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By D. M. Morrison

"The most important factor in Canadian mining is not the operating cost of current projects but the availability of capital for future projects. The future of mining at depth will be producing ore from the top of the orebody working downward with very effective, tightly controlled mining methods, i.e. either selective mining or bulk mining with well controlled dilution and fragmentation. The key characteristics of future mines will be smaller access excavations, more effective ground support, very precise blasting techniques and more efficient and reliable materials handling systems. Equipment will be smaller and designed for high efficiency and low maintenance, reducing both the capital and operating cost. This means there will be fewer scoops, more continuous mucking machines and conveyor belts, both lateral and vertical.Orepass failures have become accepted and the resultant redevelopment and retramming has become common. The capital investment in so-called permanent ore passes and crusher stations becomes questionable, particularly when crushers are only necessary for less than 10% of the ore going through the system. The best way to solve the chronic instability of ore passes is, as with all of the stability problems at depth, by reducing the excavation size rather than increasing ground support. Smaller access drifts would reduce the capital cost and increase the rate of development as well as reduce the amount of waste to be handled, reducing the ground support and the ventilation requirements. Large drifts and ore passes are essential only for the equipment needed to handle large pieces of ore and the productivity of scoops is very expensive when the requirements for ventilation and large access drifts are taken into account. The key issue is the fragmentation generated by primary blasting.The future of mining in Canada will depend on simple and robust technology geared to the environment in which it will have to operate. Its survival will depend on some-thing much more fundamental and difficult to accomplish than a technological advance — it will require a dramatic change in the way the mining process is managed, how work is organized, how effort is rewarded and how costs are measured — a complete change in mind-set."

Jan 1, 1996

By J. G. Strasser

"There has been considerable output over the last three decades from the social sciences concerning man and his working environment. In the mining industry at large, however, authoritarian, hierarchical control systems remain the norm, and it can be argued that something less than optimum effectiveness in terms of both productivity and worker satisfaction has resulted.Recently (/975), Campbell Chibougamau Mines Ltd. devised a most interesting organization and incentive system that links the underground production of a standard ton of mined output at controlled grade to an incentive payment scheme. A parallel scheme in the mill complex is based on maximizing recovery of copper and gold from available feed. A key part of both minsystems is the formation of groups who have considerable autonomy, particularly when compared to the still prevalent traditional mining industry relationships between the worker and supervisory levels.This paper traces the development of Campbell Chibougamau's system . Attention is drawn to qualitative and quantitative measures of the success of the method through the commentary of those miners involved in the scheme, and by reference to the favourable records on productivity, absenteeism, safety, turnover and grievance activity.IntroductionPyramidal or hierarchical management control systems, coupled to piece-work incentive schemes, predominate throughout Canada's underground mining industry. Although specific details of such systems vary from site to site, they , are generally understood and accepted as fact by the majority of the work force.Normally, a front-line supervisor (shift boss) directs a number of workmen and assigns them to tasks and working locations commensurate with their abilities, knowledge, training and skills. This front -line supervisor may direct or supervise from as few as 12 to as many as 75 or more workmen. He issues orders according to his assigned production objectives and ensures that these directions are fulfilled in accordance with standard mine practice . Several shift bosses are usually directed by a mine foreman or mine captain. The mine captains report to a general foreman or directly to the mine superintendent or his assistant, depending on the size and scope of the operation."

Jan 1, 1981

By George S. Martin, Michael D. Winship

"Placer Dome Inc. is the operator of the Musselwhite project located 100km north of Pickle Lake, Ontario. J.S. Redpath Limited was contracted to conduct an underground exploration program using shaft access.During the winter of1988, the shaft collar was established in 16 metres of water bearing sand and till overburden. This paper will illustrates the engineering techniques used to overcome the obstacles to installing a shaft collar in deep overburden. Specialized dewatering and piling procedures were employed.INTRODUCTIONHarold and Allan Musselwhite discovered gold in the Opapimiskan Lake area, north of Pickle Lake, in 1962. The prospectors were grubstaked by ten companies in 1973.A diamond drill program was initiated shortly thereafter.In 1983an underground ramp exploration program was carried out on the West Anticline portion of the property. The program was unsuccessful in establishing an ore reserve so surface exploration continued. In 1986the ""T"" zone was discovered. Further surface drilling was done and an over-all drill-indicated reserve of 6 million tonnes at 7 grams per tonne was outlined. The gold mineralization occurs in several vertical tabular deposits within the iron formation. In late 1987the joint venture partnership, now consisting of Placer Dome Inc., Inco Gold Co., Corona Corporation and Esso Minerals Canada, contracted J.S. Redpath Limited to conduct an underground exploration program on the ""T"" Zone.The scope of work for the project was to: 1. establish a 45 km winter road in 1988 and 1989;"

Jan 1, 1989

During the hydrometallurgical processing of the major base metals Cu, Zn, Ni and Co, the presence of iron is normally a serious complication, and iron separation from the pay metals usually constitutes one of the main challenges for the metallurgist. There are many instances, however, where the presence of iron is beneficial, or is even required. Two cases are presented where iron is required during the processing of base metals. The first example deals with the use of ferric sulphate to oxidize sulphides, more particularly copper and zinc sulphides, under atmospheric conditions. The results presented confirm that ferric ion leaching is efficient, particularly when the oxidant is regenerated during the process. The second case is the use of iron to solubilise refractory cobalt oxide minerals; examples, including pilot plant results, are presented for various ores from Africa and Central America. In both cases, this paper reviews the basic concepts involved and provides details of their application.

Jan 1, 2006

By Muhammad Zaka Emad

Cemented rockfill (CRF) plays a vital role in pillar-less mining. Many factors are associated with optimum design of a CRF material. Factors like strength, placement method, mixing, curing time, water content, binder contents, binder composition and additives require to be studied for appropriate rockfill design. The most important factor is strength of a CRF. The design engineer considers fill strength requirements (FSR) for the estimation of CRF strength requirements. Inappropriate CRF strength can cause excessive ore dilution. The recent studies on CRF practices at some of the Canadian mines revealed the most common flaws. Comparison of different types of fill determined that most of the failures occur in cemented rockfill, and the compressive strength can be improved by small addition of sand and mine tailings. This work discusses the studies on determination of unconfined compressive strength, Young?s modulus, density and water contents of CRF being placed in the excavated stopes. It was found that the CRF properties were largely influenced by the variation in gradation and curing time. The 7% binder content improved compressive strength of rockfill significantly but it has an influence on the economics, whereas 4% and 5% binder contents are better choices. The maximum Young?s modulus values were obtained at 28 days curing time for most of the samples.

May 1, 2011

By J. E. Ryan

General Description Due to the extreme cold weather experienced in Flin Flon during the winter months, thought and precaution were necessary in the design of the plant buildings. The machine shop, carpenter shop, drill shop, and coal plant buildings are similar in the building materials used in their construction. They are sided with two-inch shiplap, insulated with celotex and asbestos paper, and covered with corrugated iron on all side-walls. Roofing consists of 2 by 4 lumber on edge, laminated, and further covered by celotex and three-ply roofing. These buildings are heated by means of unit heaters. The heaters are primarily steam-heated radiators, through which the air of the buildings is circulated by electrically-driven fans. Our machine shop is located to the east of, but central to, the main operating buildings of the mine and plant, and is so connected by a net work of tracks as to be able to serve all portions of the entire plant conveniently. The building is divided into two bays, the main bay 53 ft. by 340 ft., and the east bay 24 ft. by 340 ft. The shop office and drafting room, a two-story annex 24 ft. by 30 ft., is located on the west side of the shop. The arrangement within the shop is such as to house conveniently the several departments, namely, heavy machine tool section, repair floor section, boiler shop heavy tool and floor section, blacksmith heavy tool and forge section, tool room, electric welding rooms, stock room, tin and copper shop, and electrical parts and armature winding and repair shop (see Figure 1). All the heavy tools, the repair floor section, and railway tracks are so located in the large open bay as to be fully serviced by an electrically operated 15-ton bridge crane, with a span of 50 feet and a travel the full length of the shop. A standard-gauge railway track, branched off the main line, penetrates the full depth of the building. This track lies along the extreme east side of the main bay, allowing easy entrance and movement of rolling stock and heavy machinery, loaded on standard flat-cars, to the repair floors in the main bay. Eight jib cranes, affixed to building columns, further facilitate the heavy repair work throughout the various shop divisions. Our light and heavy machine tools are standard equipment, not unlike tools used in mine, mill, and railway shops.

Jan 1, 1935

By John C. Lyons

"The Wabana iron ore deposits occur as flat-dipping beds of oolitic hematite and chamosite, of Lower Ordovician age, which outcrop for 3 miles along the northwest coast of Bell Island, Conception Bay, Newfound-land, about 16 miles from St. John's.The deposits occur in three zones, Upper, Middle, and Lower beds, separated respectively by 30 feet and 215 feet of shale and sandstone. They are primary sediments laid down in a shallow tidal basin by the precipitating action of a marine environment on iron-rich fresh waters flowing into the basin.The ore-bearing zones, while of wide areal extent, are not uniform beds of hematite that can be mined wholesale. The action of waves and currents during sedimentation; the delta pattern, velocity, and transporting power of streams flowing into the basin; the contours and oscillations of the sea bottom on which the sediments were laid have all been fundamental in the emplacement of richer and thicker mineable sections, and of lean zones so intercalated with shale as to be unmineable.The preservation of the deposits is due to their location in the Conception Bay syncline and to a considerable upthrust of the country east of the bay in post-Ordovician time.The hematite deposits were first recognized as such in 1892, and soon after were acquired by the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co. They are now being mined by Dominion Wabana Iron Ore, Limfred, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation, Limited. Production started in 1895, and up to the end of 1955 totaled 58,588,516 long tons of hematite ore, having an average dry analysis of about 51 5 per cent iron, 11 8 per cent silica, 0·9 per cent phosphorus, and l ·5 per cent moisture. About 40 per cent of the total tonnage mined has come from surface stripping and on-shore mines. These areas have now been almost completely depleted, and operations are confined to submarine mines extending for two miles off shore under the waters of Conception Bay. Three sub-marine slopes are currently in operation, Nos. 3 and 4 working in the Lower Bed and No. 6 in the Middle Bed. A general picture of the workings is shown in isometric projection in Figure 1. Submarine mining has been entirely by the room-and-pillar method, with an extraction of 60 per cent. The deepest workings, at a vertical depth of 1,850 feet below sea-level, have a rock cover of about 1,500 feet. No mining is done in areas where the rock cover is less than 200 feet. To date mining has explored six square miles of a potential area that may exceed 50 square miles."

Jan 1, 1949

By J. L. Thornton

Introduction The importance of coal in our economy is well established, but it may not .be so generally realized how important a part it plays in our daily life. Select a product - any product - and, if it is made in America, bituminous coal has touched it first. Everywhere we will find coal, derivatives of coal, or functions made possible by coal. Apart from the well known major uses of coal for domestic purposes, coking, utilities, railways, and manufacture of steel and cement, there are over 200,000 products derived from coal, from lipstick colours to nylon products and perfumes. An item of interest is the recent action of the Canadian Government in voting $90,000 for development of coal deposits in Yukon Territory to make coal available to the settlers in that area. The value of this move, in case of some emergency, is very evident. Coal in its several stages of formation as peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, semi-bituminous, semi-anthracite, and anthracite, has been used for centuries. Coal, as such, was not very well known to the ancients. First reference to "magic stone', or coal, was in 371 BC by Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle. This substance was said to burn like wood coal or charcoal and was used by the smiths. The first record we have in modern times was in 852 AD, when sea coal was gathered by the cowled monks of Durham, in Britain, and even at that time a major problem was transportation. Our first record of coal in this continent was near Richmond, Virginia, in 1700. Commercial mining was not under way, however, until 1750. The anthracite fields (presumably in Pennsylvania) were opened in 1793. Even so, there was no extensive mining until about the year 1820. The famous Pocahontas coalfields were opened in 1883. The earliest record of coal mining in Canada is about 1746.

Jan 1, 1950

By T G. Callcott

Australian coking coals are either class 434<tlj534<2l, at Port Kembla, or 634<3> at Newcastle. The former yield good blast-furnace cokes; the latter yield poor ones. However, increases in conventional strength indices, by methods applicable with normal coking ovens, seem unlikely to be economically attractive. Characterization of the coals has enabled an "economic" blend to be developed in the Newcastle area, and this has affected mining, preparation and handling operations. Coking studies have led to a specification for the making of strong coke, especially from the high-volatile Newcastle coals. Continuous coking studies, developed from the efforts to make very strong coke, have taken two directions. Firstly, coking thin layers of coal on strands; secondly, coking, in various types of vessels, compacts of coals with or with-out the inclusion of non-coking coals, iron ores or other inert materials. Gas, "sand" and hot metal coking have been tested for use in compact coking. Particular attention has been paid to pellets of coal and ore. The probable industrial problems in adopting any of the ideas are presently being examined.

Jan 1, 1963

By Peter Lighthall

What is an engineering firm?s role? ? The ideal situation is a life of mine service alliance with the owner ? Engineering firms are long term custodians of information ? Maintain consistency with established closure objectives, adjust closure plans to meet changing situations and technologies ? Develop range of solutions and present owners with risk profile The mine closure planning process ?new mines ? For metal mining, geochemistry is the issue ? The planning process: ?Sampling ?Waste characterization ?ARD prediction ?ARD control strategies ?Life of mine waste management planning ?Assessment of residual impacts ?Development of strategies for dealing with residual impacts ?Estimate closure costs ?One time decommissioning and reclamation costs ?Ongoing treatment/maintenance costs

May 1, 2006

By F. Rivard, M. G. Drouet, W. S. Ruff, P. Carabin

"In both the hot rotary-salt-furnace (RSF) treatment of aluminum dross and the cold ball-millsieving (BMS) treatment of zinc dross, enormous amounts of energy and recoverable metal are wasted and large amounts of greenhouse gas are produced. Such wastes and the environment pollution could be avoided by using the DROSRITE PLUS™ technology. Economic and GHG production comparisons between the presently used industrial treatment processes and DROSRITE PLUS™, supported by over one hundred tests conducted in Canada, the US and Europe, are presented. The savings, with DROSRITE PLUS™, would be about $191 and $418 per MT of aluminum and zinc dross, respectively.INTRODUCTIONDross is a material, which forms on the surface of molten non-ferrous metal, such as aluminum or zinc, during melting, metal holding and handling operations when the molten metal is in contact with a reactive atmosphere. Dross normally consists of metal oxides entraining a considerable quantity of molten free (unreacted) metal, and for economic reasons it is desirable to extract the free metal before discarding the residue. In the case of aluminum dross, recovery of the metal is usually carried out by treating the dross in a furnace at a high temperature (Peterson et al., 2002). By contrast, cold zinc dross is crushed in a ball mill followed by sieving to separate the coarse metal portion from the fine oxide residue.The conventional aluminum dross treatment process, using gas or oil-heated rotary salt furnaces (RSF), is thermally inefficient and environmentally unacceptable because of the salt slag and CO2 produced from the combustion of fossil fuels. In the past several years, a number of salt-free processes have been developed and some of these have found limited commercial use (Gripenberg et al., 1994; Lavoie et al., 1990). In all these dross treatment processes, heating of the cold dross in a rotary furnace requires an external energy input that varies between 375 and 2,500 kWh per (metric) tonne of dross. Molten metal separated during processing of the heated dross is tapped, and the remaining solid residue is discharged from the furnace."

Jan 1, 2012

By F. L. Thompson

MAN has been using lubricants of one type or another for at least four thousand years, and probably for a much longer period. We have learned from the inner wall of the tomb of Tehuti-Hetep, on which is a decoration illustrating the method of moving a great stone statue, that as early as 1650 B.C. lubricants were used to facilitate the movement of heavy loads. The Egyptians had available nearly every animal oil and fat, as well as at least thirteen vegetable oils, of our time, all used for food products and in the arts. Examination of the deposit on the axle of a chariot from an Egyptian tomb of 1400 B.C. showed it to consist of animal fat, quartz, sand, iron, and compounds of aluminium and lime-indicating a manufactured lime-soap grease made with lime-soap and possibly tallow. This would not be a bad lubricant for the axles of chariots which had to travel over sandy soil in hot weather. As to the method of grease application, it is remarkable that, from the time wheels were first used in the far distant past up to the present day, no one has ever thought it necessary to design a seal to keep the lubricant in and the dirt out. While time certainly marches on, we have today, in waggons throughout the world, exactly the same form of lubrication as was used in the earliest chariots. From the early days of the chariot until shortly before 1800 A.D. (when the steam engine was introduced), the main heavy equipment required for mining purposes, for machines of war, etc., was made of wood. The bearings were rough, but usually they had metal in the lower half. Light machinery was made of bronze, brass, or iron. Large clearances and poor alignment, plus the fact that speeds were much below present-day demands, combined to provide conditions that were quite satisfactorily met by the lubricants available. These were often produced locally by the machine operator. In northern countries, lard oil, prepared from the fat of hogs, was the universal lubricant employed in machine shop, as a belt and leather dressing, and for cutting operations. Sperm oils were used for light machinery, whereas beef and mutton tallow were more generally employed for the largest bearings. For the early steam cylinders, a slug of heated beef tallow was injected wherever the cylinders gruntingly complained of a lack of lubricant. Southern countries, however, resorted to the use of vegetable oils-olive, cocoanut, etc.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. Acuña

The case is presented that the key role of frother is control of bubble size in the pulp zone. Compared to water alone, the addition of frother produces a narrower distribution and finer bubble size. An empirical model is presented for bubble size as a function of frother type using a normalized concentration. The model provides a benchmark for assessing operations. There is no agreed upon mechanism of how frothers act to reduce bubble size. Prevention of coalescence is a common explanation and this action is illustrated. The case against the &apos;coalescence&apos; model alone is presented and a breakup mechanism is introduced based on pilot cell and single bubble studies. Phenomena associated with bubble shape, velocity and surface flows are used to illustrate the force associated with surface tension gradients. Breakup mechanisms resulting from this force are proposed. The concept can be extended to high salt concentrations which also promote small bubbles.

Jan 1, 2007

By T Nakamura, M. Itoh

Most of the used cathode ray tube (CRT) glass in Japan, which contains lead oxide, was exported and recycled in overseas factories of new CRTs. However, domestic treatment and recycling of waste CRT glass has become necessary because overseas CRT factories have shut down and exports of CRT glass have stopped. Some of the waste CRT glass recycled domestically is charged in lead blast furnaces instead of silica flux, because there is no local reproduction route for glass that contains lead. However, the mass of CRT glass that can be treated in this manner is limited because of its high silica content. Consequently, additional treatment methods for waste CRT glass are required so that more can be used as a lead smelting material. In this study, waste CRT glass was treated with hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the silica contained in the glass, and the dissolved lead was recovered by precipitation. Lead metal was recovered by electrodeposition from the prepared hexafluorosilicic acid solution.

Jan 1, 2011

By D. R. Pyke

Many of the gold deposits in the Timmins• area show a close spatial association to ultramafic metavolcanics. Available analytical data suggest that ultramafic rocks contain significantly higher gold contents than other major rock types. In addition, recent analyses by Keays (1975) suggest that talc-carbonate alteration of ultramafic rocks releases significant quantities of gold. It is proposed that the ultramafic volcanics formed the principal source of gold for the deposits in Timmins, and that the gold was derived from the ultramafic flows when they were extensively carbonatized. Carbonatization of the ultramafic rocks and emplacement of the auriferous quartz-carbonate veins was probably coincident with the last major period of deformation in the gold camp. Delineation of hitherto unrecognized ultramafic volcanics could be an important guide to the discovery of further gold deposits.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. Dubinski

Passive tomographic imaging is a technique that can be used for assessing seismic hazard in mines with high seismic activity induced by mining. The basic idea behind such an interpretation is the assumption that there is a relationship between high values of seismic velocity and high values of stresses in the rock mass. This relationship was confirmed both in laboratory an in situ measurements and constitutes the basis for rock-burst and seismic hazard evaluation. In the paper seismic tomographic images of seismic P wave velocity and seismic P wave velocity gradient have been presented to determine rock-burst hazard and locate high seismic activity zones in the area of coal panel 306 in Zabrze Bielszowice mine. The zones of high values of P-wave seismic velocity gradient have been found to correlate with the distribution of high energetic seismic events. Passive tomographic images were obtained using modern bent ray tracing tomography algorithm with regularization. Recent study give rise to observation that not only high values of P-wave seismic velocity is important in seismic hazard assessment as many strong seismic events are located in the areas of high values of velocity gradient. This recent observation permits to increase quality of passive tomographic imaging for detection of seismogenic zones and is presented in the paper. The advantage of passive tomography comparing to active tomography is that sources of seismic waves are generated by rock mass itself and costly controlled explosions are not necessary. Another practical limitation of active tomography is the size of study area which usually do not exceed 200 m by 200 m. This restriction does not appear in passive tomography where area of study is usually 2000 m by 2000 m and the tomographic images delineate velocity structure in locations where mining induced seismicity take place. Passive tomography method utilized in analysis of rock mass state in underground mines encounter some difficulties concerned with the numerical stability of optimization algorithms. In the presented approach to passive tomography problem numerical stability is obtained by special regularization method and by application of very stable numerical seismic ray-tracing algorithm.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. W. Jacob

THE shatter cut, or burn cut as it is often called, is one in which the centre of the round is almost reamed out by drilling holes so close together that the blasting of a few holes shatters the rock embraced by all of them. The idea of shattering the centre of a face by shooting holes drilled parallel to one another is not new. Some miners have used this method for years past, when drilling quartz or a face near timber. But, they followed the age-old practice of first blasting the cut, then the square-up. It was not thought possible to shoot both together. In the case of machine men, the two largest contributors to silicosis are dust from drilling and dust from blasting. It follows, then, that material reduction of exposure to either constitutes an important step in lessening the incidence o silicosis. It was? the hope of being able to do away with the necessity of the men having to return early to a face, through dust concentrations of 60,000 to 80,000 particles per cubic centimeter, that aroused interest "in the shatter cut at McIntyre. Efforts to this end were successful. Now, with this kind of cut, all holes of a round are shot simultaneously.

Jan 1, 1942

By D. W. Hayley

The rapid expansion of exploration drilling with anticipated production facilities for oil and gas in the Mackenzie Delta region of the Northwest Territories has created a demand for granular construction materials. This paper discusses the technique adopted and experience gained by the authors from several major resource evaluation programs in this remote area. The first part of the paper describes a methodology for deposit identification, logistics of helicopter and ground-based drilling operations and the sampling difficulties which are unique to permafrost: soils. The second part describes the exploitation of a large glaciofluvial deposit at YaYa Lake on Richards Island. Granular construction material is sparse in the delta region relative to projected demand. Exploitable sources of granular materials for aggregates or construction borrow are found in glaciofluvial deposits of Pleistocene age or in outcrops of Paleozoic bedrock. Glaciofluvial landforms can be located by reference to published surficial geology maps coupled with airphoto interpretation. Preliminary assessment of these features in a large region is most economically carried out during the summer months with a drill that is transportable by helicopter. Once prospective borrow pit sites are identified, a detailed ground-based winter drilling program must be undertaken to establish aggregate quality and quantity, and to provide information on natural features which could affect development. The glaciofluvial terrain has been highly modified by the formation of massive ground ice within the gravel deposits. This presents some unique pit development problems which are not encountered in a normal bedrock quarry operation.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. A. Bossert

"In 1957, the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (now Energy, Mines and Resources Canada) issued their first certificate for a fire-resistant conveyor belt. The testing procedure used was a combination of those used in the U.S.A. and the U.K. Subsequently, certification was granted to fire resistant electric cables (1974), fire-resistant mine duct material (1976) and fire-resistant hydraulic fluids (1978).Until recently, the testing procedures were copied from either the U.S. or the U.K. However, since the founding of the new Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Steering Committee for Electrical/Mechanical Mine Safety in 1981, these requirements have come under the close scrutiny of new CSA technical committees who will attempt to adopt or change the existing procedures to meet Canadian needs. This paper outlines the existing test requirements and attempts to predict how they will appear after ""Canadianization"" by the CSA committees.IntroductionFires in underground mines have always been considered more serious than in other locations because of the confined space and limited atmosphere. A fire can make escape difficult or impossible if it is blocking all of the routes to the surface. Also, the products of combustion from an underground fire can asphyxiate anyone not having self-contained breathing apparatus.In an underground coal mine, the consequences of a fire can be even more serious because of the presence of methane and coal dust in the atmosphere (which can explode) and because the coal itself is combustible.For these reasons, the inspection authorities having jurisdiction over underground mine s in Canada are quite concerned about the flammability of any materials that are used in quantity in the underground environmentAs early as 1957, the Canadian Explosive Atmospheres Laboratory (CEAL) was asked to certify conveyor belting as fire-resistant. This is because many miles of this material are used in underground mines in Canada and, as it generally travels through the mine, it is a perfect vehicle for spreading a fire."

Jan 1, 1982

By Vic Briccardi

Energy Management Challenges The Holistic Standard to Energy Management Energy Management Information System (EMIS) "Best Practices?: Energy Management Maturity Curve De Beers Canada Profile & Mine Locations Significant ROI Driven by Real-Time Energy Visibility Mining Energy KPI?s Summary: What Does EMIS Deliver? Q&A Session

May 1, 2013