 156 constructed tall buildings exceeding 18 storeys, about 86. 5 per cent of the sum. The two main types of foundation used are the semi?machine?bored/slurry drilled cast?in?situ pile and the excavation pile (hand ?dug caisson). The engineering geologiical condition in Shenzhen was analysed. In general, the bed rock level is not too deep. It belongs to hard rock, but the geologic structure is more complex and the tectonic fissures is plenty. According to experiences of the researches, tests, designs and constructions of pile foundation, we present the basic design principle of pile foundations for tall buildings as follows; (1) pile strength control to select the pile type and to choice the cross sectional dimen­sions, must be in compliance with the strength of the pile. (2) bearing stratum strongly weathered, moderartely weathered and slightly weathered rock may be used as the bearing stratum. (3) bearing pile bored /drilled cast-in-situ pile designed as an end bearing pile. (4) friction pile precast concrete pile, prestressed concrete tubular pile and driven cast-in-situ pile designe as a friction pile. In case, pile design is in compliance with these principles, it may be safe, economical and reasonable.

Jan 1, 1991

By J. Marbeau

In this paper, a geostatistical study of the North Butte roll type uranium deposit is presented. The geostatistical procedure applied takes into account the varying direction of the roll front for reserves calculations. For variogram calculation, the roll front is unfolded thereby allowing estimation of the variogram in directions parallel to and perpendicular to the roll front. Variograms calculated in unfolded space show strong directional anisotropies consistent with the anticipated configuration of the deposit.

Jan 1, 1991

By Conny Postupack

The first principle one usually learns about blasting is that competence in this field is best gained by experience in making blasts rather than by reading a book or by listening to a lecture. The reason for this is that there are a large number of variables affecting blasting results and not all of these can be accounted for by a few rules or a few sets of equations. Even an experienced in a new area, may have co make one or two himself to the new conditions with which he blaster when operating shots just to acclimate is faced.

Jan 1, 1991

By Mark L. Mott, Michael P. Synder

The Mine Safety and Health Administration has developed a program to improve the decision making process of personnel involved in mine emergency situations. The Mine Emergency Responsiveness Development Program (MERD) has been designed specifically for fires and explosions in underground mines. This program addresses the responsibilities and organizational requirements that are necessary during rescue and recovery operations of a mine emergency . Specific skills and knowledge are required to manage an organization of personnel under conditions of intense stress, such as a mine fire or explosion. As a result, the MERD program develops these skills by providing role playing emergency simulations. This role playing provides the participants with the opportunity to experience problems, explore solutions and interact with other personalities which may exist during mine emergency situations. This paper presents the standard procedures for the MERD program developed by the Ventilation Division of the Pittsburgh Health Technology Center.

Jan 1, 1991

By Peter Stamos

In the summer of 1989, Material Service Corporation (MSC) was expanding its Thornton limestone mining operation putting them in close proximity to two shopping centers in Homewood. In other communities, similar expansions had been met with community protests and lawsuits seeking injunctions to stop operations.

Jan 1, 1991