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By George S. Rice

MANY studies on ground movement and subsidence have been carried on by members of the Institute during the past year, but only a few papers have reached maturity. Two of the mining schools of this country have continued their interest in ground movement research. At Columbia University School of Mines, Philip Bucky has continued his investigations, employing photoelastic methods and the use of his centrifugal apparatus for testing what he termed "the strength and behavior of mining structures." Helmut Landsberg, of The Pennsylvania State College, has developed a convergence recorder similar in principle to that used by the

Jan 1, 1936

By Robert F. Mehl

PROGRESS in the general field of nonferrous physical metallurgy during the past .year has been uneventful but healthy. A continued increase is apparent in the number of useful alloys and in the mechanical treatment and heat- treatment of finished metals and alloys nothing can hinder the multiplication of alloys or the diversification of their treatment as knowledge of the behavior of .alloys increases; as ternary and quaternary alloys are better understood, hundreds of new metal combinations with unusual properties may well be expected. Evidence of rapid progress is already at hand.

Jan 1, 1936

By Arthur V. Corry

GOLD was discovered in Alder Gulch, Virginia. City, Mont., on May 26, 1863. In a short time some 6000 people flocked to the new discovery, and on the banks of Alder Gulch six settlements sprang into existence, the principal one, Virginia City, alone surviving. This town today has a population of 800, and is the county seat of Madison County. It is estimated that between forty and fifty million dollars in gold was produced up to 1904. Virginia City is situated at the mouth of Alder Creek where that stream leaves the narrow canyon that cuts the steep foothills flanking Old Baldy Mountain, elevation 9572 ft., 12 mi. south. Virginia City itself is 5700 ft. above sea level.

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

OPPORTUNITY may not be knocking but it, at least, is waiting for you, your family and your friends in that amazing republic south of the Rio Grande. For the first time we are able to publish the official itinerary for the forth-coming Mexico City meeting of 1936. As shown on Page 351, the deluxe special train leaves St. Louis on Thursday. Nov. 5 at 5:30 p.m., returning to St. Louis on Nov. 18 at 8:15 a. m. The schedule provides seven days and six nights in Mexico City with numerous excursions to nearby towns and resorts. The oldest surviving city in' North America is Mexico City, dating back at least to the twelfth century. It was the Aztec capital when Cortez arrived in 1519. The famous cathedral still standing was built on a foundation of sculptured Indian images and the remains of a great Aztec temple. Today it is a city of romance.

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1936

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1936

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1936

By Charles Becker

THE practice of drying phosphate in Florida is as old as the industry, which began a little more than half a century ago. The methods, however, have changed considerably. At first, the natural process of exposure to the sun and air was used, later supplemented by wood fires beneath open-air stationary dry kilns and drying towers of various designs. It was not until the early nineties that rotary driers came into use, and at first they were of very small design and fired with wood. As the industry grew and tonnage increased, so likewise grew the number and size of rotary driers, until today the largest installations are 6 ft. up to 7 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and 55 to 60 ft. long, fired with crude oil. The reasons for drying phosphate rock are: (1) to eliminate freight on water in the shipment and (2) to facilitate the good grinding qualities required by the buyers in their acidulation. Phosphate pebbles vary materially in natural characteristics and each property has a direct bearing on the processing. In making comparisons of cost and operating conditions, the following are usually taken into consideration: 1. The hard dense pebbles, which contain very little interior moisture and 6 to 8 per cent total moisture, usually produced from the low-grade deposits. 2. The lighter, porous pebbles, which contain 4 to 5 per cent interior moisture and a total moisture ranging from 9 to 15 per cent. 3. The product of recovery operations using oily reagents, containing from 15 to 25 per cent moisture. 4. The size of the pebbles. Usually the plus 5-mesh material is considered as "coarse rock"; the minus 5-mesh plus 24-mesh is "fine rock," and the minute particles below 24 mesh are called "concentrate." 5. The amount of moisture allowed in the dried product. The practice is generally to dry down to 1.5 to 2 per cent moisture. There is, however, an actual range in guarantee of from 1 per cent maximum to 3 per cent maximum.

Jan 1, 1936

SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporations law of the State of New York; its corporate name is American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Inc.; and its abbreviated title A. I. M. E. SEC. 2. The objects of this Institute, as set forth in its certificate of incorporation, are: "To promote the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals, and the welfare of those employed in these industries by all lawful means; to hold meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members the information the obtained, and to establish and maintain a place for meeting of its members, and a hall for the reading of papers and delivery of address, and a library of books relating to subjects cognate to the sciences and arts of mining and metallurgy."

Jan 1, 1936

By Theodore Nagel

Fuel-oil, natural gas and coke oven gas, producing the higher temperatures of open-hearth current practice, have been gradually displacing producer gas the lowest cost fuel for open hearth operations. The lower temperatures of combusts on products from producer gas is caused by nitrogen dilution. Practical Application of Combustion Thermochemistry One pound of carbon burned to CO produces 3,960 B.T.U. and one pound of carbon burned to C02 produces 14,140 B.T.U. The second unit of oxygen uniting with gasified carbon (CO) produces (14,140 - 3,960) 10,180 B.T.U. which is (10,180 - 3,960) 6,220 B.T.U. more heat than produced by the first unit of oxygen forming CO by uniting with solid carbon. A review of the relative combustion heating values of commercial gaseous fuels reveals CO requires a minimum of air for combustion and because of minimum nitrogen dilution and the high thermal release from CO higher temperature combustion products are produced from CO than from natural gas or from coke-oven gas under similar combustion conditions. Inert nitrogen diluent lowers the calorific value of fuel gas and its diluting effect is cumulative in lowering the temperature of the products of total combustion. It is not only logical but practical in partial combustion, converting bituminous coal to gas, to generate the gas with reduced nitrogen dilution.

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1936

By Alicia O&apos, Overbeck, Reardon

DIFFIDENTLY, because don'ts are rarely greeted with cheers; humbly, because I, myself, have never lined up with the irreproachables, I venture on the subject of manners for the mining camp matron. Mining camps can be divided roughly into two types-the large, opulent settlement that blooms like the rose about a strong mine in full operation; and the puny group of adobe huts, or calamina shacks, or even canvas tents flung down in the wilderness to shelter the gay pioneers of a shining prospect or the shattered survivors of a lost hope. Of the first, I know nothing; but in the second, I have spent some of my best years, and from its curious code of morals and manners, its comic hates and its unreasoning loves, its high impatience and its engulfing kindness, I have charted the narrow .and pitted path which must be trod by the woman who would success¬fully live therein.

Jan 1, 1936

By WILFRED SYKES

THE story of the rolling of strip steel is not limited to any one plant or individual or group of individuals. It is a story with many ramifications. First of all, it should be understood that the strip mills we are considering are continuous mills, in that the steel passes directly from one mill to the other in a more or less straight line. Continuous mills are not new; in fact, they have been used for many years in the rolling of a few simple shapes. They were, however, driven by one motor through jackshafts, and as a result the speed of each roll stand had a fixed relation to that of every other stand in the series. This in turn fixed the reduction that could be made in each stand. The mill could produce simple things, but was not satisfactory for the production of the variety of strip now required. It was, therefore, necessary to get away from the restrictions of that kind of drive. To accomplish this, the designer could either separate

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

STRIP coal mining in the United States has-become noted for its massive equipment, especially its power shovels. Notable among the latest examples of this trend is the Bobolink mine of the Binkley Mining Co., at Seeleyville, Ind.,. eight miles from Terre Haute. This is only one of the Binkley company's operating properties; in all, the company owns or controls 26 mines, in fourteen seams. The Bobolink, however, is the largest strip mine in America and probably also in the world. It has an estimated life of fifteen years. The shovel used to strip the over¬burden is electrically operated, of Bucyrus-Erie make, and was. shipped to the property for assembling, a job

Jan 1, 1936

By Mark C. Malamphy

AT present the Federal Government represents the only organization applying geophysical methods of prospecting in Brazil. The geophysical work of the National Department of Mineral Production, which will be described in the following pages, must be considered as a program of experimental work designed to demonstrate the applicability of the more or less "standard" methods of geophysical prospecting to various problems of economic interest in Brazil by means of practical examples of results obtained in certain typical areas. Our work is somewhat similar to that of the Imperial Geophysical Experimental Survey of Australia, but our task has been greatly simplified by the ever increasing number of technical publications relative to the theory of instruments and methods.

Jan 1, 1936

By Alicia O'Reardon

DIFFIDENTLY, because don'ts are rarely greeted with cheers; humbly, because I, myself, have never lined up with the irreproachables, I venture on the subject of manners for the mining camp matron. Mining camps can be divided roughly into two types-the large, opulent settlement that blooms like the rose about a strong mine in full operation; and the puny group of adobe huts, or calamina shacks, or even canvas tents flung down in the wilderness to shelter the gay pioneers of a shining prospect or the shattered survivors of a lost hope. Of the first, I know nothing; but in the second, I have spent some of my best years, and from its curious code of morals and manners, its comic hates and its unreasoning loves, its high impatience and its engulfing kindness, I have charted the narrow .and pitted path which must be trod by the woman who would success¬fully live therein.

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

FEW mining schools possess an art gallery and certainly none can equal the collection of paintings depicting the mineral industries now hanging in the comparatively new building of the School of Mineral Industries at The Pennsylvania State College. Dean Steidle, who conceived the idea, early this spring boasted of 55 paintings in the collection, by 24 different artists, the gallery being appraised at $18,000. Since then, eleven additional paintings have been added. Opportunity will he presented for an inspection at the meeting of the Industrial Minerals Division, to be held at the College, Sept. 24-26.

Jan 1, 1936