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By G. E. Agar, W. B. Kipkie

"This paper deals with the prediction of locked cycle flotation results from data developed from individual batch tests. A postulate is made that the distribution of material in a separation stage is determined by the chemical conditions and the flotation time and that this distribution can be characterized by split factors which are constants for a fixed set of conditions. With this premise, it is demonstrated that a steady state balance can be calculated for a circuit.Although the necessary equations can be solved algebraically, a computer program was written that uses an iterative tec1nique to arrive at the steady state balance. The program is written so that a variety of circuits can readily be simulated.A number of examples are examined to demonstrate the validity of this simulation procedure. The sensitivity of the material balance to changes in the split factors was examined. Data developed from different flowsheets is presented on sulfide ores, on copper-nickel separation and on silver flotation,"

Jan 1, 1978

At the outset, I guess we should define what we mean by "com- modities". In the 20 minutes or so which I have for this paper, it is impossible to tackle all commodities -one would need to con- sider not only the base metals but also the ferrous iron and steel products as well as energy commodities such as coal, oil and even uranium. For the purpose of this address however, I would prefer to refer to the principal non-ferrous commodities: copper, lead, zinc, aluminium and nickel and, I would like to consider some of the changes which have taken place in the industry over the past 20 years-and the likely reasons for these changes. I would also like to dwell a little on the future and some of the key issues which-may influence the future path and direction of the metals industry.

Jan 1, 1988

By V. C. Robinson

INTRODUCTION Most presidential addresses are in the nature of a review of some specific topic and this will be no different. In thinking about the subjects which might be suitable for this address I decided that as next month will see my retirement from the gold mining industry I might review the four decades since I started in the industry in 1929. These four decades have been more than usually in',~resting and exciting. They have covered a period when the price of gold increased from the old figure of 84/- an ounce to the price of $35 an ounce today, taking in on the way at least two periods of premium sales from which the producer benefitted. The industry in these four decades has survived the most totally destructive war in history and has seen fundamental changes in the political, economic and governmental life of South Africa. There have been great technological changes and improvements, some of which I shall refer to later, and in addition there have been profound changes in the relations between employer and employee in the industry which have affected not only the economy of the industry but the traditional thinking of both management and labour. I believe that the address presented to this Institute on the occasion of its 75th Anniversary by Mr Goode covered more than adequately the history of the Institute and the part it has played in the mining industry of South Africa. It would be merely repetitive, therefore, to discuss the affairs of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Having said this, however, it is also necessary to point out that the history of the Institute is, and always will be, an important record of the history of mining in South Africa. There are many facets, however, on which we ought to look back and to re-examine. One of the most rewarding, but at the same time one of the dullest, places to look for historical facts is in the annual reports of the Chamber of Mines. I suppose that some of the dullest of these have been the reports for which paragraphs have been prepared by me personally. The notes which follow do not claim to be anything like a full record of this exciting period. RISE AND FALL OF THE GOLD MINING INDUSTRY In talking about the mining industry of South Africa it is inevitable that one talks, particularly in the historical sense, about the gold mining industry - an industry of fundamental importance which has made South Africa what it is and which has been dying since the early part of this century. In Table I is shown the progress of the gold mining industry measured by its output of ounces of fine gold from the beginning of operations until the end of 1969, and if you are interested in the productivity of the men who work this industry the table, composed entirely from figures set out in the Chamber's annual reports, also shows the production of gold expressed as fine ounces per European and fine ounces per Bantu worker over a long period. If you are still minded to think of this industry as dying then the last column in the table shows how uranium has played such a vital part in the prosperity of the country.

By Daryle Cotrado

El presente texto señala las tecnologías que posibilitan el consumo de agua, mejorando los conceptos de espesamiento y disposición de relaves. Entre las tecnologías que destacan tenemos: los espesadores de alta densidad y de pasta; los sistemas de filtrado y separación. Sin embargo, la limitación de esta tecnología estriba en el alto costo operativo, inversión, su adecuación al proceso productivo, el tipo de mineral a tratar, entre otros. Por ello, estos temas son analizados a través de diagramas de flujo típicos y arreglos generales.

Sep 12, 2011

The city of Kalgoorlie-Boulder is located 595 kilometres east of Perth in Western Australia, and has a population of just over 30 000. Western Australia's third largest city lies on one of the richest goldfields in the world, with over 45 million ounce

Jan 1, 1998

By Musa Karakus

The sedimentary iron ores of Alsace-Lorraine, France have very high phosphorous contents that average 0.7% and are as much as 2.19% P. Ores from the Tucquegnieux and Joeuf mines have been studied by cathodoluminescence microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis in order to fully characterize the mineralogy, size, shape, and distribution of the deleterious phosphate grains. The phosphorous occurs as collophane, a carbonate fluorapatite, in ten morphological forms, most abundantly as microcoprolites, but also as intraclasts, concentric layers, and cortices in ooids, phosphate replaced ooids and bioclasts, phosphatiC shells, fossil infillings and internal molds, fish teeth, phosphatiC laminae, and cements between the goethite ooids. About 95% of the phosphate grains are sufficiently large that relatively fine grinding fol'lowed by reverse flotation would be expected to be effective in significantly diminishing the phosphorous content of the concentrates.

Jan 1, 1989

By Botelho Junior, Amilton Barbosa, Denise C. R. Espinosa, David B. Dreisinger

Copper and cobalt can be found on nickel laterite ores, and cobalt can be found also on copper ores, and many contaminants such as iron, aluminum, and magnesium are associated with these ores. In hydrometallurgical process, a purification step is necessary after leaching due to the presence of these impurities. Chelating resins are more selective for some metals than others, making them more efficient than cationic resins. This overview discusses chelating resin applications to recover copper, nickel, and cobalt from mining process and mining tailings and the effect of contaminants in leach solution. Chelating resins with iminodiacetate functional group can be used for selective copper recovery, and both iminodiacetate and bis-picolylamine resins are highly selective for nickel and cobalt. Chelating resins with the same functional group can have different performances on the kinetics of loading, because of variations of structure, the density of functional group, and degree of cross-linking. This article reviews commercial chelating resins that can be applied in leach solutions with different compositions, and also possible innovations for uses of chelating resins to recover metals from mining process and mining tailings.

By G. L. Fredrickson, T. A. Johnson, B. R. Westphal, J. C. Wass, S. X. Li, D. Vaden

"Recovery of uranium from the Mk-IV and Mk-V electrorefiner vessels containing a LiCl/KCl eutectic salt has been on-going during the pyrometallurgical processing of used nuclear fuel for 14 and 12 years, respectively. Although austenitic stainless steels are typically utilized for LiCl/KCl salt systems, the presence of cadmium in the Mk-IV electrorefiner dictates an alternate material. A 2.25Cr-1Mo alloy (ASME SA-387) was chosen due to the absence of nickel in the alloy which has a considerable solubility in cadmium. Using the transition metal impurities (iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and manganese) in the electrorefined uranium products, an algorithm was developed to derive values for the contribution of the transition metals from the various input sources. Weight loss and corrosion rate data for the Mk-V electrorefiner vessel were then generated based on the transition metal impurities in the uranium products. To date, the corrosion rate of the 2.25Cr-1Mo alloy in LiCl/KCl eutectic is ""outstanding"" assuming uniform (i.e. non-localized) conditions.IntroductionLow-enriched uranium products are being recovered from the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) and Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) used nuclear fuels by a pyrometallurgical treatment process at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The treatment process comprises a set of operations designed to neutralize bond sodium, recover uranium from radioactive fission products, and place the fission products into acceptable waste forms [1-2]. Reactive sodium metal, essential for heat transfer purposes during reactor operations, is readily converted to chloride during the process. Electrorefined uranium products are currently being stored pending a final disposition decision. Treatment of the EBR-II used driver fuel was initiated in June 1996 while blanket fuel processing started in September 1998. These treatment processes continue on the balance of the used fuels."

Jan 1, 2011

By J St George

Much of AucklandÆs transport infrastructure has been developed on surface with little or no consideration of underground options. Current and planned transportation routes are now facing high costs due to land values and increasing environmental resistance to surface development. The option of utilising underground space becomes a feasible investment decision for these links as well as being the only option to develop the rail network within the inner city area. Transportation tunnels offer a quieter, more energy efficient means of getting around with minimal impacts on the surface environment. One of the major impediments to tunnelling is the high construction cost, which is partly related to the risks of encountering unexpected ground conditions and/or the possibility of causing surface ground deformations which could damage structures. The geology of Auckland has had substantial investigation through various studies and projects. The sediments of the East Coast Bays Formation (ECBF) underlie most of the Auckland urban area. It is classified as a soft rock and is a suitable material to tunnel through using either a tunnel boring machine or a roadheader. This paper reviews the limited amount of tunnelling completed in the urban Auckland area, together with the international advancements that have been made in the tunnelling industry. From the known features of the local geology and the problems encountered historically, the likely risks of tunnelling in Auckland are presented and ways in which those risks could be reduced and managed, are discussed. In addition, contractual arrangements between client and contractor are assessed with respect to complicated projects (such as tunnelling), so that the risks can be managed to create efficient infrastructure routes with reduced costs.

Jan 1, 2008

By Farhad Elmi

In this paper, a new procedure is used to find the bearing capacity of single piles and cone penetration resistance in soils. Although the procedure is mainly applicable to clay and sand using any plasticity model, this paper deals only with steady penetration in Sand. Cylindrical cavity expansion around the probe in a calibration chamber is modeled by finite element method using the HUJEUX elasto-plastic multi-mechanism model. The penetration resistance (qc) is related to cylindrical cavity expansion pressure limit (pL) using the method of Salgado et al. (1997). This procedure is tested using the results found in 3S/IMG calibration chamber. In this article the word "penetrometer" refers to both pile and cone.

Jan 1, 2002

By R. W. Smashey, B. J. Piearcey

The structure, composition, and morphology of the carbide phases present in the nickel-base superalloy, Mar-M200, hare been determined and three carbide phases observed. The MC carbide is a solidification product, and the M23 Co and M6C carbides are both prod~icts of solid-state precipitation. The identity of each phase usas determined by both X-ray and electron-diffraction techn~ques. Compositions of all three carbides were studied using the electron beam micro-probe analyzer and by unalyszs of electrolytically extracted residues. Optical and electron microscopy were employed in order that the time/temperature -dependent behavior of the carbides might be observed. Supplementary studies were completed on thin foils and oriented single crystals to determine the mor-phology and orientation relationship of each phase with that of the matrix. MAR-M~OO* is a high-temperature, creep-resistant superalloy designed for use in the as-cast condition. The "as-cast" microstructure consists of a solid-solution matrix, referred to as gamma (y), which contains a general, coherent precipitate of the inter-metallic Ni3(A1,Ti) referred to as gamma prime (?). As a result of dendritic segregation during solidification, a degenerate, spherulitic ? -?' eutectic constituent is present at the grain boundaries and the in-terdendritic regions, which is nucleated by the y on the dendrite tips. A primary carbide phase, a solidification product, is also present at the grain boundaries and in the interdendritic areas, and an additional carbide appears at the grain boundaries as a fine discontinuous precipitate. The alloy is particularly susceptible to heat treatment. For example, the mechanical properties of the columnar grained mater- ial are substantially improved by solution heat treatment, followed by an intermediate temperature age. Metallographic examination of heat-treated material reveals, however, that exposure to elevated temperatures has a marked effect on the microstructure of the alloy; in particular, it is observed that precipitation of considerable amounts of various carbide phases occur. The following investigation was carried out to determine the morphology, composition, and behavior of the carbides in Mar-Ma00 as an aid to the determination of their effect on the mechanical properties and stability of the alloy. THE PRIMARY MC CARBIDE The MC carbide phase appears in the interdendritic interstices and the grain boundaries. In directionally solidified Mar-M200 the carbide appears as very small particles in the chilled region, Fig. l(a), whereas in material less affected by the chill, it becomes larger and develops a dendritic morphology, Fig. 1(b). Step polishing of metallographic specimens from this region shows that in directionally solidified material the individual carbide dendrites are connected in a dendritic network within the metallic interdendritic interstices, whereas in material from the chilled region and in conventional Mar-M200 they are discontinuous, isolated dendrites. No orientation relationship exists between the primary carbide and the matrix.

Jan 1, 1968

By R. K. Dann, L. W. Roberts, R. B. Benson

The mechanical properties of 300-series stainless steels were investigated in both high-pressure hydrogen and helium environments at ambient temperatures. An auslenitic steel which is unstable with respect to formation of strain-induced a (bee) and € (hcp) mar-tensile is embrittled when plastically strained in a hydrogen environment. A stable austenitic steel is not embriltled when tested under the same conditions. The presence of hydrogen causes embrittlement at the mar-lensitic structure and a definite change in the general fracture mode from a ductile to a quasicleavage type. The embrittled martensitic facets are surrounded by a more ductile type fracture which suggests that the presence of hydrogen initiates microcracks at the martensitic structure. If a steel is unstable with respecl to fortnation of strain induced martensile, plastic deformation in a hydrogen environment will produce rapid embrittlement of a notched specimen in comparison to an unnotched one. FERRITIC and martensitic steels can be embrittled by hydrogen that has been introduced into the alloys, either by thermal or cathodic charging prior to testing.1-5 However, conflicting reports exist as to whether austenitic steels that are stable or unstable with respect to formation of strain-induced martensite can be embrittled by hydrogen.8-12 A recent investigation has shown that cathodically-charged thin foils of a stable austenitic steel can be embrittled.13 An earlier investigation of a thermally charged 18-10 stainless steel revealed a significant decrease in the ductility only at the lowest test temperature of -78°C, although strain-induced bee martensite was shown to be present in one specimen tested at ambient temperatures.' When martensitic steels are tested in a hydrogen atmosphere, they are embrittled.'4-'7 It has been observed in this Laboratory that 304L steel, which is unstable with respect to formation of strain induced martensite, forms surface cracks when plastically strained in a high-pressure hydrogen environment. Work in progress elsewhere concurrent with this investigation has also established that 304L is embrittled when tested in a high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere." The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of a high-pressure hydrogen environment on the tensile properties of a stainless steel that contained strain-induced martensite (304L) and one that did not (310). EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Notched and unnotched cylindrical specimens were machined from 304L* and 310 rods that were heat- treated at 1000°C in argon for 1 hr followed by a water quench. The chemical analyses of these steels are given in Table I. The unnotched specimens had a reduced section diameter of 0.184 & 0.001 in., a gage length of 0.7 in., and were threaded with a 0.5-in.-diam. thread on each end. The notched specimens had a reduced section diameter of 0.260 * 0.001 in. and a 0.75-in. gage length, with a 30 pct 60 deg v-notch at the center. The notch had a maximum root radius of 0.002 in. The tensile bars were fractured in a hydrogen or helium atmosphere of 104 psi at ambient temperatures. The system used for mechanically testing the specimens is to be described in detail elsewhere.19 Several specimens of each type were tested in air using an Instron testing machine. The same yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were obtained in 104 psi helium with the above system as with the conventional testing machine. Magnetic analysis was employed to determine that there was a (bee) martensite in plastically deformed 304L and that it was not present in plastically deformed 310. The magnetic technique depended on allowing the material being studied to serve as the core between a primary and secondary coil. Thus, any change in the amount of magnetic material present between the annealed and plastically deformed steels will be indicated by corresponding changes in the induced voltage in the secondary circuit." The ratio of the output signal of a nonmagnetic stainless steel to a completely magnetic maraging steel was 2000 to I. Several unnotched 304L bars tested in hydrogen were analyzed for hydrogen by vacuum fusion analysis. There was an increase in the hydrogen content to approximately 2 ppm for the specimens tested in hydrogen, as compared to less than 1 ppm for the as-received material. Several thin sections cut from notched areas of 304L specimens tested in hydrogen and containing the fracture surface contained approximately 1.5 ppm H. The accuracy of these determinations was estimated to be ± 50 pct.

Jan 1, 1969

By Alexander Siefert, Steffen Pankoke

In the development of commercial vehicles as well as of passenger cars, the effects of vehicle vibrations on operating safety, health and comfort can only be predicted by numerical simulation when appropriate occupant models are available. Such models must be based on human anatomy and have dynamic properties of real humans in order to achieve realistic results. Since human dynamic behavior depend on posture and percentile, the occupant model needs to be adjustable to these parameters with respect to geometry and dynamic properties [1,2]. Dynamic Human Finite-Element-Model CASIMIR CASIMIR is a non-linear, dynamic finite-element-model of the human body. It consists of a dynamic model of the upper torso with head, neck, shoulders and arms as well as of a dynamic model of the lower extremity with pelvis and legs. The most important part is the lumbar area with dynamic non-linear models of the lumbar spine and of back and abdominal musculature. The frequency-dependent characteristics of the intervertebral discs and the effects of muscle activation and non-linear frequency-dependent muscle properties are included. In the latest stage of development, CASIMIR has been equipped with a compliant model of the body surface in the contact areas to the seat. This results in a very realistic transmission of static and vibrational forces into the human body, see fig. 1. Intense model verification and validation has been performed in all stages of model development, starting with validation of small components like intervertebral disc, ending with validation of whole-body-vibrations using measurements of the dynamic mass / mechanical impedance [4]. For an in-detail examination of stresses in the vertebral bodies and discs, a non-linear submodel of the lumbar spine with an increased number of degrees of freedom can be coupled to the whole-body-model, enabling the researcher to examine local effects of vibrations and single shocks on the lumbar materials. [ ] Since it is well known that human dynamic behavior is significantly affected by anthropometric data and posture, CASIMIR can be individualized to the anthropometric status of single individuals or to the mean values for specific percentile groups. Furthermore, posture can be adjusted to the seating conditions applicable to a specific vehicle. Posture modification capabilities include the variation of the lumbar lordosis [3].

Jan 6, 2006

By Marshall Khan

The Goodfellow Expert Furnace System Optimization Process (Goodfellow EFSOP?) is a proprietary process that uses real-time and continuous off-gas analysis, along with process monitoring to optimize the operation of electric arc furnaces (EAF) for steelmaking. With the exception of off-gas composition, dynamic process measurements within the EAF are not possible due to the harsh operating environment. The Goodfellow EFSOP? system provides a dynamic indication of the operating conditions within the EAF. Continuous measurement of furnace off-gas composition, along with other furnace operating parameters is used to elucidate the fate of chemical energy usage within the EAF including: the evolution of carbon from the molten steel bath; the in-leakage of air into the furnace; the extent of combustion above the molten steel bath and the occurrence of dangerous water-leaks from the furnace cooling system. The ability to measure the process reliably and continuously enables Techint Goodfellow Technologies Inc (TGTI) to implement dynamic process control of combustion within the electric arc furnace and to optimize the overall operation through adjustments to the EAF process based on off-gas measurement. This paper discusses the methodology and results achieved from several recent Goodfellow EFSOP? installations in South East Asia.

Jan 1, 2006

By R. H. Schutz

TO ASSIST users in the selection of reliable and satisfactory respiratory protective devices, the Bureau of Mines bas established five schedules of minimum performance requirements for the approval of respirators. The current revisions of these schedules3 include 13D for self-contained breathing apparatus, 141F for gas masks, 19B and the amendments to 19B for supplied- air respirators, 21B for dust, fume, and mist respirators, and 23B for chemical cartridge respirators. Copies of these schedules may be obtained from the Bureau of Mines, Publications Distribution Section, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., 15213. Approval tests on respirators are performed only at the request of the manufacturer4 of the respirator and at his expense. If the device meets the approval requirements, a certificate of approval is granted on the complete respirator. This certificate states that as long as the respirator is manufactured as originally approved, or in accordance with any changes covered by an extension of the original approval, the manufacturer may advertise and sell his respirator as being approved by the Bureau of Mines. Many industries and regulatory agencies require that respirators approved by the Bureau of Mines he used where respiratory protection is needed. The Bureau of Mines, however, has no regulatory power over the use of the respirators that it approves. It acts as an impartial testing agency to insure the availability of suitable and safe respirators.

Jan 1, 1966

Gentlemen, you heard the good Doctor has commissioned me to make a'summary of the proceedings to date and also to close the said proceedings. It seems that over the years the business of making a summary alternates between'Mr. Pearce and myself, also I,think that w~oever is around onthe day in question 'obtains the task and apparently I drew it this, year. It is hoped you will be patient as previous experience in this capacity'indicates that the best way to proceed is to have a brief summary on each paper and then do a summary of summa~ies. This makes the approacha little cumbersome but it is felt to be fair to each author and it brings'back to the audience some recollections of what transpired at the time and they can make their own decisions, which may not necessarily agree with those of the 'sum'marisor.

Jan 1, 1983

By U König, N Norberg

Traditionally, quality control of iron sinter has relied on time-consuming wet chemistry. However, the mineralogical composition that defines the physical properties, such as strength or reducibility, is not monitored.X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis in combination with Rietveld quantification and statistical data evaluation using partial least squares regression (PLSR) has been successfully trialled to determine the mineralogical composition and process parameters such as the FeO (Fe2+) content and basicity of iron sinter within an analysis time of less than eight minutes per sample. The results were compared with wet chemistry data.PLSR does not require pure phases, crystal structures or complex modelling of peak shapes. The analysis is therefore easy to set up and ideal if only one property needs to be analysed. PLSR results show an accuracy for the FeO content of ±0.3 per cent for the samples analysed in this case study.Both the PLSR and Rietveld methods take the full XRD pattern into account and can be simultaneously applied on the same measurement. PLSR was found to be the more robust method if only FeO and basicity results are required. The Rietveld method helps to predict other parameters, such as the compression strength of the sinter, by monitoring all existing phases (eg larnite C2S or silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminium phases).CITATION:König, U and Norberg, N, 2015. Iron sinter process control using x-ray diffraction, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 53–60 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By Jr. Schnakenberg

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has been working with diesel emissions control technology and the underground mining industry for a number of years. Underground isolated zone studies provided the emissions reduction performance of all of the alternative technologies currently available. A NIOSH/MSHA guide is available which provides mines with information and a process for selecting diesel particulate filters (DPF). Recent NIOSH experience suggests that more attention may be needed in managing the issues associated with diesel emissions and their control. The author argues that a holistic approach is needed which involves several key mine operations departments or disciplines by positing that workplace air can be considered as the product of a complex manufacturing process and examining how that process could be managed.

By David Van Horsen

Operation and maintenance of California?s water tunnels is an important factor and vital link in California?s infrastructure. These tunnels are owned and operated by a variety of large and small private and public water and power utility companies, municipal agencies, and irrigation districts. Visionary pioneers such as Michael O?Shaughnessy (San Francisco Hetch Hetchy Water Supply System), William Mulholland (Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Metropolitan Water District of Southern California?s Colorado River Aqueduct), and John Eastwood (Southern California Edison Big Creek Hydroelectric Project) built large and small water supply, irrigation and hydroelectric tunnels, which have supplied environmentally friendly-water supply, renewable electricity, and uninterrupted service to a burgeoning population and economy. This paper introduces these pioneers and describes several case histories and lessons learned during condition assessment and rehabilitation of tunnels providing enlightenment of California?s vital water projects.

Jan 1, 2008

By Leena Vesa, Antti Remes

Design of thickeners is based on laboratory test work, characterizing the material and determining the optimal reagents, dosages and settling regimes. Several methods for dimensioning plant scale equipment exist. Kynch and Talmage-Fitch design procedures has been applied widely for a long time. Nowadays, besides them, a dynamic laboratory test work is applied for design of high rate thickeners. In that the laboratory unit is operated with known solids load per area, feed and flocculation conditions and with raking of the underflow. All these test methods afford useful data for setting up and calibrating a dynamic simulation model of a plant scale thickener. This paper presents a flocculation kinetics based dynamic thickener simulation model and a procedure to calibrate the model parameters. With the model, the underflow stream composition can be simulated over time as a function of the thickener operating parameters, which are: the feed rate and composition, underflow pumping rate, flocculant dosage and dilution of the feed. In addition, the model incorporates calculation of the slurry bed level, the cone pressure, the yield stress and the rake torque. Such a dynamic modeling scheme enables setting up simulation aided operator trainings and developing and testing of advanced control strategies, for example. The unit model can be integrated as a part of concentrator-wide flow sheet simulation model as well. Here, calibration of the kinetic flocculation model based on a laboratory test case data and further the operation of a simulated plant scale thickener are presented.

Jan 1, 2014