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By John G. DiGenova

The Allwell Center Ice Arena at Plymouth State University, Plymouth, New Hampshire is located in the flood plain of the Pemigewasset River. To maintain the arena near the level of the surrounding area, foundation design required use of uplift elements to resist hydrostatic loads caused by frequent flood conditions. Soils beneath the arena consisted of very loose to medium dense alluvial deposits overlying thick glaciolacustrine deposits. Bedrock was encountered at depths of 115 feet (35 m) or more. A mat foundation with a sealed building system was developed for the arena to guard against flood events. Several alternatives were investigated to provide uplift capacity for the mat foundation, including the Rammed Aggregate Pier® (RAP) system, driven precast-prestressed concrete piles, driven H-piles, and deep drilled soil/rock anchors. Evaluations indicated that the most cost effective uplift solution was a tension RAP system that developed uplift resistance in the shallow alluvial deposits. A total of 344 55-kip (245-kN) capacity RAP elements were required for the project. The RAPs were designed to resist tensile loads using threaded steel bars. Dual corrosion resistance was provided to the uplift elements by including sacrificial steel and galvanizing the oversized bars and connection plates. A pre-construction test program was conducted on RAP elements drilled to a depth of approximately 25 feet (7.6 m) and installed using various shaft construction procedures and materials. Ten test piers were constructed and six were tested to verify that the piers could resist 200 percent of the design load with measured deflections of less than 1 inch (25 mm). The RAP system also provided improved bearing conditions for the perimeter wall and mat foundations by densifying and stiffening the upper alluvial soils.

Jan 1, 2011

By Gift Makusha

Surface subsidence associated with coal mining activities in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa changes the natural environment in several ways, and current challenges for mining companies include rehabilitation of the natural environment and the prevention of further degradation. To monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of surface subsidence, traditional fieldbased monitoring approaches such as GPS and spirit leveling are employed at a number of locations. However, the resulting measurements are point-based, and frequent revisitations are necessary to map the evolution of surface subsidence basins over time. To address these limitations, differential interferograms derived from repeat-pass satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems were tested for their ability to measure and monitor surface deformation. The SAR data was captured by the European ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellite and covered a timeframe between 2008- 09-15 and 2008-09-15. The resulting interferograms revealed several features indicative of surface subsidence. Ground truth data confirmed the presence of a subsidence basin, detected using differential interferometry techniques during the 35-day period between April 12, 2008 and May 17, 2008; a maximum vertical deformation of 3.2 cm (1.3 in) was recorded. Interferometric monitoring revealed an eastward migration of the subsidence basin between June 2, 2008 and September 15, 2008 with an additional 4.7 cm (1.9 in) of subsidence observed. This migration coincides with the advance of the working face of the mine during this period. Finite element modeling will be performed in order to model the rates and evolution of surface subsidence haloes as underground mining advances. These presented results demonstrate the ability of interferometric synthetic aperture radar techniques to measure surface subsidence as well as the monitoring of the evolution of subsidence basins over time. This implies that the technique could be included, together with traditional field-based surveying techniques, in an operational monitoring system. With knowledge on deformation rates and subsidence basin evolution, informed decisions on current and future infrastructure development can be made and remedial actions and prevention strategies can be formulated for the problems associated with environmental degradation.

Jan 1, 2011

By Luben Xie, Lin Hu, Qiang Wang, Min Gan, Tao Jiang, Wenqi Li, Xiaohui Fan, Zhiyuan Yu

"Crystal precipitation behavior of calcium ferrite (CF) during iron ore sintering process along with the effect of cooling rate, SiO2 and Al2O3 on crystalline condensation were studied. The results show that CF, has strong ability of precipitation. The precipitation is barely affected by extenal factors. It begins to precipitate when the liquid phase cools down to about 1200oC. CF could crystallize rapidly at the cooling speed of 150 °C /min. Furthermore, decreasing of the cooling rate favors the development of crystal. Binder phase transformed from CF system to silicate system when SiO2 content was increased to 5~6%, with a constant basicity (R) 2.0. Increasing Al2O3 content could promote the precipitation of CF and the development of crystal.IntroductionCrystalline condensation is the last stage of sinter mineralization. It includes the processes that crystalline substance and amorphous substance precipitate from high temperature solution phase and the consolidation of material when melt cools down. During the crystallization process, minerals precipitate following the order from high to low melting point coupled with the decreases of free energy. Most of binder phase minerals and part of iron oxides crystallize in this process, which have an important influence on mineral composition and microstructure of sinter. They finally determine the sinter strength and metallurgical properties."

Jan 1, 2011

By S. Mathieu, R. Mennillod-Blondin, P. Cousin, N. Valle, H. Bouzahzah, P. Marion

The gold deposit of the Lapa mine has a complex mineralogical gold state with coarse and fine native gold, aurostibite and submicroscopic gold within arsenopyrite. A specific mineralogical characterization of the refractory fraction was conducted combining various techniques such as optical microscopy, electron microscopy, electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectrometry. In parallel, the mineral processing behaviour and the recovery of the refractory gold were studied by pressure oxidation and cyanide leaching. This paper presents the mineralogical methodology developed to characterize the refractory gold distribution within arsenopyrite. These results are presented and interpreted in order to plot gold recovery versus sulphide oxidation. The comparison of the metallurgical behaviour yields predicted from the mineralogical data and the one calculated from leaching tests shows a good agreement and allows mineralogical explanations of the gold metallurgical behaviour.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. Mirza, E. Nicol, J. Lipkowski

Gold passivation in thiosulfate leaching media is a major barrier to its implementation. Addition of Cu (II) into the leaching solution has shown to aid in gold dissolution, but the mechanism by which it acts, and its role in the passive layer, remains unknown. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), in tandem with linear sweep voltammetry, were employed to determine the dependence of leaching currents on mass transport and for fingerprint identification of sulfur species on the surface of gold. SERS leaching experiments were performed using gold nanorod electrodes that showed increased stability compared to other SERS active surfaces.

Jan 1, 2011

By B. Oraee

Tunnels as any other structures are affected by different loads and stresses. Generally, the loads on tunnels consist of both static and dynamic loads. These loads must both be considered in the tunnel design process. In this paper, the stability state of Jiroft water-transform tunnel is evaluated. Firstly, the in-situ stresses and then using Kirsch?s equations the induced stresses due to static loads in walls and crown of tunnel are calculated. Consequently, the strain caused by probable earthquake without considering the interaction between the concrete lining of tunnel and rock mass using seismic analysis is calculated based on free-field deformation. When the strain is determined, the simplified method of closed-form solution, Wang?s equations and Penzien?s equations are used to estimate the applied forces on the tunnel due to earthquake such as axial force and bending moment on a tunnel section taking into account the interaction of the tunnel concrete lining and rock mass. Results of this study show that the loads applied to the tunnel as a result of earthquake waves can be affect the stability of underground structures, especially long structures such as tunnels.

Jan 1, 2011

By R. C. Karra

Mining is one of the oldest profession and second after agriculture. Unfortunately Mining is not so familiar in the society. Due to lack of recognition in the society, existence of mines in remote places and in dusty and humid working conditions, led the poor response for mining engineering. Mining engineering programs have been increasingly less attractive to the student population over the years due to negative image of mining industry. After graduating in mining engineering, there is not much problem of employment at present. In the last 10 to 15years most of the mining engineering graduates have joined software industry. Even those joined in mining industry also left with in 2 years of service. The main reason for this is not being satisfied with job, it is not only working conditions but also work environment, work culture, remote location of the mines etc. Though many were trying to leave mining profession, the recent economic slow down has prompted some of them to incline towards job safety and retained to mining job. At this juncture a systematic study was taken up to analyze the job satisfaction of mining engineers in India.

Jan 1, 2011

By Jared M. Green

This paper presents the wall stabilization design and implementation for a 541 linear ft masonry and concrete gravity-type retaining wall flanking the west perimeter of a 7.37 acre parcel in Bronx, New York. This paper will discuss the results of static and dynamic stability analyses performed for the pre- and post excavation phases for the proposed 300 ft wide open-cut of up to 14 ft of contaminated soil below the toe of the retaining wall. The wall stabilization consisted of over 74 inclined drilled and grouted anchor dowels, and 55 tiebacks drilled and grouted to the underlying mica schist bedrock. Three over-lapping rows of jet grout columns were chosen as the foundation solution for the existing retaining wall. This paper focuses on the design, construction and performance of the jet grout curtain wall. The jet grout wall served three purposes: 1) underpinning and excavation support for the removal of contaminated site soils, 2) permanent hydraulic barrier, and 3) resistance against a deep seated failure within the thick clay layer present at the site. The originally designed jet grout wall had unexpected negative effects to the existing retaining wall. The jet grouting program was modified while the Observational Method (Peck 1969) was employed to keep wall movements to a minimum. This paper discusses the diagnostic methods used to determine the cause of retaining wall movement; the implementation of a remedial ground improvement program; the modification to the jet grout installation procedure; and the ultimate performance of the jet grout wall.

Jan 1, 2011

By Thomas C. Mowatt

Chemical and petrographic studies were carried out on selected tin-bearing rock samples of contact-metasomatic origin from the Cassiterite Creek and Brooks Mountain areas, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The tin content of rocks ranged from 0.39 to 8.9 pct. Leaching with a 20 pct hydrochloric acid solution released from 19.3 to 67.9 pct of the tin. Cassiterite was not observed in the rock samples. These results are significant with regard to tin recovery and reserve delineation in these and similar occurrences. Part of this leachable tin may be associated with metasomatic borate minerals.

Jan 1, 2011

By Burrows D. R.

Metal-rich sediments precipitating from hot saline brine pools were first discovered in 1965 in the Red Sea.1-2 The subsequent discovery of high temperature black smokers and associated massive sulphides in 1977 at latitude 21oN on the East Pacific Rise3 came more as a confirmation than a revelation. Formation of massive sulphides through precipitation from circulating sea-water had been predicted by Oftedahl in 19584, and the mechanisms well evaluated in basaltic-hosted Cyprus-type 5 and in Kuroko-type deposits.6,7 Sea-floor exploration from 1977 through the 1980?s in sediment-starved mid-oceanic ridge (MOR) settings had little impact on land-based exploration. This is primarily because: a) MOR spreading centres were recognized as poor analogies to even Cyprus-type basalt-hosted deposits; b) their preservation potential was limited due to rapid oxidation and c) the metallic deposits studied were small and therefore not directly comparable to the far larger ore bodies on land. More recently underwater mineral deposit research has focused in a variety of back-arc environments associated with felsic submarine volcanism, environments more similar to those predicted for the formation of Kuroko-type deposits (e.g. Okinawa Trough, 8 Lau Basin, 9 Manus Basin, 10 Aeolian arc, 11). Most studies, while scientifically interesting, were hampered, in general, by a lack of good descriptive data, a reliance on isolated grab samples, and a lack of sub-surface observations. This research has therefore had only limited direct impact on exploration strategies with the possible exception of research conducted in areas where faulting provided enhanced vertical exposures. 12

Jan 1, 2011

By Rocky Wu

Rock bursts are one of the greatest challenges to ground control in the mining industry. With increasing mining depth and mining scale, there are more and more industry requirements on yielding rock support. Since 2008, Jennmar has been conducting large scale research and development works to develop a technically reliable and cost-effective yielding rock bolt. This paper introduces a new yielding rock support: the Yield-Lok bolt. The bolt is characterized by the designed yielding ability to produce 150?250 mm (6?10 in) of deflection at 8?10 metric tons (MT) (7.9?9.8 t) loads for every 16.4kJ (12,096 ft lb) energy input. The bolt?s performance characteristics are consistent through multiple and varying amplitude of impacts. In this paper, the design criteria of the bolt and the principle of performance are described; the dynamic testing results are discussed; and the features and application of the bolt are presented.

Jan 1, 2011

By Jozef Zmik, Sergey Dobatkin, Martin Fujda, George Raab, Libor Kraus

"The present work, likewise, deals with grain refinement of medium carbon steel AISI 1045 having different initial microstructure resulting from thermal and/or thermomechanical treatment (TM) applied prior severe plastic deformation. In case of TM treated steel, structure refinement was conducted in two steps. Preliminary structure refinement has been achieved due to multistep open die forging process which provided total strain Eef ~ 3. Uniform and fine recrystallized ferrite structure with grain size of the order of 2-5 µm and with nest-like pearlite colonies was obtained. The further grain refinement of steel samples having different initial structure was accomplished during warm Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) at 400°C. The microstructure development was analyzed in dependence of effective strain introduced ( Eef ~ 2.5 - 4). Employment of this processing route resulted in extensive deformation of ferrite grains where mixture of subgrains and ultrafine grain was found regardless the preliminary treatment of steel. As straining increases the dynamic polygonization and recrystallization became active to form mixture of polygonized subgrains and submicrocrystalline grains having high angle boundaries. The intensive straining and moderate ECAP temperature caused the partial cementite lamellae fragmentation and spheroidization as straining increased. The lamellae cementite spheroidization was more extensive in TM treated steel samples. The deformation behavior of for both steel structural state confirm the strength increase; however the work hardening behavior was modified with respect to initial structure of steel prior SPD processing.IntroductionIn the last years, ultrafine grained materials have attracted considerable research interest because they tend to possess high strength without sacrificing toughness and ductility. Microstructural refinement of steel is usually achieved by alloying and/or by thermomechanical treatment process, which modifies phase transformation. Recently, advancement of severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques provides another efficient access for grain refinement of metals and alloys. The fabrication of bulk materials with ultrafine grain sizes has attracted a great deal of attention over the past two decades because of the materials' enhanced properties [ 1, 2]. In last decade a worldwide effort in manufacturing process to obtain ultrafine grain structures in steels is persisting."

Jan 1, 2011

By Brian R. Zelenka

The Bureau of Mines (Bureau) reviewed all available information regarding geologic and depositional processes contributing to potential coastal and offshore platinum group metal (PGM) placer deposits around the Goodnews Bay Mining District. The Bureau found that favorable environments for PGM along with gold and chromite enrichment include: (1) buried paleofluvial channels; (2) recent paleofluvial channels with little marine sediment overburden, (3) beach deposits, particularly in the upper swash zone and near back beach environments; (4) paleostrand lines; (5) shoal lag deposits inside the mouths of Goodnews and Chagvan bays; and (6) bases of far offshore tidal ridges which may represent reworked glacial deposits. Limited geologic and compositional (assay) data prevent determination of deposit size and grade of PGM mineralization for each deposit class. Future geologic sampling requirements for demonstration of identifiable offshore and beach PGM-bearing placers are discussed. Beach and offshore sampling programs conducted by the Bureau in 1986 will contribute additional information providing verification of specific deposit classes.

Jan 1, 2011

By Jason H. Nadler, Jason A. Kulpe, Stephanie J. Lin

"A numerical method has been developed to predict the microstructural characteristics of reticulated metal foam. The porosity of this foam is derived from sacrificial template particles of known particle size distribution, which are incorporated with other precursor components. In this approach, a porous structure is numerically generated starting with Powell's sphere packing algorithm. The resulting stochastic structure has characteristics similar to those of corresponding metal foam. Deterministic inter-sphere connections are calculated to more accurately model the pore morphology that evolves during thermochemical synthesis. Estimations of pore morphology and specific surface area of the simulated material are compared to lab-synthesized materials composed of equivalent constituent compositions. In addition, the effect of template particle size, inter-sphere connections, and the geometric constraints on pore morphology and permeability are investigated to refine microstructural evolution and design.IntroductionReticulated foams, characterized by their interconnected pore network, can be obtained by incorporating spherical sacrificial template particles into precursor materials followed by template removal processes. The resulting structure is composed of contiguous spherical pores whose morphologies reflect those of the original templates. Based on some of the unique features of this synthesis approach, a methodology is introduced in this work whereby these foams are digitally constructed using experimental data from the template particle sizes and precursor formulation. Digitally constructed porous structures can then be compared to their laboratory synthesized counterparts through the quantification of structural features such as porosity and surface area per unit volume, which in tum are used to inform the foam's fluid transport propertiesThe spherical template particle packing algorithm developed here is adopted from Powell's work [1], which also includes approaches to obtain percolation and density in random packings [2]. Gervois gives a mathematical development for the stereological sectioning of packed hard spheres [3]. Stereological sectioning facilitates determination of relevant three dimensional morphological properties from two-dimensional data [4]. Studies on the sphere distribution size and the related particle packing density and coordination number results are studied in [5, 6]. Lastly, Kato describes a sintered neck structure, which is used with these packings [7]. This neck structure, as a model of the particle shape following heat treatment, is implemented here in a similar manner. A strong difference between the available literature and the methodology here is that spheres are packed to ultimately represent porous space, not rigid solid space."

Jan 1, 2011

The mineral sands industry is oriented primarily toward the supply of titanium (Ti) raw materials (titanium feedstocks) for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigment and titanium metal. Titanium minerals ilmenite, rutile and leucoxene, and titanium slag and synthetic rutile are all used principally as feedstocks for the production of white TiO2 pigment. It accounts for almost 90 percent of the world?s consumption of titanium minerals. The remainder is used for the production of titanium metal, fluxes for welding rods and as a metallurgical flux in iron and steel making. Titanium dioxide pigment is produced by two alternative process routes, the sulfate process or chloride process. The bulk of the world?s titanium dioxide is derived from the mineral ilmenite, which also contains iron oxide and other minor impurities. At some mining operations, the iron present in ilmenite is removed (ilmenite beneficiation) to produce a high TiO2 feedstock (slag or synthetic rutile) typically containing between 80 percent and 95 percent TiO2. Pigment producers then further process it to produce pigment.

Jan 1, 2011

By Markus Schönit

Double rotary drilling combines continuous flight auger drilling with a casing for producing a cast-in-place pile. When producing a pile an outer casing and an auger (hollow auger) rotating inside the casing are driven into the ground in counter-rotation. The outer casing serves to support the surrounding soil and the inner auger excavates the drilling cuttings to the surface inside the casing. After reaching the projected drilling depth concrete is pumped through the hollow stem of the auger and outer casing and auger are extracted. After their complete extraction a reinforcement cage can be inserted in the fresh concrete. Compared to Kelly drilling the double rotary drilling method offers numerous advantages, including, for comparable diameter and length, shorter production times and higher accuracy (pile inclination and excess concrete) combined with increased occupational safety and lower noise emissions. Moreover, pile tests have proved that piles produced by double rotary drilling feature higher axial load-bearing capacities than comparable piles produced by Kelly drilling. This article offers an overview of the basic theoretical principles of double rotary drilling lists the required and currently available machinery and, finally, discusses the results and conclusions of a current jobsite.

Jan 1, 2011

By MSHA website

“Conditions at underground and surface coal mines can change dramatically during the winter months,” said Joseph A. Main, assistant secretary of labor for mine safety and health. “We must be ever mindful of the seasonal changes that can affect our work environments.”

Jan 1, 2011

By A. Warczok, C. M. Diaz, A. Bergman, T. Utigard, M. Barati

The world wide consumption of energy is steadily increasing and by 2030 it is forecasted to grow by another 50%, leading to mounting political and economic pressures. For any pyrometallurgical operation, it is therefore paramount to investigate and implement methods to decrease the use of energy. In the pyrometallurgical processing of steel, copper, nickel and other high temperature metals, a large amount of energy is lost in hot off-gases, molten slags, mattes and molten metals. Most of this energy is generally lost during the cooling and solidification steps with very little focus on energy recovery or reuse. In this paper we will quantify how much energy is contained in the various slag streams, then review previous attempts and methods employed to recover some of this energy, and finally evaluate some novel technologies that could potentially be employed.

Jan 1, 2011

By Gregory J. Kurras

In 1995 the Marine Minerals Technology Center (MMTC) of the University of Hawaii conducted a sidescan sonar survey and sampling expedition of the submarine geology and hydrothermal systems surrounding the active volcano White Island. The island is located in the Bay of Plenty, within the geothermally active Taupo Volcanic Zone off-shore of the North Island of New Zealand, and is the site of numerous shallow-water hydrothermal systems. The survey system, an EdgeTech DF1000 sonar, was a dual frequency 100 kHz & 500 kHz sonar capable of imaging the seafloor at better than 1 m resolution and possibly detecting gas bubbles within the water column. Sidescan imagery clearly shows sand channels, debris slumps, submarine landslides, and volcanic ridges all around the island to roughly 800 meters offshore. However, analyses of the both raw and processed acoustic data indicate that the sonar was not able to image any of the shallow-water hydrothermal gas seeps known to exist around the island. Vents were located using a commercial fish finder and knowledge from local tour guides and divers. Eleven gas samples from three different sites were collected by divers for analysis of chemical and isotopic composition. Rock samples were collected from thirteen underwater outcrops for correlation with existing data on subarial island flows sampled by previous investigators. Thin sections and XRF analysis were done for each rock to determine mineral assemblages along with major and trace elements, which were used to tie submarine samples to specific subarial stratigraphic layers.

Jan 1, 2011

By Z. J. Hladysz

A Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) is being planned at the site of the former Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota, under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the Department of Energy (DOE). This national facility will host a variety of multi-disciplinary science and engineering experiments including physics experiments that require shielding from cosmogenic radiation. Current plans include construction of large rooms (up to 55 m in width) at depths of 1.48 km (4850 ft) and 2.25 km (7400 ft) below the surface. Preparation of the preliminary design required the development of a geotechnical characterization program including: preliminary drilling and coring, core logging, drill hole mapping with a televiewer, drift mapping of the geology and rock structure, in-situ stress measurements, and laboratory testing of the mechanical properties of the rocks and discontinuities. Overall rock quality is very good to excellent. Site investigations were followed by geotechnical assessments for the construction of caverns and laboratory modules. The results are favorable and reaffirm selection of the Homestake site for establishment of a Deep Underground Engineering and Science Laboratory.

Jan 1, 2011