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By Arthur West

It is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly some recent large power stations for blast furnaces, where the blast is exclusively supplied by gas engines using furnace gas. The stations are given in the chronological order in which they were designed, in order to indicate the various improvements suggested by experience. Fig. 1 shows the blowing-engine station of the Bethlehem Steel Co. at Bethlehem. Although the picture shows only five blowing engines, the house now contains 11 engines. In the diagrammatic plan the arrow shows the position and direction of camera. This station handles five modern blast furnaces of 450 to 500 ions capacity each. In this, as in all the other stations described in this paper, each furnace is blown by two single tandem gas engines. Ten engines are thus required for five furnaces, leaving one single tandem spare engine. This spare capacity has been shown by several years' experience at Bethlehem to be adequate to insure continuous operation. The engines in the Bethlehem station are right hand and left hand, arranged in pairs. The outboard bearings of each pair are close together so that there is not room for passageway between them. On the right of the picture are shown the inclined drums communicating with the cold-blast lines outside of building, so that any engine may be operated on any furnace. The illustration shows four cold-blast gate valves with pipes passing through wall, but since the photograph was taken the drums have been extended to take care of a fifth valve for a fifth furnace. At the extreme back of the picture can be seen the tubs of three twin vertical-horizontal Southwark steam blowing engines, which, although of modern design and as good as new, are not operated because of the greatly reduced blowing cost shown by the gas blowing engines. The next station built is shown in Fig. 2. This is the plant of the Minnesota Steel Co. at Duluth, Minn., and is at present constructed for five engines, to handle two furnaces, with one spare engine. The engines are of practically the same size as those at Bethlehem. Instead of being arranged in right-hand and left-hand pairs, as at Bethlehem, all the engines are of the same hand; this arrangement has some ad-

Jan 1, 1915

By Gail F. Moulton

The production of petroleum in Illinois in 1928 was approximately 6,500,000 bbl., a decline of about 500,000 bbl. from the previous year and of about 1,500,000 bbl. from 1924. Production increased about 200,000 bbl. in Indiana to slightly less than 1,000,000 bbl. Production for 1929 is estimated at approximately 6,000,000 bbl. for Illinois and 1,000,000 bbl. for Indiana. Illinois Because production from most of the wells in the state has declined to a small daily average and the low prices for crude oil discouraged wildcatting, the number of wells drilled fell below that for any previous year since the development of commercially important production in the state. The Ohio Oil Co. discovered a pool of apparent commercial importance in southwestern Illinois near Dupo, in St. Clair County, and favorable showings of oil were encountered in a well in southeastern Illinois, near Harrisburg in Saline County. New production from the Dupo area is expected to check the rate of decline for the state. Thc following tablel summarizes field developments for 1927 and 1928 (for important detail by counties see notes at foot of table): 1027 1928 Completions........................................... 162 145a Initial production, bbl.................................. 2244 1840b Dry holes........................................,.... 66 58" Gas well completions................................... 13 8d 0111 wells abandoned.................................... 45" a Crawford, 44; Lawrence, 28; Wabash, 40. b Crawford, 501; Lawrence, 403; St. Clair, 165 (4 completions); Wahash, 668. o Crawford, 12; Wabash, 19. d Crawford, 6. b Lawrence, 21; Wabash, 15. The discovery well in the Dupo field in St. Clair County, produced about 150 bbl. per day from the Trenton lime at 660 ft. It is located in a northern extension of the Columbia-Waterloo anticline on which the Waterloo pool was developed in 1921. The best information on the.

Jan 1, 1929

The Tuesday morning session opened at 9:00 a.m. and was presided over by Mr. Homer Hyatt, Safety Director, North American Coal Corporation, Western Division, Castle Gate, Utah. Mr. Hyatt introduced Mr. Richard F. Walker, Vice President, Engineer & Planning, Electric Department, Public Service Company of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Mr. Walker is a native of the State of Nebraska, a graduate of the University of Colorado with a BSEE degree in 1949. He has been associated with the Public Service Company of Colorado for almost twenty years and in the above capacity for the last one and one-half years. Mr. Walker?s subject was "Our New Plants and Coal. (See index for printed text of Mr. Walker's paper.) Mr. John F. O'Leary, Director, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. spoke on the ?High Cost of Economy.? Mr. O'Leary graduated from George Washington University in 1950 with a degree in Economics. In 1950, he joined the Bureau of Mines. In 1963 he was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary, Mineral Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior. In 1967, he was appointed Chief, Bureau of Natural Gas, Federal Power Commission. In 1968, appointed Director, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.

Jan 1, 1969

By R. A., D. L. Sponseller, Flinn

Using specially del'eloped titanium nitride crucibles and a pressurized syslem, it has been possible to determine the solzibilitv of liquid calcium in liquid iron and iron-base alloys. At 2925°F the solubility is 0.032 wt pet Ca in pure iron. The solubility is increased by aluminum, carbon, nickel, and silicon additions, and lowered by additions of gold. An inflection in the calcium-solubility curve occurs as carbon is added to iron. At approximately 0.87 Wt pet Ca the CaC, phase replaces liquid calcium, and the calcium concentration de- creases as more carbon is added to the iron. The maximum solubility, 0.36 wt pet Ca, was obtained in iron containing 10.5 wt pet Si. The data have important implications regarding the use of calcium in process metallurgy, as well as providing an interesting test of theories of metallic solutions. Reasonably good agreement is found with theories of Alcock and Richardson and of Wagner, and criteria are suggested which permit these theories to be applied more readily to systems of this type. AT the present time relatively little is known about the factors influencing solubility in liquid metals. Information of this type is important for such matters as the control of impurity levels in liquid metals, the use of magnesium in ductile-iron production, and the use of liquid-metal alloys as fuels and coolants in nuclear power plants. One important example of restricted solubility concerns the extent to which liquid calcium will dissolve in liquid iron. This is a matter of considerable interest in view of the strong potential of calcium for removing certain impurities in steel,. as well as the ability of calcium to desulfurize, inoculate, and produce spheroidal graphite in cast irons.' Since ferrous materials normally contain other elements in addition to iron, the interactions of third elements with the Fe-Ca system are of interest. In view of the foregoing, this investigation was conducted to determine the solubility of liquid calcium in liquid iron and the effects of various third elements upon the solubility. For reasons of theoretical and engineering importance, the elements investigated were aluminum, carbon, gold, nickel, and silicon. Numerous attempts were made in the early part of the present century to determine the solubility of calcium in both liquid iron and steel, employing a variety of open-melt and closed bomb-type systems.2-4 From the results of these tests Wever concluded that calcium is insoluble in liquid and solid iron.5 These investigations were unsatisfactory in that they failed to insure the presence of a liquid layer

Jan 1, 1964

By R. F. W. Pease, R. A. Ploc

A scanning electron microscope with a resolving power better then 100Å has been developed for the direct examination of surfaces. This instrument was used to study iron undergoing oxidation at 500°C. It was found that the electron current in the scanning electron microscope was low enough (about 10-atrzp) to have no observable effect on the growth of the oxide. "Armco " iron, when oxidized, exhibited an oxide film whose thickness and whiskey population varied with pain orientation; but purer iron, when oxidized, exhibited no such pain dependence and whisker occurrence appeared to be caused by impurities. UNTIL recently most surfaces of opaque specimens could either be studied with a light microscope or, if higher resolution was required, by viewing a replica of the surface in a transmission electron microscope. Direct electron microscopy of a surface has, in general, proved difficult owing to excessive foreshortening and the poor image quality obtained. The scanning electron microscope, however, offers an alternative method of directly viewing a surface without these disadvantages. At low magnification it offers a much larger depth of focus than the light microscope, and at high magnifications it offers much higher resolution (about 100Å). PRINCIPLE OF THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE A schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The electron optical system consists of a gun followed by a series of lenses which focus the electron beam onto the surface of the specimen. The beam is scanned in a rectangular raster across the specimen surface and, by amplifying the secondary electron current from the 'pecimen, a picture of the specimen surface is built UP sequentially on the face of the display cathode-ray tube. The magnification of such a system is given by the ratio of the scan amplitude on the display cathode-ray tube to

Jan 1, 1965

By Nagashi Ogushi

Geochemical prospecting method using stream sediments, soils and rock chips has been tested to see the applicability for the typical Kuroko field in Japan. Three independent anomalies have been detected in maps being shown by grav densities of cells which are represented by the results of factor analysis as well as distribution of minor elements scaled in logarithm. A small vein type mineralization which has outcrops could be attributed to the origin of them whereas the one near the surface of known Kuroko deposit to a coincidence. The addition of drill core geochemistry is required to complete the interpretation.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. H. Podgurski

Above 200°C the observed increase in the apparent solubility of hydrogen in low alloy steels caused by cold work is attributed to the formation of methane in microvoids. This methane can be isolated quantitatively, and furthermore, the amount of methane is in accord with the equilibrium 2H2 + Fe3C = CH4 + 3Fe. The micro-void volume, calculated from the methane content via the equation of state for methane, corresponds approximately to that calculated from the measured density decrement produced by cold work. THIS investigation was undertaken with the intent of employing the hydrogen atom as a probe in detecting specific crystallographic defects in cold worked steel. It was expected that different degrees of chemical interaction of hydrogen with the various types of defects could be utilized. The original aim was to assign concentration values to defect sites. The success of this approach requires that experimental conditions can be attained under which lattice-dissolved hydrogen equilibrates primarily with only one type of defect. A set of experiments which appeared potentially to embody these requirements was described several years ago by Keeler and Davis.1 They noted in the case of a mild steel (low carbon) that the solubility of hydrogen between 200° and 400°C near atmospheric pressure was notably increased by cold working the steel. The observed solubility was an order of magnitude greater than the normal lattice solubility. * Although the Keeler and Davis studies suggested that the density decrement effected by their cold-working operation might be related to the anomalous solubility of hydrogen, they offered no explanation of the relationship between the two effects. Prior to this work, Darken and smith3 had noted a similar effect of cold work upon enhanced sorption of hydrogen by steel when charged by acid pickling. In the light of present-day concepts, interaction between lattice-dissolved hydrogen and dislocations was strongly suggested. More recently, Hill and Johnson,4 working with a

Jan 1, 1962

By D. M. Kehn

A method has been devloped for chromatographic analysis Of the vapor and liquid phases Of a a system containing methane to components having 20 or more carbon atoms. The method uses a windowed equilibrium cell in which volumetric phase behavior of the system can be observed accurately and from which small samples of gas or liquid can be withdrawn for analysis. Analyses are made using two chromatographs, one for the lighter and one for the heavier components in a sample. Combination of the two analyses yields a detailed analysis of the gas or liquid sample. The complexity of the condensate heavy ends is evident from the chromatograms of these fractions, and the predominance of the paraffin hydrocarborn serves as a useful marker in interpreting the chromatograms. The K-values obtained in this analytical method are presented for a high-pressure condensate system and predict closely the observed volumetric behavior of the system. INTRODUCTION Quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons from natural gas reservoirs is necessary for several reasons—to calculate the amount of sales gas produced, to calculate the amount of natural gasoline produced, to plan a liquid recovery system, or to calculate the potential economic value of a reservoir produced under one or more of several different conditions. Analysis of natural gas fluids produced to the surface consists of identifying and computing the mol fraction of each component of the mixture. Although methane is the predominant component, varying amounts of ethane, propane, butane, pentanes and heavier components are also present. Materials containing up to 30 carbon atoms occur in amounts which decrease with increasing molecular weight. However, the quantities of components in the 20 to 30 carbon atom range are usually so small that their importance is negligible, and they are undetect-able in natural gas by ordinary analytical methods. All the components up to those having 20 carbon atoms may sigsficantly affect phase behavior, however. Commonly, only the methane-through-pentane fraction is analyzed quantitatively for each component, while components heavier than Pentane are lumped and repored as "hexane- plus". Expensive, tedious techniques are required for analysis of this fraction. Consequently the detailed analyses needed for prediction of reservoir behavior are usually undertaken only when major gas fields are being developed. The need for complete analyses of condensate systems is apparent when it is recalled that most gas fields are produced by pressure depletion. As the pressure declines, some of the heavier hydrocarbons are lost as liquids which are in the reservoir. In many instances the amount of liquid in equilibrium with the gas phase at high pressure constitutes only 1 or 2 mol per cent of the total system. Flash calculations generally must predict the actual amount of liquid with an accuracy of a few per cent in order to be useful. This retrograde condensation has been understood for years, but accurate correlation methods to permit quantitative prediction of phase behavior in the retrograde region are not presently available. The increasing importance of natural gas has made accurate prediction of phase behavior and composition of produced natural gas streams an economic necessity. The work reported here was undertaken to provide a rapid, economical method for obtaining the vapor-liquid equilibrium information needed to predict accurately the composition of the fluids produced from a gas reservoir throughout its life. TO develop this method, a pressure cell equipped with windows was designed and built for observing the volumes of liquid and gas present at reservoir pressures and temperatures. Use was made of established chromatographic methods for rapid and detailed analysis of both phases. This paper describes the equipment and techniques developed for obtaining vapor-liquid equilibrium data, presents the results of analyses of a condensate system, and indicates the usefulness of these data in predicting hydrocarbon phase behavior. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT USED The equipment used in obtaining the required information on phase behavior and the complete analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures through C, will be described first, followed by a discussion of the operation of the equipment. It will be helpful, however, to consider first a brief outline of the technique used. A sample of separator gas and liquid is charged to the windowed cell (see Figs. 1 and 2) where volumetric equilibrium phase behavior at reservoir pressures and temperatures can be determined. Then samples of the coexisting phases are withdrawn. The methane-through-pentane fraction is analyzed with a chromatograph equipped with a hot-wire detector, and the pentane-plus fraction is analyzed with a second chromatograph equipped

Jan 1, 1965

By Kioshi Mishiro, Pratima Jauhari, Walter Williams

INTRODUCTION The UN-General Assembly adopted an Agreement on 28 July 1994 entitled ‘Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ((UNCLOS) of 10 December 1982’. The Agreement came into force on 16 November 1994, and consequently, the inauguration of the International Seabed Authority (ISA, or the Authority), located in Kingston, Jamaica. The Authority is the organization through which States Parties to the Convention (168, as of 25 July 2017) shall, in accordance with the regime for the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the Area) established in Part XI and the Agreement, organize and control activities in the Area, particularly with a view to administering the mineral resources of the Area. The legal regime for the administration and development of the mineral resources of the Area as it now exists are available in Part XI of the Convention1 which contains the legal framework governing “activities in the Area” and in Annex III to the Convention which contains the “Basic Conditions of Prospecting, Exploration and Exploitation” with respect to the resources of the Area2. The 1994 Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the UNCLOS is the so- called ‘parallel system’; as elaborated in article 153 of the Convention. The essential elements of the ‘parallel system’ include assured access for States parties and their nationals to seabed mineral resources along with a system of site-banking, whereby ‘reserved areas’ are set aside for the conduct of activities by the Authority through the ‘Enterprise’ itself or in association with developing States or in joint venture with the contractor who provided the particular reserved site2.

Jan 1, 2018

By Robert H. Richards

Jan 1, 1883

By Natasa Mitevska

The statistical analysis of the slag composition influence on copper losses to discard slag in the reverberatory furnaces No.1 and No.2 in the RTB BOR, Copper Smelter and Refinery (Yugoslavia) is presented in this paper. The model for the slag basicity calculation is determined, and connected to the copper distribution coefficients between the matte and slag phase. The influence of all components on the slag structure is also illustrated.

Jan 1, 2003

By Priscilla Aki Mori de Hanashiro, Viviane Tavares de Moraes, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Hugo Hashimoto

"The LCDs are used in televisions, calculators, mobile phones, computers (laptops and tablets), video games and other electronic devices. The advancements in technology make obsolete these devices, causing excessive disposal of LCDs and therefore decreasing life span of landfills. In this context, the LCDs from LED LCD TVs arise as an additional source of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Thus, it is essential to develop LCDs recycling methods, beginning with the LCD characterization followed by displays processing, aiming the materials separation and using some Ore Treatment Techniques, and finally, the recovery of indium using acid leaching. The analysis methods that will be used in this work are: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES).IntroductionLiquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology is applied in modem televisions, calculators, mobile phones, computers and a wide range of electronic devices. It has replaced Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) technology as the most advantageous display product, due to lower electrical power consumption, size and weight reduction, and no radiation emission [ 1]. The constant improving of LCD screen technology reflects on its growing contribution to the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): an estimated 50 million tons of WEEE are produced every year [2]. Once the most common method of its disposal are landfills, the LCD technology therefore became an environment issue [3].LCD structure is composed by components made by different materials. In order to develop a LCD recycling methodology that gives the right destination to these materials, a previous characterization stage is required. This characterization includes a disassembly process and material identification analysis. One of the LCD components is the screen, which is composed by polymeric and glass layers. The liquid crystal glass was the starting material of this study. It contains indium in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO) film. This ITO film is deposited in the glass by a sputtering process and acts as the electrode material [4,5]. It has in its composition 90% ofln203 and 10% ofSn02 [6]."

Jan 1, 2014

By W. K. Utt, C. C. Woodward, W. L. Howie, G. G. Miller

The process of roof drilling and bolting is one of the most dangerous jobs in underground mining. In the United States, roof drilling and bolting results in about 1,000 accidents with injuries each year. Researchers, from the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are studying the feasibility of using a drill-monitoring system to estimate the strength of successive layers of rock and assess the integrity of a mine roof. Such a system would allow roof drill operators to be warned when a weak layer is being drilled. Using measurements taken during drilling, a neural network can classify mine roof strata in terms of relative strength. The concept has been proven in principle. This research project was undertaken to increase the safety of underground miners, especially those involved in roof bolting. The system should be applicable to the mobile drills now used in underground mines, and the system would likely find wider application as well.

Jan 1, 2003

By E. Shavartz, N. B. Strydom

The incorporation of individual cooling in a compressed-oxygen closed-circuit breathing apparatus by E. SHVARTZ, M.Sc. (U.C.L.A.), Ph.D. (U.S.C.) (Visitor) and N. B. STRYDOM, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Illinois) (Fellow) A conventional compressed-oxygen breathing apparatus, which did not include provisions for dehumidification of the inspired air at high environmental temperatures, was tested at these temperatures with and without conductive cooling in the form of 2 kg of pre-frozen ice placed inside the breathing bag of the apparatus. The pre-frozen ice provided conductive cooling of the soda lime and of the chest and abdomen of the subject, who performed moderate work at 50,1 "c. Without cooling, the subject was exhausted after 35 minutes because of a wet-bulb temperature of the inspired air of 46"c. With cooling, the subject finished 2 hours of work. This was possible by keeping the soda lime at a relatively Iow temperature, which resulted in a wet-bulb temperature of the inspired air of only 42 °C after 2 hours, and by conductive cooling of the chest, which resulted in the maintenance of a relatively Iow heart rate and rectal temperature.

Jan 7, 1975

By E. Contestabile, B. von Rosen

On August 5th, 1998, a tractor-trailer carrying approximately 18,000 kg of blasting explosives, struck a rock face on the side of the road near the town of Walden, Ontario. Eye-witness accounts of the incident state that there was an intense fire for approximately 30 minutes before the detonation. The detonation caused severe damage to the tractor-trailer, shifted the pavement and caused blast damage to the rock face. A rock fragment was recovered almost 2.5 km from ground zero and a 70 kg piece of an axle assembly was recovered over 1 km from the site. Windows were cracked at distances of almost 3 km.

Jan 1, 2001

By A. L. Slaughter

The Homestake mine, located in western South Dakota, was discovered in 1876. The first reported production was in I 878. Total production through 1965 is 6,554,249 troy ounces of silver and 27,961,276 troy ounces of gold, worth $987,000,000 at present prices. Precambrian sedimentary formations at Lead total 20,000 feet. The Poorman Formation, the oldest, is chiefly ankerite carbonate. The Homestake Formation is iron-magnesium carbonate. The younger formations are argillaceous with some quartzites. The Cambrian Deadwood Formation unconformably overlies the Precambrian. All are cut by Tertiary intrusives. Sideroplesite schist of the Homestake Formation was converted to cummingtonite schist in the zones of higher-grade metamorphism. The Precambrian rocks show the effects of extreme isoclinal folding. A second stage of folding ( cross folds) may have been caused by the Tertiary intrusives. All folds plunge to the southeast. The Homestake ore bodies are pipe-like replacements of the Homestake Formation in zones of cross folding. It is believed that dilatation of the schists has increased permeability in these zones. Chloritization of the schists is the most widespread effect of the mineralization which is divided into four stages. Principal minerals of the first stage are quartz, chlorite, and arsenopyrite; in the second stage, quartz, ankerite, and pyrrhotite. In the third stage only pyrrhotite was deposited. The fourth stage followed the intrusions of Tertiary dikes and deposited mostly pyrite and calcite. Gold accompanies all stages and is always the last mineral to be deposited. It is most closely associated with arsenopyrite of the first stage but can be interpreted as having been deposited during the fourth stage and superimposed on the products of the earlier stages.

Jan 1, 1968

By F. Bourgeois, J. A. Herbst, R. P. King

The ultrafast load cell (UFLC) has proved to be an exceptionally good device for the study of the fundamental processes associated with the impact fracture of particulate material. A new high- sensitivity UFLC has been commissioned at the Utah Comminution Center for the study of low-impact energy single-particle fracture. The force-time histories of individual fracture events have been measured. The force and energy absorbed at crack initiation have been measured at several particle sizes. The mass specific energy for fracture and the associated breakage function have been determined. The distributions of particle breakage energy and particle strength have been measured as a function of particle size.

Jan 1, 1992

By G. D. Rieck, M. M. P. Janssen

Chemical diffusion coefficients and heats of activation for diffusion in the NizAh fy), NiAl (6), and Ni3A1 (E) intermetallic phases and the solid solution of aluminum in nickel (( phase) were calculated from layer growth experiments. No finite diffusion coefficient for the NiAl3 ((3) inter metallic phase could be calculated. The values of the diffusion coefficients are dependent both on the method of calculation and the type of diffusion couple. The heat of activation for diffusion in the y phase was found to be 47 kcal per mole in the temperature range oj 428" to 610°C. Heats of activation of 41, 12, and 48 kcal per mole were found for diffusion in the 6, E, and ( phases, respectively , in the temperature range of 655" to 1000°C. Experiments with markers in the diffusion zone demonstrate a very pronounced Kirkendall effect. It appears that only aluminum atoms take an active part in the diffusion process during the formation of the 0 and y phases at temperatures of about 600°C. During the formation of the 6, E, and < phases at higher temperatures only nickel atoms are moving. It is suggested that the great stability of the intermetallic compounds in the Ni-A1 system governs the Kirkendall effect. SOME factors controlling layer growth during inter-diffusion in the Ni-A1 system (phase diagram, see Fig. 1) were studied by Castleman and Seig1e.l&apos;~ They found the NiA1, ((3) and NiAl3 (y) intermetallic compounds to appear in the diffusion zone of Ni-A1 couples at annealing temperatures of 400" to 625°C; the NiAl (6) and Ni3A1 (E) intermetallic compounds appeared in y-Ni couples at annealing temperatures of 800" to 1050°C. These authors carefully examined metallographically Ni-A1 couples after 340 hr annealing at 600°C. Besides the (3 and y phases they found very thin layers of the 6 and E phases. ~n~erman~ and Castleman and Froot4 observed a much more rapid growth of the 5 and E phases at 600°C in Ni-A1 couples in case a crack was present at the /3-A1 interface. Numerous layer thickness measurements carried out by Castleman and Seigle on the y phase prove that the layer growth of this phase obeys the parabolic law after a certain transient period. From this they concluded that the layer growth of the y phase is controlled by volume diffusion. The growth of the 13, 6, and E phases appeared to be volume-diffusion-controlled also. The authors estimated that at 600°C and at atmospheric pressure Dp was 1.8 x lo-"ll sq cm per sec, D, 9.1 x 10" ™ sq cm per sec, Qp 27 kcal per mole, and Qy 31 kcal per mole. The present work was carried out to obtain more quantitative data about the kinetics of growth of the phases of the Ni-A1 system and the reactions that occur during the formation of these phases. Because in this system the diffusion process results in the formation of several distinct intermetallic compounds, the current term reaction diffusion is used in the title of this paper. In order to obtain layers of the fl phase compound of uniform thickness, a new technique for preparing diffusion couples was developed. The kinetics of growth of the y phase in 6-Al, E-Al, and Ni-A1 diffusion couples was studied at different temperatures. The kinetics of growth of the 6, c, and ( phases in Ni-y, Ni-6, and Ni-c diffusion couples was also studied at different temperatures. The calculation of the diffusion coefficients Dp and Dy by Castleman and Seigle are critically considered in this paper; by means of a revised method of calculation more reliable val-ues of , and Dg were found. These values are in good agreement with the values of the diffusion coefficients obtained by the method of Boltzmann-Matano. From the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients the heats of activation for diffusion were calculated by means of an Arrhenius-type equation. The investigation of the Kirkendall effect has been used to obtain information about the ratio of the intrinsic diffusion coefficients of the separate atoms5 and the mechanism of diffusion. Moreover porosity as a result of a distinct Kirkendall effect would be of practical importance in connection with the bonding of diffusion coatings. The analyses of the diffusion couples were carried out by metallographic methods. The values of the concentrations at the phase boundaries and the concentration profile in each of the phases, which are needed for the calculation of diffusion coefficients, were obtained by electron-pro be X-ray microanalysis. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A) Materials for Diffusion Couples. The intermetallic compounds 6 (50 at. pct Ni) and E (74 at. pct Ni) were prepared from the pure metals by high-frequency induction melting in argon atmosphere. Use was made of aluminum wire (99.99 wt pct Al) and nickel sheet (99.95 wt pct Ni). The 6 and E phase melts and the nickel shiet (thickness 0.1 and 0.5 mm) used for preparing diffusion couples were annealed for 64 hr at 1200°~ for homogenization and grain coarsening (final crystal size 1 to 3 mm). composition and homogeneity of the intermetallic compounds were checked by mi-crohardness measurements and X-ray diffraction. From the 6 and E phase melts discs of 0.5 mm thickness were prepared by means of a water-cooled rotat-

Jan 1, 1968

By Gooday PE, Brech GE

Ore reserve categories used by Pancontinental Mining fall into one of three fundamental groupings: Geological In Situ Reserves Mining Reserves Production Estimates The first of these describes the total reserve within stated parameters without implication as to its mineability. The second is that part of the Geological In Situ Reserve which is considered mineable under a specific mining plan. The third is the Mining Reserve adjusted with appropriate dilution and recovery factors and thus represents the best estimate of the tonnage and grade of production. This practical three category system mirrors the standard steps traditionally taken in ore reserve estimation and readily conveys the basis of the estimates. An important, but secondary classification can be added to qualify the level of confidence in these estimates using the terms: Proved (or Measured) Probable (or Indicated) Possible (or Inferred) These terms can be applied to any of the fundamental groupings, but it is generally implicit that the level of detail required to produce meaningful Mining Reserves or Production Estimates would require the basic Geological Reserve to be at a Proved or at least Probable level of confidence. The application of these classification systems by Pancontinental is illustrated by reference to the Paddington Gold Project. The methods of calculation are described including the use of geostatistics. Reconciliations of actual production with predictions from reserves are carried out monthly and annually. To date there has been an excellent correlation with Production Estimates, based on both manual and geostatistical calculations.

Jan 1, 1987

By J. F. McCoy

As mining develops into deeper and hotter regions, the safety and health of miners require that the workspace be cooled. Toward this end, this program has successfully developed a high performance, low maintenance spray cooler of 5000 cfm nominal capacity. Further, a series of four 25,000 cfm, nominal capacity, spray coolers has been built and mine tested with satisfactory results. The smaller coolers have been patented and become commercialized with 50 units currently in service. The concept has been developed independently overseas with an unknown number of units in operation.

Jan 1, 1984