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By S. J. Broderick

[The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of O. C. Ralston, chief engineer, Nonmetals Division, Bureau of Mines, Who suggested the problem and Gave valuable aid during the course of the work. Thanks axe due also to Will H. Coghill, supervising engineer of the Southern Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines. INTRODUCTION One phase of the general program for utilization of coal-mine waste led to the possibility of making a water softener from the material, as the waste matter contained both coal and clay and. it is known that both these substances can be so activated as to exhibit distinct base-exchange properties. The carbonaceous]

Jan 1, 1941

By B. K. Miller, R. S. Bradley

THE principal producing areas of fire clay in Missouri are: (I) the east central district, which includes Audrain, Callaway, Montgomery, Warren, and Boone Counties [ ] (Fig. I); (2) the St. Louis district, which includes St. Louis and St. Louis County; (3) the north central Ozark district, which includes Franklin, Gasconade, Osage, Maries, Phelps, and Crawford Counties. [ ] Most of the semiplastict fire clay is found in Audrain, Callaway, Montgomery and St. Louis Counties, and in St. Louis. Flint fire clay is found in Callaway, Audrain, and Montgomery Counties and in most of the north central Ozark district. High-alumina [ ] diaspore clay is found only in the north central Ozark district, except a few deposits found in Montgomery County. This paper is concerned with the semiplastic fire clay that occurs in the east central Missouri district near Mexico, Audrain County, Missouri, which is mined by the open-pit method as practiced by the A. P. Green Fire Brick Co. About one-fourth of the semiplastic fire clay in that district is mined in shaft mines, and three-fourths in open pits.

Jan 1, 1941

NORTH AMERICA ALASKA Anchorage.-Culver, H. W. Geehan, R. W. Strandberg, H. Chicagof.-Russell, J. C. Tracy, Q. S. College.-Dorsh, J. B. Fox, E. F. Joesting, H. R. Smith, M. C. Wilcox, H. G. Douglas.-Cahill. W. E. Fairbanks.-Adams, J. M. Barber, R. J. Beistline, E. H. Crawford, J. D. Doheny, L. C. Earling. R. B. Greves, J. H. Harris. Q. P., Jr. Henton. H. M. Herbert, C. F. Nester, W. B. Hopkins, J. E. CANADA ALBERTA Calgary.-Allen, R. E. deHart, J. B. Dunn, W. Gray, J. G. Johnson. R. V. Link, T. A. Slipper. S. E. Soul, N. Thorne, B. L. Thorne, H. L. Edmonton.-Ball, M. W. Lilge, E. O. Pitcher, N. C. Nordegg.-Shanks, J. Turner Valley.¬MacKenzie, W. D. C.

Jan 1, 1941

By John L. Boardman

BECAUSE of the attention that has re¬cently been given to the health and safety of miners by various organizations such as the A.I.M.E., The American Congress, Mining Section, National Safety Council, as well as the Bureau of Mines and various state mining departments, your committee on health and safety deemed it best to call attention this year to the mine-accident cause that is by far the most important; namely, injuries due to falls of ground, rock, roof and coal. Each of several members of the committee contributed a brief outline of the importance of this accident cause in his district. While these papers were brief, it would require too much time and space to give them in full, therefore we present an outline of each and summation of all. REPORT OF M. D. COOPER, HILLMAN COAL AND COKE CO. M. D. Cooper, Division superintendent, Hillman Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., contributed the following: During the period from 1930 to 1939, accidents from falls of roof in bituminous mines average 54.3 per cent of all accidents. In mechanized mining, there is a tendency toward reduction in this class of accidents because the operator of the machine is usually at a distance of 10 to 20 ft. from the face, whereas. in hand loading the miner is close to the face during most of the shift. No doubt the use of aluminum and light steel beams supported at regular intervals by jacks, a common practice in mechanical mining, has contributed to the favorable record so far developed. REPORT OF M. H. FIES, DE BARDELEBEN COAL CORPORATION Milton H. Fies, Vice-President, DeBardeleben Coal Corporation, Birmingham, Ala., says: With reference to the types of mining, it is suggested that a clear understanding be had as to the character and thickness of the directly overlying strata, with especial consideration to the strength and in some cases an analysis of it. In coal mining, generally speaking, overlying strata higher in silica than others is stronger. In changing from narrow to wide places, the procedure should be experimental, both as to the width and depth of places and as to the nature of the necessary timbering. Since most of the accidents in coal mining particularly are due to falls of roof and coal, this phase of mining should be attacked with vigor. There is no substitute for discipline and, in this connection, under present conditions it is important that cooperation by the labor organizations be sought and that a spirit of fairness prevail. Frequent and thorough inspection of all active working places should be made.

Jan 1, 1941

The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties. United Engineering Trustees, Inc. When Mr. Carnegie made. his gift ?for the erection of a suitable union home? for the engineering societies,

Jan 1, 1941

By P. B. Leavenworth

Twenty-six fields were found in the Texas Gulf Coast in 1940 as compared to 17 fields in 1939. Of these, 14 were oil fields and 12 were gas and distillate. About 150 wells were drilling at the end of the year. Production for the year 1940 amounted to 104,127,247 bbl. as compared to 100,-253,937 bbl. for 1939. Considerable wildcatting for Wilcox production featured the exploration, but discoveries were few and the type of fields found mainly gas and distillate. On the whole, the program was discouraging. New Fields Alta Lomu. Galveston County.—The Alta Loma field was discovered on May 20, 1940, by the Stanolind Oil and Gas Company's No. I John A. Hulen, which blew out at a depth of 9166 it. and ran wild for several days, with an estimated production of 400 bbl. per hour of 36" gravity oil from a sand in the top of the Frio. Water soon appeared but the well produced more than I3o,ooo bbl. of oil between May 20 and June 10, together with a large amount of salt water. Later the well was killed and recompleted on Nov. 23, for 276 bbl. of 34" gravity oil per day. Probably this was the most sensational discovery of the year, although development to the end of the year was disappointing. The discovery was the result of reflection seismograph work of the Stano-End Oil and Gas Co., the principal leaseholders. Bailey's Prairie, Brazoria County.— Glenn H. McCarthy9s No. I W. B. Munson was completed in a lower Frio sand from perforations 11,345 to II,349 ft. for 8 bbl. of fluid (50 per cent black oil, 27" gravity, and 50 per cent B. S. and W.) on Sept. 24, 1940. It was finally recompleted as a gas well from perforations 11,631 to 11,651 ft., on Oct. 9, 1940. The well had been drilled to a total depth of 11,860 ft. This well produced for only a short time and the area is at present inactive. Blessing, Matagorda County.—The Texas Company's No. I A. B. Pierce was completed from a Frio sand from 8265 to 8300 ft. on July 8, 1940, for an initial production of 29 bbl. of distillate, I 1/2 million cu. ft. of gas. One other gas and distillate well was completed in 1940. Borden, Wharlon County.—J. F. Hutch-ins' No. 2 A. P. Borden Estate was completed on Feb. 11, 1940, for 108 bbl. of 35,6° gravity oil, from a Frio sand at 4758 to 4771 ft. This is the second well drilled in the area by Hutchins. Two other wells in 1940 were failures and there was no activity at the end of the year. Dyersdale, Harris County.-The Dyers-dale field was opened by the completion, on Sept. 15, 1940, of H. C. Cockburn's No. I G. Burkitt from a sand in the top of the Frio, through perforations from 4067-4072 ft., for 240 bbl. of low-gravity oil. By the end of the year the field had been fairly well outlined and did not appear to be a major discovery. Duck Bay, Calhoun County.—Coronado Oil Company's No. I Welder, alter having drilled to 10,002 ft., perforated casing from 5654 1/2 to 5659 it. and was completed for 60 bbl. of 36.8° gravity oil On July 27, 1940, from a Miocene sand.

Jan 1, 1941

By G. S. Scott

In the course of the investigation into the causes, behavior, and control of mine fires, which the Bureau of Mines is now conducting, some attention was given to the subject of spontaneous heating. It is self-evident that the temperature of a pile of broken coal will rice if the rate of generation of heat exceeds the rate of brat dissipation and will fall if the opposite is the case. Factors that affect the rate of generation of heat are:

Jan 1, 1941

By E. C. Truesdale, R. K. Waring

THE Research Division of The New Jersey Zinc Company (of Pa.) has conducted, over a period of years, numerous tests of the reducibility of various zinc ores and the reactivity of various kinds of coal, using a number of different experimental methods. Most of these tests have involved the reduction of mixtures of ore and coal. In such cases the following simultaneous reactions are believed to be mainly responsible for the production of zinc, as was shown by Bodenstein1 some years ago: ZnO + CO = Zn + CO2[I] C + CO2 = 2CO[2]. Each of these reactions is dependent upon the other for the supply of CO and C02, respectively, and the over-all rate of formation of zinc vapor will be determined by the slower of these two reactions. An analogous pair of reactions sometimes of importance is: ZnO + H2 = Zn + H2O[3] C+ H2O=CO+H2[4] While it is possible to obtain an indication of the relative reducibility of various ores, or of a fine versus a coarse ore, by testing them with a given coal, and while coal reactivities may be measured in a corresponding manner, a more direct determination of relative reaction rates is possible by carrying out the desired reactions, such as I and 2, separately and under reproducible conditions. It is one purpose of this paper to present some of the results that have been obtained by the latter method. C. G. Maier2 discusses the relative rates of reactions I and 2 and concludes that while at relatively low temperatures reaction I is faster than reaction 2, this difference becomes less with increasing temperatures, although at smelting temperatures reaction I is still the faster. He also says (p. 48), "At temperatures . . . between 1100° and 1300°C the zinc oxide reduction reaction is intrinsically more rapid than its physical limitations; that is, it is limited by gas diffusion rates." In the course of numerous reactivity tests involving the separate use of reactions and I and 2, we have obtained data that show by direct experiment, we believe for the first time, the correctness of Maier's statements concerning these reactions. We also include data on the relative rate of reaction 3, involving reduction by hydrogen. Finally, some interesting results obtained by carrying out the reduction of a zinc ore-coal briquet in streaming atmospheres of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, respectively, are presented.*

Jan 1, 1941

By G. F. Fix

Oil and gas activity reached a higher peak in Indiana during 1940 than for any like period during the past decade. Major activity, as during 1939, was in the southwestern part of the state, the Indiana portion of the Eastern Interior Coal Basin, where most of the increase was due to field drilling in previously proven areas. The amount of wildcat drilling was about the same as for 1939. No new fields of any apparent consequence were discovered during the year, with the possible exception of the College pool, in southwest Posey County. Only one well had been completed in this area at the end of the year. About 10 ft. of saturated Aux Vases sandstone was drilled in this well and the initial production was I00 bbl. of oil a day. Other discoveries during the year 1940 include: St. Thomas, in southwestern Knox County, where four McClosky wells, ranging from I00 to 300 bbl. a day initially, were com-pleted; Buff kin, in central Posey County, with 11 oil wells and 5 gas wells completed; and new developments in two old areas —Randolph County (part of the old Trenton field) and Gentryville, northwestern Spencer County, where some oil was found many years ago. The St. Thomas field proved disappoint-ing, with very spotty production from the McClosky horizon of the St. Genevieve limestone at a depth of about 1875 ft. The discovery well flowed 362 bbl. a day ini-tially. At the end of the year the field was pretty well outlined by dry holes and some inside locations were dry. The Buffkin pool also proved spotty, with production from shallow Pennsylvanian sands and from the Basal Pennsylvanian Mansfield sandstone, the latter at a depth of approximately I175 ft., with small production from the Cypress sandstone of Chester age. Oil wells in this pool are small, ranging from 25 to 75 bbl. a day. The Randolph County area, on the east side of the Trenton gas field, showed some promise for a commercial gas field, with four completed gas wells having cumulative initial flows of about 1,200,ooo cu. ft. a day. The area appar-ently was not depleted during the Trenton boom at the turn of the century, since casing pressures are about as high as the virgin pressure in the old field. Elsewhere the pressure has dropped as low as 5 pounds. The Griffin field received most of the drilling during 1940, with 163 completed oil wells. This field now covers about 3200 acres on the Indiana side of the Wabash River and is not as yet completely delimited. It produced the major part of Indiana's oil during the year—a total of 3,594,000 bbl. At the end of 1940, there were 253 producing wells in Griffin. New Harmony had five completions for a total of 24. The Rockport field, in Spencer County, continued to be actively developed and had a total of 45 gas wells and 9 oil wells at the end of the year. Oil in commercial quantities had not been found in the field previous to 1940. Total gas production for the year was 394,470,000 cubic feet. In all, 521 wells were drilled in the state during 1940, as compared to 377 for 1939. Of this number 248 were oil wells, 77 were gas wells and 196 were dry. Divided into

Jan 1, 1941

By Walter Fuchs

IT is now generally conceded that coal is the product of deposition and transformation of debris of forests and swamps.29 Ample data are available to illustrate the metamorphosis of biochemical substances through biological action; other data show the progressive regional metamorphism existing in coal beds;25 and numerous examples of change effected by intrusion of igneous dikes into coal deposits have been established.23 However, often the relative importance of the biological and the geological factor in determining the character of the various natural coals is a debatable question. Since both biological and geological factors are ever present in nature, the problem, at first glance, would appear to resemble certain probability problems: specifically the simultaneous toss of two coins, with the biological factor as heads and the geological as tails. The probability is 2:I for the combined effect of both factors, as compared to the exclusive effect of either one. if the a priori probability is the same for each factor. This condition can be analyzed by a thermodynamic treatment of data, which may be obtained from a consideration of pertinent biological, chemical, geophysical and geological facts. SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTS The biosphere is not sterile; i.e., microorganisms are always present. Microorganisms have been established in the ocean deep, under the ice of the polar regions, in the sand of the deserts, and in swamps far below the surface. The various biological media may be acid, neutral, or alkaline, and they may or may not be readily accessible to air. Microorganisms are encountered almost everywhere, except where the temperature is not within the range tolerable by microbial life. Of course, with changing conditions, the type of microorganisms will change. All chemical products of life-proteins, fats, carbohydrates, lignins, waxes, resins may serve as a habitat of microorganisms. In the decomposition of a medium, some microorganisms macerate organic matter mechanically and remove certain constituents for their own nutrition; others decompose a large part of the organic matter but may leave certain constituents undecomposed. Some attack only certain specific ingredients of the organic matter. All of them build up cell substance. The nitrogen content of the medium largely determines the degree of decomposition. Below 1.7 per cent nitrogen, growth of microorganisms and hence decomposition of organic material is retarded; consequently organic material will accumulate. l7,32 Such accumulations of organic material may give coal eventually. Coals differ in type and rank. The nature of the original vegetation and the conditions attending the transformation of the accumulated debris determine the type of coal such as bright, splint, cannel, and algal or boghead coals. Chemical analysis of representative samples of a given type of

Jan 1, 1941

By M. R. Hatfield, F. J. Vosburgh

IN a recent article,† it was shown that in the blast furnaces in Germany that are lined with carbon blocks no cooling plates are used, and that shower cooling is employed on the hearth and bosh sections. While one of the authors was in Germany he was told that one furnace was being operated without even the shower cooling on the bosh section, though the hearth section was shower-cooled. In discussion of this interesting situation with a number of blast-furnace operators in this country, it was made clearly and promptly evident that shower cooling was very unpopular, probably because of its messiness and its ineffectiveness. Both of the causes for the dislike of shower coolings are reasonable ones. Shower cooling can be and frequently is messy, but the present cooling of blast furnaces leaves much to be desired on that score. Shower cooling is ineffective as compared with plate cooling, so far as its usefulness in keeping the bricks cool enough not to melt or fall to pieces is concerned. However, the introduction of carbon linings changes the situation. No one is concerned with keeping a carbon lining cool, for no temperature in the blast furnace has any effect on carbon, which is just as stable at 3000°F. as it is at 70°F. The only concern is for the shell-to keep it cool enough for safety and comfort and for that shower cooling is sufficient. Of course, with only the shell to cool, instead of the shell plus all the refractory material, much less water would be required, and the necessity for constant attention to the flow would be lessened, as the hundreds of inlets and outlets would be eliminated. Probably half of the water used in cooling a blast furnace is used for cooling the shaft and tuyeres and the remainder for the bosh and hearth sections. However, in view of the dislike of shower cooling in the United States, and particularly because at least one German blast furnace is operated with no cooling of the bosh section, thought was given to the possibility that a carbon-lined blast furnace might be operated without any cooling of the entire carbon-lined portion. For that reason a series of experiments was performed to determine what might be the temperature of the shell of a blast furnace protected by a carbon lining and operated under varying conditions up to a maximum inside temperature of 3000°F. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. I and a photograph of the entire assembly in Fig. 2. The heating element was a carbon tube nominally 2 5/8 in. o.d. by 2 in. i.d. by 30 in., used as a resistor. Power was furnished by a 15-kva. transformer operating

Jan 1, 1941

By O. C. Wheeler

Production in Colombia attained a new high during 1940 when it reached a total of 25,607,976 bbl. Of this amount, the Tropical Oil Co. produced 21;426,492 bbl., including 268,586 bbl. of petroleum condensate, and the Cololmbian Petroleum Co. produced 4,181,484 bbl. from its Barco property. The wildcatting program of different companies in the Magdalena Valley that was initiated during the previous year was continued but with results that were decidedly disappointing. Ten wells were drilled in the Magdalena Valley between the approximate latitudes of Puerto Wilches and Puerto Berrio and nine of these were dry; the tenth was a small producer of no commercial importance. The prospects of finding new fields in the Magdalena Valley thus received a serious setback, since some of the tests drilled were on well developed surface structures. The prospects of the Valley, however, have by no means been exhausted and drilling operations are being continued on other prospects. One additional wildcat was drilled outside the Magdalena Valley on the Colombian Petroleum Company's Barco Concession, which brought to 11 the total number of wildcats drilled in Colom-bia during the year. This well, known as

Jan 1, 1941

The ore milled from the Lead Lode of The Zinc Corporation leases consists of a fairly granular mixture of galena, marmatite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, and lollingite with a gangue association of calcite, quartz, bustamite, rhodonite, mangan-hedenbergite, garnet, fluorite, mangal1o-calcite and apatite. The silver content of the ore occurs in three minerals-tetrahedrite, dyscrasite, and pyrargyrite, the last two mentioned occurring in microscopic association only. Other metallic and gangue minerals are also present in this complex mineralogical association, but do not influence the milling operations. Fortunately, the silver minerals favour the galena and chalcopyrite as their host minerals, thus facilitating the recovery of both copper and silver in the lead concentrate. The ore from the Lead Lode assays from 14-18% lead; 3·0-4·5 oz. silver per ton, and 9·5-12·0% zinc.A parallel lode, known as the Zinc Lode, is well developed in The Zinc Corporation leases. This lode assays from 6-8% lead, 1·5 oz. silver per ton, 18-25% zinc with a siliceous gangue. The common Lead Lode gangue minerals-ealcite, rhodonite, bustamite-are very rare in present underground exposures. No metallurgical work was done on this ore during the pilot plant operations.The aim in the milling process is to produce: 1. A lead concentrate with the maximum economic recovery of lead, silver, gold, copper and antimony, and minimum zinc content.2. A zinc conc,entrate with the maximum economic recovery of zinc, cadmium, and cobalt, and minimum iron, arsenic and fluorine content.3. A waste residue containing sufficient granular material to be utilized as underground fill.In considering the economics of the milling practice the above three requirements plus consideration of the tariffs submitted by the purchasers of concentrates were the deciding factors in the evolution of the present milling practice.Towards the end of 1924 The Zinc Corporation Limited added to and adapted the old zinc tailings plant for the treatment of 5,000 tons of crude ore per week. This plant, which operated until January, 1936, was in general principles similar to the standard Broken Hill methods of ore concentration, whereby the galena was recovered by the gravity concentration methods of Hgging and tabling with selective flotation concentration of the residual galena and marmatite. One important difference from other Broken Hill plants was that the primary grinding of the jig tailing was performed with flint-loaded mills operating in closed circuit with revolving screens. Two primary grinding sections were installed, each...

Jan 1, 1941

By Gordon M. Yocom

A PROPER consideration of the subject of this paper should include economic aspects as well as the technical phases of the metallurgy, production, and properties of the product. The metallurgical phases of the processing and properties of the product will be considered only from practical aspects and within the scope of the writer's experience with tonnage production. The Bessemer process was invented 85 years ago and became important because it put steel manufacture upon a larger and less costly basis. In America the Bessemer production has declined for many years and has not maintained its proportionate place with the rapid advances of the open hearth. The achievements in the open-hearth field were attained by the greater number of technical people attracted to that branch of the industry. The antipathy of technical students for the older and less popular Bessemer field gradually weakened the forces defending it and retarded the development of new and better methods. In Europe the economic advantage of the basic Bessemer process has not been overlooked and the tonnage usually is greater than that of the open hearth. The acid process has been the subject of renewed attention in America during the past few years and those who are more familiar with it are striving to show that the method is too valuable to abandon. A considerable tonnage of Bessemer-blown metal, in both molten and ingot forms, used in connection with the open-hearth practice makes it an important auxiliary unit to the industry. This practice aids in modifying the price level of heavy remelting scrap in addition to speeding up the open-hearth operation. The use of Bessemer steel has continued not only because of periodic economic advantages but also because of certain inherent qualities of machinability, weldability and stiffness, which are valuable for many applications. The properties of stiffness and rather high reaction to cold-work require some modification in order to meet the demands of modern methods of processing, which involve cold-reduction and cold-forming. At least one factor contributing to the stiffness of this steel is the relatively high phosphorus content of the acid product. The phosphorus content of the Thomas or basic Bessemer steel of Europe is considerably lower than the normal acid product in America. The American industry has continued the use of the acid process chiefly for the reason that the available ores are more easily adapted to this process from both metallurgical and economic standpoints. In European practice the basic process is necessary with the highly phosphoric ores available and it is sustained to some degree by the sale of the rich phosphate slag as a by-product. The basic process was used in this country at several plants many years ago, but was abandoned for economic reasons. A part of the past history of these trials is given here because the author believes it has not been published and it has some bearing on the subject of this paper. The information is authentic to the extent that

Jan 1, 1941

The thirty-ninth regular meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute was called to order in the Cosmopolitan Hotel, Denver, Colorado, Thurs- day, June 26, 1941, at 11:20 a.m., by President Charles M. Shott, following which President Shott made his opening address. On motion of H. C. Marchant, duly seconded, voted and carried, the reading of the minutes of the thirty-eighth regular meeting was dispensed with. On motion of Ronald C. Oliver, duly seconded, voted and carried, the President was authorized to appoint auditing, new members, resolutions and nominating committees, which appointments he then announced would be made at the afternoon session. An interesting talkie entitled "Coal Mine Explosions" was shown by Mr. William Forbes for the U. S. Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1941

By Thomas T., Read

THE education of adolescents to perform the duties and assume the responsibilities of maturity has been a characteristic of human society since the dawn of history. In the beginning the members of the immediate family performed this function, and in modern life they still have an important part in it. Possibly religion was the first field in which education began to be functional; young people were sent for instruction to a teacher who had a broader and deeper knowledge of the subject than was possessed by the family. It does not seem necessary for our purpose to attempt to determine how, when, or where instruction in the practical arts first' began to become functional, and the brief outline which follows must suffice. The discovery and utilization of mineral substances to improve and maintain the conditions of human living is a practical art, which must have had an almost accidental origin and have been developed by empirical experiments. We do not know, nor would it be useful to try to fancy, how men first learned that they could make use .of mineral substances to their benefit, but how- ever that knowledge was initially gained it was certainly trans mitted through instruction in the family. At first such activities must have been merely a .minor part of the making of a-living, but in time those who excelled found it better to devote them-

Jan 1, 1941

By R. L. Grant

[p(,ton~to'rs 'ar-IV uscG.. to explode 9crnli .... sible c}:plosivcs, dynamites, or other hiGh uxplosives. This ?,...!xplosion or detr)nation is brought about by th\.:J energy which i liberated as a cOl":"Lb' nation of concusBion and heat wl1en the ? detonator is fired. 'm Ot:18t? I'l(jrds~ liThe detonator is the key VI: ich unlocks the enerGY of a llgh? explosIve""? (8) :1/. Being sensitive nd latently dangerous, detonators ITl.ust lTIeet t\V0 primary requirerDentr: They must be ..;.afe to handle and IT. list? detonate' when (l,esired, the ... eby iIr.parting deton:l.tion to the explo8ivc cJ.1Cire-e.]

Jan 1, 1941

By Charles A. R. Lambly

This paper, which describes the mining practices of the Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co. at Metaline Falls, Wash., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment is made to L. P. Larson, president, and Jens Jensen, secretary, of the Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co. for permission to publish this paper. information was supplied by E. Berglund, mine superintendent; Earl Miller, chief engineer; Lynn Kinney, John Currie, and Wally Frick, engineers; Arthur Newman, chief clerk; and Jack Crampton, assayer.

Jan 1, 1941

By Thomas T., Read

THROUGHOUT the Colonial era, Philadelphia was easily , the leading city of North America, and it still held that position at the end of the period, with a population of about 25,000, though closely pressed by Boston, which had slightly over 20,000, and New York, which had nearly as many. It was the center of a region in which mineral industry was important. Thomas Rutter's bloomery, built in the Schuylkill valley in 1716, was quickly followed by many others, and during the Colonial period at least 20 blast furnaces, 45 forges, and iron- works of other types were built in eastern Pennsylvania, which easily led all the other colonies in iron manufacture. During the Revolutionary period others were erected as far west as Fort Loudon, in the Cumberland c alley.^ After 1800 the rapid development of the anthracite mining industry profoundly affected Philadelphia's, development, since transportation of the coal was then necessarily by water, and the streams of the anthracite . regions mostly flowed into either the Schuylkill or the Delaware Rivers. With an abundant near-by supply of coal and iron, with the seat of government, which had been there since 1774, and with a National Bank established there in 1791, one would have seemed safe in prophesying, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, that Philadelphia would permanently remain the leading city of the United States. Education in Philadelphia was at first wholly in the hands of the Quakers, who had established a "Public School" there in 1689, but in November 1739 George Whitefield, who had created a sensation in England by his preaching, though only 24 years old, passed through Philadelphia on his way to Georgia to found an orphan school there. He preached a series of sermons in Christ Church that were so disturbing to the established church that on Nov. 25 the Rev..Richard Peters (who was also Provincial

Jan 1, 1941

PRESIDENT SHOTT: Gentlemen, the meeting will now come to order, please. Members of the Institute: It is with great pleasure and honor that we welcome you to the thirty-ninth regular meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute. I assure you that Mr. Krippner, the General Chairman, and his associates have an outstanding program in store for you, and trust it will be of much interest to the industry. I note by the program they have me slated for an opening address, but I am going to defer that, proceed with the remainder of the program, and endeavor to go on schedule and keep matters on schedule as outlined on our program. The first item on the program is the reading of the minutes of the thirty-eighth regular meeting by the Secretary. I might say that it has been customary in the past that we omit the reading of the minutes. If that is not agreeable, we will read them; otherwise, I would like for someone to make a motion that we dispense with the reading of the minutes, inasmuch as they are published in our annual report each year. What are your wishes?

Jan 1, 1941