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BOSTON. SECTION W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman, H. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman., E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. The 37th meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engineers' Club, on Monday evening, Oct. 2, 1916. Fourteen members and guests attended the dinner. The Society was fortunate in having present not only the announced speaker, J. G. Carleton of Marblehead, Mass., but also a brother member from afar, Thomas Warner of California. Mr. Carleton, who has spent the' past few years in South America, gave an informal talk on the mining of the precious metals on the South American continent. He drew a comparison of the geographical distribution of the precious metals in North and South America and pointed, out the similarity in the geological occurrence of the eastern mining, regions, mentioning particularly Venezuela and Brazil. He also directed attention to the fact that the great placers of the northwestern part of North America had their counterpart in the gold-bearing region of Columbia. The marked contrast between the southern end of North America, so rich in metals, and the southern part of South America, so poor in mineral deposits, was clearly brought out. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the South American Cordillera is less intensely mineralized, than the corresponding mountain.

Jan 1, 1917

MARCEL R. DALY (written discussion+).-I have read with great interest Mr. W . Van Der Gracht's discussion of my paper and I fail to see where his theory contradicts mine on any fundamental point. My contention is that petroliferous accumulations are generally coincident with diastrophic deformations, synchronous with them and essentially a result of them. This implies that the causes which have led to the distortion of the strata, whatever these causes may be (thrusts, torsion, etc.), have also led to the concentration and accumulation of the hydrocarbons existing in the strata at that time. It is in this respect that both set of phenomena may be said to be related in space and in time and that we may speak of an identity of causes. It is evident that no concentration of the hydrocarbons could take place where these hydrocarbons would not exist. But whenever they do so exist, deformation will tend to concentrate them; and whenever they are found to be concentrated (or accumulated) the cause of their accumulation will have to be traced directly to distortion. I have tried to show, in some previous papers,' the probable sequence of such a mechanical process in the simple case of a series of parallel, superposed, horizontal and homogeneous layers, individually uniform in thickness, but variable in composition and resistance; and I have pointed out that the general results so obtained would harmonize with some striking features recognized in the field. But I have also stated that conditions being much more complicated in nature than in the theoretical instance considered above, a complex superposition of effects would. have to be expected as a general rule, though the leading principle would remain the same. Mr. Van der Gracht admits that the motion of the primary oil, when it has been formed, and its accumulation in adequately porous containers, if any, that would be mostly found on the front edge of the original geosynclines, would be due to the action of the mountain-building forces. Our agreement on this point seems to be complete. But Mr. Van der Gracht wants also the formation of the bituminous matter in its primary form to be coincident only with the earliest phase of the uplift, viz., after the slow geanticlinal upheaval has been completed, and the accumulation

Jan 3, 1918

By Howard Drullard

To OBTAIN the best results from hammer drills, close attention must be paid to two factors in drill maintenance, which are of equal importance; one is lubrication, the other is the shank. With the exception of stoping drills, most modern rock drills require both oil and grease. The oil ports are in the lubricator, on or behind the hammer cylinder; the grease port for the lubrication of the 'chuck sleeve and rotating mechanism is on the chuck end. Ordinary machine oil is not, adapted to rock drills; a heavier more gelatinous oil such as castor machine oil or liquid-grease should be used. The lubricators should be filled-once for every 12 or 14 ft. (3.5 to 4m.), of hole drilled. Grease-guns should be used to fill the port in the chuck end once a shift; a medium ( No. 3) grease is well adapted to this purpose. Hard grease must not be put into- the lubricators, as it will not flow through that part. Contrary to the popular belief, oiling a machine once or twice a shift does not provide sufficient lubrication; the drills should be oiled once for every 12 or 14 ft. of, hole drilled. The rotating handle of a stoping drill -is an oil reservoir and is provided with a port for oiling. The rotating handle is packed with wicking, or similar material, which causes the oil to feed slowly from the handle to the other parts of the machine. Stoping drills require oil at. least twice a shift; lighter oils than castor, such as Arctic Ammonia may be used.

Jan 8, 1920

By Utley Wedge

In general, the art of securing copper from sulphide ores or concentrates may be said to consist of: (1) separation, in the molten state, of copper sulphide with some iron sulphide, from the great bulk of gangue-material, followed by (2) elimination of sulphur and iron from the molten matte, by oxidation and fluxing, leaving metallic copper. The definition is made broad enough to cover the general practice, whether or not the ore or concentrate is given a prelimiuary roast for the removal of surplus sulphur. The above process, which I will designate as the smelting process, makes necessary the presence in the ore, or the addition thereto, of such silica, lime, and iron as may be necessary for the formation of a light and fusible slag, together with sufficient sulphur and iron for the formation of copper-matte, and also the addition to the matte of sufficient silica for the oxidation and fluxing-out of the iron. These items, together with the cost of fuel sufficient for melting the mass, constitute important items of cost in the copper-smelting process. Numerous cases where fluxing-materials are scarce or dear, or where fuel is expensive, have caused special attention to be given recently to the wet process of copper-extraction, which may be designated as consisting of forming soluble copper salts which are then washed or leached out of the ore or concentrates by dissolving in water or acid. Metallic copper may then be secured from the solution of copper salts by electrolysis; by cementation; or copper can be brought out of the solution as a hydroxide or other insoluble precipitate and reduced to metallic copper by subsequent melting in a reducing atmosphere.

Jan 1, 1913

By W. Joseph Schlitt

The types of copper leaching and recovery operations in the United States are reviewed, along with characteristics and trends in the industry. The contribution of the various leach operations to total mine output is discussed in order to provide a perspective on the relative importance of copper leaching as a method of production.

Jan 1, 1980

By Arnold Hague

At the Buffalo meeting, October, 1888, Dr. Raymond presented a paper entitled: "Soaping Geysers" (p. 449 of the present volume), in which he called attention to the use of soap by tourists to cause eruptions of several of the well-known geysers in the Yellowstone Park. Incorporated in this paper appears a communication received from me, written from camp in the Park, in reply to some inquiries on the subject. The letter discussed somewhat briefly the means employed by visitors to the Park to hasten the eruptions from hot springs and reservoirs of hot water, which remain dormant for days, or even weeks or months, at a temperature near the boiling-point, without any display of geyser-action. As the paper has called forth considerable comment, I desire to elucidate one or two points in relation to the temperature of the springs, and to answer some inquiries about the composition of the thermal waters. In the summer of 1885, a Chinaman, employed as a laundryman for the accommodation of the tourists at the Upper Geyser Basin, accidently discovered, much to bis amazement, that soap thrown into the spring from which he was accustomed to draw his supply of water produced an eruption in every way similar to the actual workings of a geyser. Tourists with limited time at their command, who had travelled thousands of miles to look upon the wonders of the Yellowstone, soon fell into the way of coaxing the laundryman's spring into action, to partly compensate them for their sore disappointment in witnessing only the periodical eruptions of Old Faithful. Successful attempts upon this spring soon led to various endeavors to accelerate action in the dormant and more famous geysers. In a short time, so popular became the desire to stimulate geysers in this way, that the Park authorities were compelled to enforce rigidly the rule against throwing objects of any kind into the springs. In connection with a thorough investigation of the thermal waters of the Yellowstone Park and the phenomena of the geysers, I undertook a number of experiments to ascertain the action of soap upon the waters and to determine, if possible, those physical conditions of various pools and reservoirs which permitted the hastening of an

Jan 1, 1889

A recent study estimates that a 10% improvement in the performance of wire rope used on draglines could save the US coal industry $2 million annually in rope costs. In addition, such an improvement could boost annual coal production by allowing the industry's draglines to remove an extra 1.5 million m3 (2 million cu yd) of solid overburden each year. These findings, although admittedly preliminary, suggest the magnitude of benefits that can be derived from a well-planned wire rope maintenance program.

Jan 3, 1978

By K. R. Evans

The yield and fracture characteristics of a Ti-8 pct A1 alloy have been examined at room temperature as a function of exposure temperatures to 1700°F. Em-brittlenzent of the alloy is observed to occur following exposures below 1280°F, the critical temperature for formation of ordered Ti3Al particles. Presence of Ti3Al particles results in an increase in the yield and flout stresses which, for a given exposure time, are a maximum at the critical temperature. Embrittlement is attributed to the occurrence of plastically induced fracture controlled by the increase inflow stress. This interpretation is compatible with the decreasing ductility and increasing crack popagation rates observed with increasing exposure time below the critical temperature. Slip line observations and measurements of the gain size dependence of the yield stress indicate that the slip character of the alloy is not influenced by exposure treatments below the critical temperature. ThE potential usefulness of Ti-A1 alloys in structural applications has prompted considerable interest in studies of their microstructure and mechanical characteristics. The relatively recent surge of interest in the system and at the same time its complexities are indicated by the fact that despite numerous recent efforts14 there has not even been general agreement upon a phase diagram for the system. However, most of the Ti-A1 alloys of commercial interest range in aluminum content from 5.0 to 8.5 wt pct where most investigators achowledge the existence of the ordered Ti41 phase. Goldak and parrs confirmed the existence of Ti41 from X-ray diffraction analysis of the stoichiometric composition while Blackburn6 has determined its presence in commercial Ti-8 pct A1 alloys by electron diffraction analysis and dark field transmission microscopy. The embrittlement of Ti-8 pct A1 alloys was initially reported by Crossley and carew7 who showed that aging in the temperature range of 750" to 1110°F resulted in extreme brittleness. This behavior was later confirmed and correlated by Soltiss to the presence of long-range order in the commercial Ti-8 pct Al-1 pct Mo-1 pct V alloy (Ti-8-1-1) which exhibited anomalous creep and yield strength behavior at 950°F. This investigation was designed to study the mechanical characteristics of a binary Ti-8 pct A1 alloy in order to further examine the nature of the embrittlement behavior reported for the alloy system. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A Ti-8 pct A1 binary alloy was obtained from the Wah Chang Co. in the form of 0.050 in. sheet. The chemical composition of the alloy is given in Table I. Heat-treatment of the alloy was conducted in evacuated vycor capsules for the tensile sDecimens (1.25 bv 0.25 in. gage section) and in evacuated stainless steel jackets for the crack growth-rate panels. All specimens were annealed at 1700°F for 24 hr and water quenched before an exposure at elevated temperatures. Tensile testing was conducted at room temperature in an Instron testing machine equipped with a pushbutton control for instantaneous control of the cross-head motion. In this manner the change in stress, Aa, accompanying an increase in strain-rate by a factor of 10 was measured immediately after yielding. The crack growth-rate panels used were 3 by 18 in. with a precrack 0.33 in. long cut into the center of the panel. The panels were cycled at a maximum gross stress of 40,000 psi at a maximum to minimum tension stress ratio of 20. Cycling of the specimens was continued until the crack propagated the width of the panels. The crack length was intermittently measured during slow crack growth. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Correlation of Embrittlement to the Critical Temperature for Ordering. Blackburn6 has found that the critical temperature, T,, for the formation of Ti41 in a Ti-8 pct A1 alloy with an interstitial content on the order of that given in Table I is approximately 1245°F. The relationship between the ductility of the binary alloy used in this investigation and T, was estimated from tensile tests on specimens which were exposed for 24 hr at various temperatures followed

Jan 1, 1970

By Nico Van Wingen

Experiments performed with distilled water, unconsolidated sand and dead oil for the purpose of determining the influence of oil flow on the water content of sands were described. While results found are not necessarily, therefore, identical with those that would be obtained under natural petroleum reservoir conditions, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. When oil under constant head is flowed through an unconsolidated sand, the amount of water retained in the core is inversely proportional to the specific permeability of the core. This corroborates the view that the degree to which oil displaces water out of the pore space is limited by the size of the pores. 2. For the range investigated, the displacing action of a more viscous oil of higher specific gravity was found to be the same as a less viscous oil, or lower specific gravity. 3. The amount of interstitial water retained in the sand bears an inverse relationship to the pressure head of the displacing liquid. 4. The degree of retained water saturation of the sand appears to approach 100 per cent as the specific permeability approaches zero. 5. For the higher values of specific permeability and for the pressure range investigated the remaining amount of water in the sand occupies approximately 10 per cent of the pore space. This, together with the fact that the limiting oil velocity curve approaches approximately 10 per cent water saturation as an asymptote, indicates that beyond this point removal of water is achieved only by a stripping of the grains requiring considerable pressure drops across the sands; or by a balancing of the molecular forces. 6. As the water saturation of the sand exceeds approximately 15 per cent of the pore volume, the permeability of the sand to oil decreases rapidly. 7. Sands with water saturations as high as 40 per cent were found to produce 100 per cent oil.

Jan 1, 1939

By Wilson T. Lundy

The history of the production of sulfur from salt domes in Louisiana and Texas originated with the operations of the Union Sulphur CO. at Sulphur, La., followed by the Freeport Sulphur Co. at Bryanmound, Tex. Including the present development of Grande Ecaille by the Free-port Sulphur Co., which constitutes the tenth dome to be equipped for the production of sulfur in the Gulf Coast, less than 10 per cent of all the known domes have proved to contain sulfur in commercial quantities. The Grande Ecaille salt dome is in the tidal marsh of the Mississippi River delta in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. It is 10 miles southwest of the right descending bank of the river approximately 45 miles below the city of New Orleans and is within 4 miles of the shore line of the Gulf of Mexico. Terrain Characteristic of the delta region, the terrain consists of a low, flat, uninhabited area of marsh land intersected by many shallow lakes and bayous. With the exception of salt grasses, the region is devoid of vegetation and presents, in all directions, an unobstructed path to the vagaries of the winds. The general character of this area can be best visualized from the mechanism of its formation.' Offshore bars formed enclosing long narrow lagoons between the bar and the inner shore line, the lagoons communicating with the sea by means of tidal inlets. The water in the lagoons, being comparatively quiet, favored the deposition of fine debris composed of sand carried into the lagoons by action of the waves, tides and river-borne sediments from the land surface. As this material accumulated the bottoms of the lagoons were built up and eventually salt grasses obtained a foothold. The successions of growth and decay of these grasses formed a brown fibrous mat varying in depth from a few inches to several feet. This mat of vegetation virtually floats on an ooze that is several feet thick and is composed of alluvial sediments and very fine sand, and the whole is underlain by an unctuous clay. The decayed vegetation from the upper layer when dried has a peaty appearance.

Jan 1, 1934

By G. M. Schwartz, J. N. Gundersen

John W. Gruner (Professor Emeritus, College of Science, Literature, and the Arts, Dept. of Geology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) — It is surprising that two men as well acquainted with the taconite rocks of the Mesabi District as Drs. J. N. Gundersen and G. M. Schwartz should have concluded that the taconite of the Eastern Mesabi before the intrusion of the Duluth gabbro consisted largely of quartz and magnetite. These minerals were "locally reconstituted" into "a wide variety of silicate mineral assemblages" by the gabbro. It is well known, of course, that the silicate mineralogy of the Eastern Mesabi ('about 14 miles in length) is quite different from that of the Main Mesabi which is over 60 miles long. The change from one to the other is abrupt and cannot be attributed to any other cause than the thermal effects of the gabbro. Are we to assume or believe that the taconite of the Eastern Mesabi was radically different from that of the Main range before the gabbro metamorphosed it?

Jan 1, 1962

By L. Hartsell Cash

INTRODUCTION Created in 1944 to help rebuild those economies, principally in Europe, which were seriously damaged or destroyed during the Second World War, the World Bank--or to use its correct name, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-began its operational phase by making a loan to the Government of France to accomplish two tasks: (i) to import coal for space heating purposes; and (ii) to buy new machinery and equipment to help rehabilitate its coal mines. Once the thrust of reconstruction in postwar Europe was largely accomplished, the World Bank Group (for today the World Bank has three separate lending windows) turned to mobilizing funds to improve living standards in developing countries, which remains its primary goal today. Over this period of time, the World Bank Group has continued to assist the world mining industry in various ways and, since 1955 the World Bank Group has financed mining or mineral processing projects with loans/credits totalling $1.5 billion. The World Bank Group consists of two institutions--the World Bank itself and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which was founded as a separate institution in 1956 and three separate lending windows--the World Bank, the International Development Association (IDA), and IFC. The World Bank loans are provided at commercially-related interest rates but have grace periods usually of up to 3 to 5 years and repayment periods ranging from around 15 to 20 years. Since the World Bank raises its operating funds on the international capital markets in varying currencies and in varying interest rates, it relends a basket of currencies at floating interest rates which are fixed every six months to reflect the Bank's own borrowing cost. At the present time, the interest rate is just below 10% per year and in addition, a one-time front-end fee of 1/4 of 1% is charged. Also, a commitment fee of 3/4% per year is charged on the undisbursed amount of the loan itself. For loans to industrial and mining projects, it is normal to charge an additional guarantee fee of 1 to 1.5% in addition to the annual interest rate. This guarantee fee is payable to the government of the country in which the project is carried out since, by its charter, the World Bank is required to have the guarantee of the host government for each loan made in a specific country. By far the greatest source of lending funds within the World Bank Group is that of the World Bank itself and for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1984, the World Bank approved loans totalling $12 billion. The second lending window within the World Bank Group is IDA which performs the same functions as the Bank itself and has the same staff. Nevertheless, its loans (called credits) are made on much softer terms and are made to the poorest nations only. IDA funds are subscribed by the wealthier countries, usually as grants, and these are relent as credits to those countries with the lowest per capita income. IDA credits are made for 50 year periods, including 10 years of grace, to the government itself. The credits are interest free, but there is a service charge of 3/4% per year on the amount withdrawn and outstanding to defray the administrative costs of IDA. Credits approved during fiscal 1984 totalled $3.5 billion. The third lending window is IFC. While IFC is a separate corporation and operates quite separately from the World Bank and has its own staff and regulations, it works very closely with the World Bank on its overall approach to the mining sector and to a particular country. IFC's mission is essentially to supply venture capital and to stimulate development of the local private sector in capital markets as well as to promote the international flow of private capital to developing countries. Unlike the World Bank and IDA, the IFC does not lend directly to governments

Jan 1, 1985

Due to the advanced date of publication of this Bulletin, the lists of new members, changes of address, etc., for the month of July will be printed in the September number of the Bulletin. CANDIDATES FOR MEMBERSHIP. The following persons have been proposed during the period July 1-20, 1913, for election as members of the Institute. Their names are published for the information of members and associates, from whom the Committee on Membership earnestly invites confidential communications, favorable or unfavorable, concerning these candidates. A sufficient period (varying in the discretion of the Committee, according to the residence of the candidate) will be allowed for the reception of such communications, before any action upon these names by the Committee. After the lapse of this period, the Committee will recommend action by the Council, which has the power of final election.

Jan 8, 1913

By G. Knight

In most mines the major contribution to the dust exposure of miners arises from rock hand- ling. Scooptrams are frequently used and produce 8 to 1300 mg of respirable dust for each ton of ore loaded. It is shown that sprays at drawpoints are not fully effective in wetting the rock and suggestions for improved wetting techniques are given. Techniques for improved dust control by ventilation and local filtration are described. The problem of dust from ore- passes and dumps on tramming levels are outlined.

Jan 1, 1981

By H. O. Hofman

With the exception of the exhaustive paper on the Father de Smet mill, by its designer, Mr. A. J. Bowie, Jr. (Bans., x. 87), nothing, so far as the writer is aware, has as yet appeared on the stamp-mills of the Black Hills of Dakota, although they have been steady producers for the last ten years. Within the small area of about 6000 by 1600 feet, $2,271,341.14 was produced in 1887† from rock averaging $4 per ton in free gold. I. The Ores. Character of the Ores.—The gold of the district is found in quartz and pyrites finely distributed through vast bodies of mica- and amphibole-schists, argillites and phyllites, and also impregnating the schists themselves. The " Belt," embracing the section of Lead City, Terraville and Central City, is the only part worked at present. The principal associated mineral is iron pyrites, with some arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite, garnet and asbestos. The ores from open cuts and upper levels are more free-milling. than those from underground workings below water-line. Hence

Jan 1, 1889

By Dorsey Lyon

I. INTRODUCTION THE utilization of hydro-electric power in electro-metallurgical indus¬tries, aside from purely mechanical operations, may he of two kinds. The electric energy may be used to supply the heat necessary for the per¬formance of the chemical reactions of a metallurgical process, or the elec¬trolytic action of a direct current may be employed for extraction of metals, either in a reduction process or a refining process. In discussing this subject, it is well to distinguish between established industries, which are producing metals and alloys at a profit by use of the electric current, and the many processes which are either still in the experimental stage or have not even passed the paper stage of development of a patent. That is, we consider electro-metallurgical industries as commercial operations which are now consuming large blocks of electric energy, while processes which are not in commercial operation are only prospective consumers. Also, owing to the difficulty and risk of any attempt to foresee the effect of the European war upon electro-metallurgical industries, we have felt obliged to disregard the war entirely, and state our opinions regardless of its existence.

Jan 8, 1915

By William P. Blake

Travelers in the desert regions of the southwestern portion of United States, especially along the valley of the Colorado of the West, can hardly fail to note that most of the rocky outcrope of the harder rocks have a uniform prevailing blackness of the surface, in strong contrast with the normal color of the interior of the rock when freshly broken. For example, the granitic or gneissic rocks of Pilot Knob, below Yuma, are blackened beyond easy recognition. So also rocks upon the lower Mojave in California are so thoroughly blackened, as if painted, that ordinary gneiss can scarcely be recognized without breaking it so as to show the interior color and structure. The discoloration is not confined to the rocky outcrops in place, but is found upon boulders and upon the loose rounded pebbles which strew the surface of the mesas along the Colorado river. These fragmentary rocks partake of the general blackening.

Jan 1, 1905

By R. G. Charles, E. A. Gulbransen, S. Barnartt

KINETICS of the reaction of zirconium with pure oxygen at elevated temperatures have been studied by several workers for periods of time up to 6 hr.1-1 In two cases,3-4 . the experimental values of oxygen uptake, w, as a function of time, t, were best fitted to the parabolic rate law w2 = kPt + constant. In others,3,4 the cubic rate law w3 = kot + constant, showed better agreement. The most recent data of Gulbransen and Andrew4 indicate that the choice between the parabolic and cubic laws for empirical representation of the data will often be arbitrary. This is particularly true if the first few minutes of the reaction with a clean zirconium surface is attributed to a different oxidation mechanism, for deviations from either rate law were found primarily during the initial period. Thus, the kinetics of this reaction have been too uncertain to permit safe extrapolation to oxidation periods of practical interest (many hundreds of hours). The data to be described are of interest, for they indicate that the cubic rate law applies over long oxidation times. The reaction of zirconium with oxygen at 1 atm pressure was followed at 350" and 450°C for 500 and 200 hr, respectively. Abraded test specimens of pure zirconium sheet' 3.0 X 2.0 X 0.012 cm in size were oxidized by the procedure previously described,3 which included periodic cooling to room temperature for weighing. The surfaces were polished to a 4/0 finish using polishing paper wet with kerosene, then wiped with petroleum ether and washed in redistilled acetone. Fig. 1 shows plots of log ? vs log t. Each curve represents the average of duplicate measurements, and deviations from the average were generally less than 3 pet. The cubic rate law (slope = 1/3) is closely followed. The rate constants, 5.2, x 10 -6 and 2.4, X 10- (mg cm-2)3 per hr at 350" and 450 oC, respectively, are plotted as log k, vs 1/T in Fig. 2, together with cubic constants calculated from the data of Gulbransen and Andrew4 for abraded specimens from the same lot of zirconium. Their data refer to runs of 6-hr duration at a pressure of 0.1 atm 0 and under conditions of uninterrupted heating. In spite of these differences, the latter data yield a straight line which appears to apply equally well to the new extended time data. The energy of activation for the oxidation process, calculated from the slope of this line, i.s 38 keal per mole. This may be compared with the value of 47 keal per mole found by Belle and Mallett3 at higher temperatures. It may be concluded tentatively that extrapolation of short-term oxidation data for zirconium to obtain the long-term behavior is best done through the cubic equation ?3 = kpt + constant. References ' E. A. Gulbransen and K. F. Andrew: AIME Trans., 1949, vol. 185, p. A.515; JouRNal OF Metals, August 1949. 'D.p. Cubicciotti Journal Amer Chemical August1949.Soc., 1950, Vol. 72, P. 3 V. Belle and M. W. Mallett: Joulnal Electro chemical Soc., 1954, ' E. A. Gulbransen 339.and K. F. Andrew: Oxidation of Zirconium Between 400" Gulbransenand 800'C.and AIME Trarzs.. 1957, vol. 209, p. 394; JOUR-Nal of Metals, April 1957. IS Barnartt, B G. Charles, and E. A. Gulbransen: Oxidation of 50 weight pet uranium-zirconium alloy, Journul Electrochemical SOC., 1957, vol. 104, p. 218.

Jan 1, 1959

By I. H. Van Horn

IN the development of the incandescent electric lamp one aim of the investigators has been to establish the fundamentals of lamp design, so that the performance of any new lamp may be accurately predicted. The study of the temperature relations in lamps has done much toward establishing these fundamentals. Fig. 1 gives the typical FIG. 1.-ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN MAZDA B AND MAZDA C LAMPS. arrangement of the lamp parts in both the Mazda B (vacuum) and Mazda C (gas-filled) lamps. The outstanding differences are the filament form and the bulb shape. The ideal lamp is one in which the filament operates at a uniform temperature throughout its length. In practice, it is necessary to disturb this uniformity by the introduction of supports and terminals. The amount of cooling at the supports and terminals affects the over-all efficiency of the filament as a light producer. The life of the lamp is ordinarily proportional to the maximum and not to the average filament temperature. The Holborn-Kurlbaum type of optical pyrometer has

Jan 9, 1919

By E. W. Henderson

Oil and gas development in Utah in 1936 added nothing of importance to the commercial possibilities of the state and consisted principally of efforts to reach objectives in wildcat wells started prior to 1936. Leasing activity on structures having oil and gas possibilities in beds of Pennsylvanian age or older followed announcement by the Standard Oil Company of California that a test of beds of Mississippian age would be made on the San Rafael structure. DRilling Clay Basin, Dagget County.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. completed a third well, sec. 16, T. 3 N., R. 24 E., on a flank of this structure. Total developed open flow of the field is approximately 50 million cubic feet and sufficient reserve has been established to warrant construction in 1937 of a pipe line connecting with the Salt Lake City-Ogden line. San Rafael, Emery County.—The Standard Oil Company of California started a wildcat test in sec. 22, T. 23 S., R. 11 E. Circulation was lost in a water-filled cavity, in dolomitic limestone, below 2185 ft. and the hole conditioned as a water supply for drilling a second test in sec. 27, T. 23 S., R. 11 E. The Carter Oil Co. in 1921 drilled a well in sec. 24, T. 23 S., R. 11 E., which was abandoned at a depth of 3035 ft. after testing at least a part of the Pennsylvanian section. Czsco, Grand County.—Drilling operations at the Utah Sout.hern Oil Company's test in sec. 33, T. 22 S., R. 22 E., continued throughout the year. Information obtained by means of a seismographic survey of the area indicated that beds of Pennsylvanian age would be found at approximately 2500 ft. The bottom of the hole at 6300 ft. is believed to be in beds of Pennsylvanian age but positive determination has not been made froin the drill cuttings. Green River, Grand County.—Test of Glen Ruby et al., sec. 34, T. 21 S., R. 16 E., was abandoned at 2627 ft. as a dry hole after drilling into Permian Kaibab limestone. Shows of oil and gas were reported and a flow of carbon dioxide gas under low pressure encountered.

Jan 1, 1937