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By W. Standifird

"Cohesive fracture is a mechanical model widely used for modeling quasi-brittle fracture in rocklike materials. This work discusses use of this model to simulate quasi-brittle fractures generated by injection stimulation during the process of cuttings reinjection in West Africa. Cuttings reinjection is an engineering practice used for disposal of drilling waste. During this process, hydraulic fractures are created at the target formation and milled cuttings are injected with fluid. In practice, this process must remain in compliance with environmental regulations and zero-discharge policies. The purpose of this study is to determine the following factors of injection design for a field in West Africa: (1) pumping pressure capacity required to successfully perform the injection and (2) the injection rate for injection performance and the value of fracture width under injection.A simplified three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) was built. A poroelastic plastic damage model was used for simulation of the cohesive crack prorogation within the target formation. For simplicity, fracture development in both horizontal and vertical directions was simulated separately. In this way, the computational burden for one calculation was reduced to a reasonably low level, without losing accuracy of the model. Loads of the model include fluid injection and gravity, which balances the initial geostress field. Various values of injection rate were used in these calculations to determine the most reasonable value of injection pressure. The capacity of pressure of a pumping device was determined using this optimized value of injection pressure.Results in values of width and length of fractures created by the injection are presented. Injection pressures at bottom-hole (BHP) corresponding to each value of injection rate are also given. Numerical results for fracture generation and propagation in a horizontal direction were visualized. The pumping pressure capacity required to fulfill the cuttings reinjection work was determined based on the numerical results of optimized injection rates and pressure. The fracture width was determined using the given pumping pressure. The length and height of the fractures was determined using pumping pressure along with the required volume of cuttings waste to be disposed of into the formation.This work presents a case study of 3D finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing generated by cuttings reinjection. The results of the optimized injection rate and pressure provide a best practice and a useful reference for cuttings reinjection analyses in this region."

Jan 1, 2015

By Seong-Taek Lim

Recently, 7xxx aluminum alloys have been evolved into new variants for thick semiproducts which have low amount of 2nd phases and low quench sensitivity. Commercial 7xxx alloys, especially in the thick forgings made of big ingots, often entail microstructural inhomogeneities and concurrent poor mechanical properties due to limited heating ranges and slower quench cooling. In this study, high strength aluminum alloy 7175 and 7050 are adjusted as an attempt to control the equilibrium phases (M-, T- and S-phase) to have optimum microstructure for the thick forging applications. The effects of the relative content of (Zn, Mg, Cu) on the evolutions of the coarse equilibrium phases, hardening response and resultant mechanical properties are investigated. Equilibrium phases (M,T,S) are evolved depending on the constitutional effect, primarily the change of Zn:Mg ratio, and cooling rate following solutionizing. The formation of the T- and S-phases is effectively controlled, and M-phases are homogeneously precipitated in the adjusted (dilute and high Zn:Mg ratio) alloys. It provides extended heating range and lower quench sensitivity than conventional alloys. The attempts ensure the microstructural homogeneity and improved properties, and is expected to be uniquely applicable in 7xxx thick forgings.

Jan 1, 2004

By W. G. Brissenden

"ALTHOUGH I SHOULD FIRST REVIEW the state of the mining art as it is today, because of the shortness of time I will confine myself to a re-view of the more important advances in that art which have been made in the past two to three decades. Then, a look at the opportunities and the challenges which now present themselves will be more meaningfulFirst, some of the more impor-tant developments in underground mining:(1) The recognition that good ventilation, visibility and working conditions are essential preliminaries to efficient production has resulted in their incorporation as a matter of practice in modern mine planning. (2) The introduction of the car-bide bit and the re-introduction of the airleg drill, and the resulting sharp rise in productivity, were early postwar developments. (3) The recovery of the coarser fraction of mill tailings for use as mine backfill also is an important cost-reducing development of recent years -and this has led to cemented backfill, which, al-though more expensive, meets certain specific needs and has tremendous potential. (4) Great strides have been made in improving explosives' materials and explosives' accessories. Millisecond-delay electric blasting caps, which improve fragmentation and reduce the seismic effect of blasting, and the development and •application for underground use of explosives are but two among many such improvements. (5) Trackless mining methods, using quarry-type equipment in some instances and specially de-signed low-headroom trucks, loaders and carrier-mounted drills in others have been successfully applied. (6) Dual-purpose load-haul units are now in use loading and hauling from open stope drawpoints, and smaller versions of this type of unit are in use in cut-and-fill and other types of stopes."

Jan 1, 1968

By Jean-Loui Frenetie, Françoi Himbeault

"Flow of traffic in the underground mine has been improved through the years with clever use of traffic lights. The evolution is characterized by three major design changes. This paper will scan the basic criteria of these designs.IntroductionMines Gaspe, formerly known as Gaspe Copper Mines Limited, is a member of the Noranda Group of companies. The mine is the ""raison d'etre"" of the town of Murdochville, located 600 m above sea level on the Gaspe Peninsula. Paved highways link the town with Gaspe, 95 km to the east, and with Anse Pleureuse, 400 km to the north, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence.The low-grade copper mineralization was discovered in 1921 at Copper Mountain by local prospectors, the Miller brothers. Noranda Mines Limited obtained an interest in the property in 1937. World War II interrupted exploration work and it was not until 195I that a decision was made to bring the property into production.Initially, operations were confined to the Needle Mountain underground deposits which commenced production in 1955. Between 1968 and 1982, low-grade ore from the Mountain open pit supplemented the production. Due to the depressed market, surface and underground operations were suspended in 1982. Needle Mountain underground mining resumed in the second half of 1984, but the Copper Mountain open-pit operation remained idle. Since 1979, more than 75 km of exploration drilling resulted in the discovery of two new deposits, one which is located under the town of Murdochville . Mines Gaspe's present ore reserve, approximating 8 million tonnes, will be depleted by the end of 1992."

Jan 1, 1988

By G. Stokreef, B. R. Davis, M. Kadiyski, Alvear Montenegro, H-P. Loock, V. Montenegro

An optical probe for burner monitoring in copper flash smelting, first developed at the University of Concepcion, is being industrially tested in a collaboration between Kingston Process Metallurgy, Aurubis AG, and Queen’s University. The sensor uses fibre-optics and optical emission spectroscopy to analyze the light emitted from combusting particles in the furnace reaction shaft. Information that can be extracted from the emission spectrum includes the temperature and brightness of the flame, as well as emission lines or bands from excited atomic and/or molecular species. Laboratory proof of concept testing of the sensor was first completed in a continuously fed drop tube reactor using O2/S stoichiometric ratios between 0.8–4.0. These O2/S stoichiometries capture the industrial operating condition, which is typically less than 1. The results from lab testing justified a plant trial of the optical probe, which was done in the Aurubis Hamburg flash furnace in September 2018. From this trial, approximately 31 hours of spectral data were collected and synchronized with furnace operating data. The results from both drop tower test work and the plant trial are discussed with implications for process monitoring in the commercial furnace. INTRODUCTION Flash furnace smelting is a continuous feed, batch tap, pyrometallurgical process. It is used to treat copper sulphide concentrates and small amounts of secondary materials, such as dust generated by the process. O2 enriched air and the concentrate blend are fed into the furnace reaction shaft through the concentrate burner. As the particles fall through the reaction shaft, they heat up and ignite, causing rapid, exothermic reactions that oxidize the iron sulphide, some copper sulphide and impurities in the feed. Reacted particles fall into the settler of the furnace, melt and separate into a matte and slag, while the SO2 enriched off-gas is carried out of the furnace for heat recovery and H2SO4 production. Operation of the furnace is achieved by adjusting a limited number of control variables. The main variables are the blast feed rate, blast oxygen enrichment, SiO2 flux feed rate and CH4 combustion rate (CH4 is used when the chemical energy of the concentrate is low) all measured relative to a set feed throughput. (Davenport & Partelpoeg, 1987; Davenport, King, Schlesinger & Biswas, 2002) The batch tapping nature of flash furnaces makes operation difficult because these control variables impact each other, and product quality can only be measured when matte and slag are tapped from the furnace. This means that operation of a furnace is based on feedback control from matte and slag assays. Because of the time-delay associated with understanding product quality, there is interest in using technology to monitor the combustion reactions that happen in the furnace reaction shaft.

Jan 1, 2019

By B. MohammadSadeghi, S. Bakhshivash, M. Haghshenas, F. Rahimi

"Constrained groove pressing (CGP), as a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique, is one of the applicable methods for sheet metal forming capable of producing ultra-fine grained materials (UFGMs). In CGP, processing and die design parameters can significantly affect the deformation response of sheet metal specimen. Having said this, in the present research the effects of die design variables and processing parameters (i.e. shear angle and friction) on the deformation behaviour of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy are studied thoroughly. Finite element analysis (FEA), was used to evaluate the effectiveness of mentioned parameters on the deformation homogeneity, strain distribution and pressing load variations. Also, mechanical properties of the deformed sample in term of micro-hardness was analyzed. It is observed that with increasing the shear angle, effective stress, strain and pressing load are enhanced. Moreover, by increasing the coefficient of friction, pressing load enhances. The color coded micro-hardness measurement showed a good agreement with the strain distribution obtained from FEA (higher hardness for the zones associated with higher shear plastic strain values).INTRODUCTIONWork hardening results in enhanced mechanical properties upon cycles of deformation (Hosford & Caddell, 2007). However, the formability of the processed products are affected by work hardening reducing the possibility of processing in subsequent deformation cycles. Therefore, many industrial processes cannot be performed on sheet metals to produce products with desired mechanical and physical properties (Valiev, Islamgaliev, & Alexandrov, 2000). Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is an effective grain refining technique which can impose large plastic strains through cold working on a metallic specimen (Bisadi, Rastgou, Payganeh, Zeynali, & Ghahremani, 2010). SPD techniques are mainly categorized into three types; sheet, bulk and tube forming. Among SPD sheet forming methods, Constrained Groove Pressing (CGP) (Shin, Park, Kim, & Park, 2002), Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) (Saito, Tsuji, Utsunomiya, Sakai, & Hong, 1998) and Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening (RCS) (Zhu, Lowe, Jiang, & Huang, 2001) possess potential applications in manufacturing industries."

Jan 1, 2016

By T. Haubold, K. Ortner, T. Jung, D. Roth-Fagaraseanu, C. Mattern

Application of integrally bladed disks (blisks) is of increasing interest in compressors of aero engines. Blisks are preferred due to their potential for size and weight reduction, for increased performance and for reduced manufacturing costs compared to conventionally bladed disks. Erosion of the blisk aerofoils in service reduces engine performance, and can result in short shop visit cycles. This significantly increases the life cycle cost of these components, particular when considering that eroded aerofoils can't be exchanged easily for blisks during refurbishment. Shop visit cycle times can be extended and maintenance costs can be reduced through the application of an effective protective coating. The ongoing development of an erosion resistant coating and deposition process suitable for coating complex blisk geometries is described here. The coating is a multilayered W /TiB2 system exhibiting superior erosion resistance compared to known single- and other multilayer concepts. A modified sputter process is used to enable coating even of blisk geometries with shadowed surface to competitive recurring cost.

Jan 1, 2006

By B Lumsden, B Lacouture

"Red Dog is one of the largest zinc mines in the world both in terms of reserves and annual production. In 2013, Red Dog produced 551,300 mt of contained zinc and 96,700 mt of contained lead. The mine, which is located in Northwest Alaska, is a partnership between Teck Alaska Incorporated, the operator of the mine and NANA Regional Corporation Inc, the local land owner. The Aqqaluk deposit, which is the current source of ore, has an average grade of 15.8% Zn, 4.1% Pb and 73 g/t Ag with the main minerals being sphalerite, galena, pyrite, barite and quartz. Surveys of the zinc flotation circuit at Red Dog identified that a substantial amount of fully liberated, sub 20 micron sphalerite particles were being lost to final tailings. As a means of improving fine sphalerite recovery, a four month plant trial of magnetic conditioning was conducted in the zinc retreat circuit. Magnetic conditioning technology has already been commissioned in several concentrators around the world to agglomerate fine paramagnetic minerals, increasing their probability of bubble collision and recovery in a flotation cell. The results of the four month plant trial at Red Dog showed that at a high level of confidence, a 1% increase in zinc recovery or zinc recovery and zinc concentrate grade combined was achieved with magnetic conditioning. The resulting economic benefit, which is also at a high level of confidence, is significant to Red Dog and therefore, magnetic conditioning has been permanently incorporated into the Red Dog zinc flotation circuit.IntroductionRed Dog is the largest zinc mine in North America and represents approximately 29% of North American zinc concentrate production. The mine is located in northwest Alaska, approximately 100 miles north of the Arctic Circle and 50 miles inland from the Chukchi Sea. The remote location makes the mine accessible only by air or seasonally by ocean-going barges. Red Dog is a partnership between NANA Regional Corporation Inc, the land owner and Teck Alaska Incorporated, the operator of the mine."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Vaccarini

In this paper a possible methodology to supplement a predictive control approach is reported. The benefits deriving from the application of a predictive control on complex buildings lay on its capability of adapting in advance to the conditioning needs of indoor environments. In fact, the mere reactive control is usually affected by response delays, mainly determined by latency intrinsic in systems and by the massive nature of buildings, which slows down their response to changeable inputs. Hence, systems are too often solicited at their maximum power to recover against comfort deficiencies, and high consumptions are had. This paper reports on the application of a predictive approach to the Passeig de Gracia (PdG) metro station in Barcelona, which is a considerably high energy demanding building and where ventilation systems are used to control both comfort and air quality. Although an extensive simulation for estimating energy savings obtainable through that approach is currently ongoing, in this paper we detail the several components which make up a ?predictive control framework? and we perform a preliminary demonstrative simulation. In particular, the whole setup is formed by: a detailed model of PdG, which simulates the station?s ?real state?; a control model, which optimizes a given cost-function; probabilistic predictive models to infer the future state of the systems, given the assumptions on the control actions by the control module. The outcomes of this paper show that the procedure is applicable and preliminary results over a short simulation horizon of half a day are reported.

Aug 1, 2013

By Osvaldo A. Bascur

Industrial complexes rely on measurements of flow rates, qualities, and concentrations for monitoring and optimizing their operation. Corporations use the data from the various sensors and measurements to make business decisions, which affect the profitability of the operation. However, gross errors, due to a variety of reasons like faulty sensors, bad instrument calibration, or incorrect process models may corrupt the actionable information supplied to operations, quality managers, and maintenance personnel. The solution is to use the sophisticated new tools to model the process, sift through the available data to locate the gross errors, and use statistical data reconciliation to validate the sensors and instruments. In this way the data are unified to give the most accurate plant information for use by the monitoring and decision making processes. Most mining and metallurgical plants use predictive maintenance policies based on statistical analysis and special techniques, like vibration analysis, and oil and lube analysis for critical equipment. Process control strategies are installed in several metallurgical sites. All of these depend on reliable and accurate data. The data unification methods validate the individual measurements by using the concept of balances and statistical techniques where each instrument is no longer independent of the other measurements in the facility. This paper refers to the data unification and analysis methods required for profitable plant operations. Continuous improvement and monitoring of the measurement system at the plant and analysis of the reconciled data provide the best information for the decision-making process. On-line gross error detection and elimination methods are required to ensure efficient evaluation of process performance and process optimization. An open discussion of the new methods for gross error detection and data unification will be presented.

May 1, 2001

By Paul Graham

Presentation Focus ? What is LTUG / What do we do? ? History of LTUG ? Examples of Benefits from LTUG Participation ? Encourage Participation What is LTUG? ? An informal gathering of surface mining companies to discuss and work issues of common interest and to share information and best practices around large tires.

May 1, 2008

By The Staff

"THE Wabana iron ore mines, owned and operated by the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation, Limited, .are on Bell Island in Conception bay, on the east coast of Newfoundland. Mining began on surface in 1895 and, although open-pit work is still done on a small scale, the entire output may be considered to•be derived from extensive submarine workings. In 1958 the average daily production of hematite ore was close to 12,000 tons, almost all of which was concentrated in a heavy-media plant. SUMMARYThe character, occurrence, and extent of the submarine bedded deposits enabled early operators to meet prevailing market demands with the minimum attention paid to exploration. Mechanization of the mine and the pressure for sustained high tonnages since 1955 have emphasized the importance of an expanded exploration and development programme.A serious handicap has been the impossibility of utilizing normal diamond drilling methods to explore ore conditions in advance of mining faces. Drilling between tl1e bedded zones has been done but the major difficulty has been to delineate ore reserves in the lower bed, which has the greatest ore potential of the three mineable seams."

Jan 1, 1960

By David Whittle

When does a project with questionable viability, warrant further investment? There are cases in which projects, which evaluate to a negative mean probable value, are worth investing in. There are also cases in which projects that evaluate to a positive mean probable value, should not be invested in. The author will present a model for ?project-control?which includes an adaptation of a well know grade-control concept. Comments on Resources and Reserves ?Resource and Reserve estimates are based on positive information (43-101). ?Reserve and Resource confidence qualitatively assessed. ?U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recognizes Undiscovered Resources (U.S. Geological Survey 2003).

May 1, 2006

By Jolanta Olkowska-Oetzel

Reactions of gold?phosphino complexes [(AuX)(PR3)] (X= Cl, Br, I; R = organic rest) with Se(SiMe3)2 lead to the formation of gold complexes with chalcogenide bridges. The reaction of the complex Ph3PAuCl and tBuSe(SiMe3) gives the cluster [Au5Se2(PPh3)4]Cl 1. The in situ preparation of the complex [(AuCl)2dpph] (dpph = Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2) by reaction of dpph with Me2SAuCl, and subsequent reaction with Se(SiMe3)2 leads to the formation of [(Au3Se)2(dpph)3]Cl2 2. Reactions of the gold(I) complex [(AuCl)2dpppe], (dpppe = Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2) with Se(SiMe3)2 and InCl3 in different molar ratios lead to the formation of [Au10Se4(dpppe)4]InCl5 3 and [Au4(SeInCl3)2(dpppe)2] 4. The reaction of [(AuCl)2dpph] with Te(SiMe3)2 and GaCl3 produces the isostructural cluster compound [Au4(TeGaCl3)2(dpph)2] 5. From the reaction of Se(SiMe3)2 with [(AuCl)2dppe] (dppe = Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2) and InCl3 [Au8Se4In(dppe)4](InCl4)3 6 can be isolated. The structures of 1 - 6 were determined by X?ray diffraction.

Oct 1, 2003

Research on alternative lixiviants for gold is ongoing; however few people have looked at complete flowsheets. Alternative lixiviants are typically applied at concentrations 50 to 100 times those required for cyanidation. The higher concentrations make lixiviant recycle a vital part of the process. In addition it is no longer feasible to rely on lixiviant destruction to produce lixiviant free clean water for recycle to the comminution circuit. Ausenco has worked with Barrick to integrate reverse osmosis into the thiosulfate RIL processing flowsheet that forms the basis of the plant upgrade currently being constructed at Barrick’s Goldstrike autoclave facility.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. S. McCaffrey

In addition to its importance in agricultural production, Wisconsin is a very large manufacturing state and its rank in the metal working industries is probably first among the States of the Union per unit of population. The University of Wisconsin is a state supported institution and the Wisconsin tradition has always emphasized the relation of the University to the state and its responsibility to exercise its leader-ship where it might, in any and every way, for the development and benefit of the state and the community. The Department of Metallurgy of the University realized its responsibilities in the carrying out of the co-operative tradition and, two' years ago, an experiment was started in co-operative research between the University and certain of the industrial plants of the state. At the present time this work has so far progressed that it is no longer an experiment, and its results prove that this co-operative research may be carried on very advantageously and that, under the conditions existing in the state, the method employed has been satisfactory.

Jan 1, 1926

An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between glass sphere and silica plate in CnTAC1 (n=12, 14, 16, 18) solutions. The results showed the presence of long-range attractive forces that can be fitted to single exponential functions. With a given surfactant, the attractive force increased with increasing concentration, and reached a maximum at the point of charge neutralization (p.c.n.). The decrease in the attractive force above the p.c.n. is probably due to the inverse orientation of the surfactant molecules. A plot of the log (p.c.n.) vs. the number of carbons in the hydrocarbon chains of the Cn TACI homologues showed a linear relationship with a slope of -0.37, indicating that the surfactant adsorption entails a decrease in free energy by -0.85 kT per mole of CH2 (or CH3) group. These results suggest that the adsorption of long-chain surfactants is controlled by hydrocarbon chain association during the process of forming surface hemi-micelles (or domains). Possible origins of the long-range attractions are discussed on the basis of the results presented in this communication.

Jan 1, 2006

By P. Lefebvre, J. Sargent, K. Major, B. Darnton

"Stillwater Mining commenced mining operations at Nye, Montana in 1987 for the recovery of platinum and palladium. Exploration identified that the J-M Reef extended for 43 km. In 1998 Stillwater Mining made the decision to develop the East Boulder mine complex, located approximately 13 miles from the Stillwater mine complex at Nye, to increase production. This paper describes the design, construction, and start-up of the East Boulder process plant.INTRODUCTIONStillwater Mining Company have been producing Platinum and Palladium from their Nye, Montana operations since 1987. The mine production from Nye had been increased in stages with mine production being delivered through several portals and one vertical shaft.The deposit is narrow veined which prevents the application of bulk mining methods and thus limits the production capabilities.In order to increase the production of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) Stillwater made the decision to access the ore from the J-M Reef from the East Boulder site. The East Boulder mine site is located about 21 km (13 miles) from Nye, however as shown in Figure 1, the travel distance is closer to 188 km (114 miles). Distance, on strike, and space availability at Nye precluded the expansion of the Nye concentrator to handle the increased mining rate and supported the decision to install a new concentrator at East Boulder."

Jan 1, 2003

By R. Bridge

Mining companies are progressively finding themselves having to develop operations for more complex, deeper ore bodies, which require the use of more complicated mining and mineral processing methods. This coupled with the generally increasing trend of higher capital and operational costs have led to a need in the industry for improving ore body knowledge, mining and mineral processing. Geometallurgy is a relatively new concept that can link the three aspects, and when used effectively it is a method that can produce the necessary information for designing and building operations for reliable and optimum performance. Geometallurgy not only involves the integration of geological, mining, and metallurgical fields, but it can also be expanded to include environmental and economic information to produce a block model that can be used to obtain the best outcome in terms of plant response and plant sustainability. The geometallurgical program should not end once the block model has been populated. A detailed geometallurgical approach should be applied to all stages of the operation encompassing sample selection, through to equipment sizing and production forecasting. It can also become a useful optimisation tool thereby allowing the operation to be proactive rather than reactive against changes in the ore characteristics. With the development of metallurgical performance predictors it is possible to quantify how the ore will behave in the process plant in terms of throughput, recoveries, reagent consumption, etc. Therefore, in terms of responsible mining and sustainable resource development, a geometallurgical approach to operations is the logical step for plant development. In this paper we describe the state of the technology with respect to the application of geometallurgical modeling and its utilisation in the fields of design, forecasting and optimisation of mining operations.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. Mazhary

"Although ore sorting in mining is not a new concept, sensor-based sorting has failed to gain broad acceptance due to perceived challenges with the technology. In order to gain wider applications, this research focuses on treating waste rock and low-grade ore to identify and test appropriate sensors and to evaluate the response. Results showed that amenability of rocks to sensor-based ore sorting is both sensor and ore specific. It was also observed that the efficiency (recovery) of sorting is directly influenced by the degree of heterogeneity of the rocks. The overall outcome showed that with the right sensor, several of the materials tested are amenable to sensor-based ore sorting. Mining companies could benefit from multiple economic and design impacts, such as lower energy cost, lower transportation costs, higher metal recoveries and smaller footprints that lead to more sustainable mining. This paper will focus on the effects of heterogeneity of rocks on sorting potential and efficiency.IntroductionSensor-based ore sorting has been attracting more attention since the pressure for effective resource extraction and management has increased. An urge to make most of the current deposits, and to make the low-grade deposits economic to mine has ushered the technology to find new ways to overcome the new challenges. No matter the terminology used, such as coarse beneificiation, waste rejection, particle or bulk sorting, the purpose of sensor-based ore sorting is to remove low-grade rocks before the comminution circuit, increasing the feed head grade and quality while reducing the energy costs related to comminution.Despite nominal advantages, there have always been some concerns that have impeded the intorduction and acceptance of the technology. One of the most important shortcomings of ore sorting is their capability, or capacity, to keep up with the high-tonnage mining. Some other issues that have been mentioned as drawbacks to sorting include installation cost of such devices, feed preparation for effiecient sorting along with accuracy of sorting and probability of false negatives (Manouchehri, 2003)."

Jan 1, 2015