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By A. A. Gustafson

The Freeport Sulphur Co. built a portable crusher in 1944 that solved a problem that none of the crusher manufacturing companies contacted were able to do. Two of these crushers have now been in service for 6 years, giving satisfactory service in handling a million tons per year, and having a capacity of over 2000 long tons per 8-hr shift. These machines reduce ton size blocks of sulphur to 12 in. and also feed the conveyor system at the rate of 350 long tons per hr per machine.

Jan 10, 1950

By R. B. Basham, C. W. Macune

Very small anomalies in oil well temperatures are detected and measured by recording the difference in temperature existing between two thermally sensitive elements which are Spaced several feet apart on a small diameter carrier and lowered into the bore hole. The elements operate in a balanced electrical circuit, sending only a reference signal to the surface as long as normal gradient temperatures are encountered. When either element enters a temperature disturbance, the circuit is unbalanced and produces large recorder deflections for minute anomalies. The system is highly sensitive to small changes in thermal gradients caused by gas or fluid movements and to the boundaries between beds of different thermal conductivities. Typical logs show successful applications of the process to locating gas and water leaks in casing, gas entry. and gas-oil contact. INTRODUCTION Temperature measurements in oil wells have been made for many years in the search for additional sub-surface data. It has been generally agreed that many conditions in the bore hole cause temperature anomalies which, if located and measured, could yield useful information. But it has been recognized also that many of the irregularities, such as those produced by small water and gas leaks in casing, might be very small and therefore difficult to detect with certainty.' Although tem-perature measurements have been made which show anomalies of less than one degree deviation from normal gradient temperatures, the results are usually uncertain and unconvincing. The general practice, therefore. has been to apply temperature surveys only to well conditions known to produce appreciable disturbances, such as large gas movements and cement hydration. The recent demand for additional data has focused attention on the problem of making dependable temperature measurements in the many instances when anomalies are small but none the less significant. It was for the purpose of detecting these minute irregularities in bore hole temperature that the program described in the following text was undertaken. It is emphasized that this presentation is not offered as a complete study, for the process is still partially experimental. But it is believed that the results obtained thus far will be of interest to the industry and will indicate some of the system's potential usefulness. DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT The chief value of differential measurement lies in the fact that a difference between two factors can be measured with a scale of values best suited to that difference, a scale that might be cumbersome or impractical if applied to the factors themselves. When it is known that all factors will be nearly equal in value, and therefore the differences consistently small, it is possible to select a scale which will permit very accurate measurement of the differences. This advantage is in contrast to the difficulty of measuring small increments of a single variable, where the increment must be measured by a large scale which is suitable for measuring the entire factor. Gradient temperatures are usually measured under this latter condition where temperature measuring apparatus must have a scale extending over the range of expected temperatures, say 50' to 25O°F, and it becomes almost impossible to detect small irregularities of less than one degree. The use of large strip chart recorders and divided multiple ranges tend to amplify the small anomaly and make it more pronounced. But the instability of instruments, both

Jan 1, 1952

By William White

History.—The making of iron and steel from the ores of northern Mexico was for years a favorite project of the late Don Patricio Milmo, upon whose estate large deposits of coal and iron were known to exist, and with whom Mr. Eugene Kelly, of New York, was associated. Several expert examinations of the property mere made for them; and when failing health forced Sr. Milmo to retire from active part in the matter, Mr. Kelly carried on the project and associated himself with Messrs. Vicente Ferrara, of Monterrey, Antonio Basagoiti and Leon Signoret, of the City of Mexico, and other leading citizens of Mexico, Monterrey and New York, who, in May, 1900, organized the " Compania Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey," with a capital of $10,000,000. The main reason for locating the plant at Monterrey was, that a circle drawn with Monterrey as a center, and the distance from Monterrey to Laredo as a radius, will contain all the known Deposits of iron-ore of Bessemer quality, and the greater part of the available coal, in the Republic. Moreover, Monterrey is connected with all the Mexican trunk railwaylines, and thus with the Gulf of Mexico, and supplies, therefore, the conditions necessary for prosperous manufacturing, namely, cheapness in assembling raw materials and means for wide distribution of product. It also has a number of enterprising citizens, who have been successful in mining, smelting and manufacturing operations, and a sufficiently large population to supply the necessary labor. Iron-Ore.—The company's iron-mines are on the Carrizal mountain, on the Mexican National, and at Monclova, on the Mexican International railroad. At the former locality, two mines, Piedra Iman and the Anillo de Hierro, sufficiently large

Jan 1, 1902

By George Frederick Kunz

The manifold inconveniences resulting from the absence of a uniform standard of mass for determining the weight of precious stones have long been obvious. This lack has been keenly felt in commercial transactions, and those who have devoted time and research to the study of historic diamonds and precious stones have had frequent occasion to deplore the absence of such a standard in the past. In a paper read in Chicago in 1893, before the International Congress of Weights and Measures, held in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition, the writer suggested dividing the carat into 100 parts, and constituting a standard international carat of 200 mg.; that is, 5 diamond carats or 20 pearl grains to a French gram, making 5,000 carats or 20,000 pearl grains to a ki1ogram. He also called attention to the fact that while this would depreciate the present diamoiid carat or pearl grain only about 2.5 per cent., it would abolish the troublesome discrepancies between the various carat-weights now in use, and could be easily explained and understood everywhere.' The subject of the various diamond carats, their incongruity, and the resulting confusion as to the correct weights of historic gems when definite records of them are searched for, has been fully treated by me in an extensive study of this subject in The Book of the Pearl2 To the earnest and unremitting efforts of C. E. Guillaume, Director of the Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesures at Sévres, is largely due the eventual success of this eminently desirable reform, which he has constantly urged both by articles on the subject and by addresses delivered in Paris before the International Committee for Weights and Measures.3 The general adoption of a uniform standard for dealings in pre-

Jan 1, 1914

By Frederick Laist

While remodeling No. 1 section of the concentrator at the Washoe Reduction Works of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. during the summer of 1912, for the purpose of ascertaining what additional metal recoveries could be made by improvements in concentration practice which had been developed by the staff of the Boston & Montana Reduction Department, at Great Falls, it was deemed advisable to carry on some experiments on the treatment of the regular mill tailings by roasting and leaching, to see whether the losses of metal values might not be still further decreased. In the course of these experiments about 5,000 tons of tailings were roasted, and of the resulting calcine about 200 tons were leached. The results were so satisfactory that it was decided to continue the work on a larger scale, particularly as regards the leaching end of the process, and construction work on an 80-ton roasting and leaching plant was accordingly commenced during the latter part of February, 1913, and is being pushed as rapidly as possible. 80-Ton Leaching Plant. This plant will consist of one 20-ft. roasting furnace of the Mac-Dougall type, specially adapted to the work of roasting for leaching; two leaching tanks, 32 ft. in diameter by 12 ft. deep, together with the necessary solution tanks, air lifts, precipitating launders, etc. It has been decided to precipitate the copper from solution on scrap iron, so as not to hamper the roasting and leaching departments by any weakness that might develop in the precipitating department. It is, however, the intention to experiment with a number of different methods of precipitation; for example, by electrolysis and by hydrogen sulphide. The acid required for the operation of this plant will be purchased, ad the quantity required is not sufficient to justify the installation of an acid plant. An acid plant will, however, be established in con-

Jan 1, 1914

By George F. Sawers

THE geophysical methods of exploration employed so extensively in mining and petroleum investigations are now being used in civil engineering. Requirements differ from those of mineral exploration and therefore modified techniques have been developed.

Jan 8, 1953

By A. L. Mular

Optimization strategies of possible interest to mineral processing are reviewed and typical strategies initiated in processing plants to date are discussed. Both On-Line and Off- Line optimization procedures have been employed by industry, assisted either by operators or by digital computers. In every case, dollar benefits have accrued.

Jan 1, 1976

By C. W. Jr. Gennet

ANNOUNCEMENT was made in the spring of 1926 that the Boston & Maine R. R. Co. had contracted with the well known German steelmakers, Messrs. Fried Krupp, for the manufacture of 15,000 tons of basic open-hearth steel rails at the Rheinhausen Works, for delivery to Boston, Mass. The manufacture of rails in the United States has for many years been almost a national pride, and as this feeling is chiefly the result of a long-time liberal and consistent patronage of, American rails by American railroads, it is not strange that this somewhat unusual announcement should arouse more than ordinary interest. Since the end of the World War, the importation of foreign rail has been fairly large, principally because the newly created economic conditions have rendered some American competition more difficult, but the tonnage imported, for the most part, has been made up of small orders for miscellaneous use; and the contract referred to constitutes the largest single importation of foreign rail in over ten years. In 1915, the Algoma Steel Co. of Sault Ste. Marie, Canada; supplied the Illinois Central R. R. with 30,000 tons of rails,1 and various other American roads with smaller amounts. In 1902, 1903 and 1904, large tonnages of rail from abroad were purchased, the Louisville & Nashville R. R. alone obtaining 30;000 tons from German mills. It is the object of this paper, to present, in what is believed to be a new and concise form, figures showing the production and consumption of rails in the United States, and to record some of the testing and inspection results of the recent Krupp rails; also, to direct attention to two quite unique departures from American practice that were regular features of the Krupp process and which are worthy, it is thought, of careful study.

Jan 1, 1928

By H. J. Wasson

At the close of 1927 Venezuela was producing at the rate of 205,000 bbl, per day, making it the third country in the world in point of present daily production. For the year, the total was close to 64,000,000 bbl., representing an increase of about 70 per cent. over the 37,000,000 bbl. in round numbers produced in 1926. All of the 1927 production canie from fields opened up before the beginning of the year. While no new fields were added to the list of shippers, the past 12 months' wildcatting yielded a fair quota of new discoveries which, in the light of prcsent results, may be considered likely sources of production in due time. Altogether three such promising finds were made Of first importance, at least for the immediate future, is the completion by the Lago Petroleum Corpn. of the San Matins well, 4 miles north of the present edge of the Lagunillas field. Although rated as only a 125. bbl. well, at 3217 ft., it indicates a probable extension of the field over the intervening 4 miles between the two. The two other wildcat discoveries of importance were the Los Manueles well in the District of Colon, which has in all probability opened up a new field about 7 miles north of the present Tarra oprations; and the Honibre Pintado well of the Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela,. in the State of Falcon, which is considered to be a promising clc~vc~lop~ncnt. Neither of these last mentioned two discoveries will apprcciably affect production during 1928, as the Manueles area must await the carrying out of a general plan for the exploitation of the District of Colon, a problem requiring time. The Hombre Pintado area is being tested further, but doubtless several wells will be put down before. anything definite will be done towards making the pipe line. arrangements that rnust necessarily precede the commercial exploitation of the field. The San Matias Well The San Matias well is a highly significant dcvelopment,. It is located along the trend of the La Rosa-Ilagunillas producing formations, and when drilling started, production in the Lagunillas field was 4 miles

Jan 1, 1928

By New kensington P. A, W. L. Fink, H. R. Freche

The investigation of aluminum alloy systems prior to 1923 was severely handicapped by the low purity of the best aluminum available. However, by that time, the electrolytic purification of aluminum had been developed by the Aluminum Company of America,(1)† and in May, 1923, there was initiated, under the direction of E. H. Dix, Jr.,(2) a program for the investigation of the aluminum-alloy systems using the purest electrolytically refined aluminum. Up to the present time 15 papers (3) have been published, most of which are on the binary aluminum systems. Work is now in progress on the ternary systems, and it seems probable that most of the future work will be on ternary systems. Therefore this survey of the binary aluminum systems investigatcd up to the present time (the sixteenth paper of the series) concludes the first phase of this program. Certain qualitative relations between corresponding portions of the various binary diagrams as well as between different parts of the same diagram were noted some time ago by R. S. Archer.(4) In the present paper these relations and others are considered quantitatively by the application of well-known thermodynamic equations or by newly discovered empirical relations. No attempt will be made here to present the history of the development of the thermodynamic equations defining equilibrium or their application to metallic systems, although a list of references is given at the end of this paper for those who are interested in this phase of the subject. Two thermodynamic equations, which will be employed extensively in this paper, are: loge x1 = - L/RT + C

Jan 1, 1934

By R. P. Aikman, F. G. Miller, J. M. Podgursky

In response to the growing demand for low-sulfur coking coal for iron-making, the coal industry is continually striving to perfect methods for cleaning coal to acceptable ash and sulfur levels while maintaining maximum product yield. By present standards the industry has adequate processes for cleaning coarse coal, (i.e., +28 mesh) at almost any desired specific gravity. However, in the case of fine coal (i.e., -28 mesh) neither of the two existing processes-froth flotation and hydrocycloning-in its present state of development yields products that are comparable in ash and/or sulfur content to products normally obtained from coarse coal processes. The work outlined in this article is part of a larger study directed toward maximum exploitation of froth flotation for fine coal processing. The concepts and data presented are now serving as a basis for designing fine-coal circuits in which improved efficiency is obtained by optimum use of froth flotation with other fine-coal processing methods.

Jan 7, 1967

Discussion of the paper of Robert Franke, presented at the Butte meeting, August, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 79, July, 1913, pp. 1201 to 1205. ARTHUR 0. GATES, Lafayette, Ind. (communication to the Secretary*) :-In connection with the comparison of mechanical crushing efficiencies in Tables I and II of Mr. Franke's paper, I wish to suggest a somewhat simpler way of making this' comparison, based upon what the writer has called the "crushing-surface diagram," as published by him in the Engineering and Mining Journal for May 24, 1913. Such a diagram, based on the data given in Table II, is submitted herewith, Fig. 1, cumulative percentages being plotted as abscissas and reciprocals of diameters (theoretical mesh per inch). plotted as ordinates.. Such a diagram averages the diameters without calculation, and areas upon it are proportional to surface produced, and, in accordance with Rittinger's law, to energy spent on crushing alone.

Jan 11, 1913

By Frederick K. Allgaier

As part of an ongoing research program, the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, is monitoring surface subsidence over six longwall panels at three Utah coal mines. These sites are characterized by mining depths of 244 to 610 meters (800 to 2,000 ft .), thick and massive sandstone layers in the overburden strata, multiple seam mining, extraction heights of approximately 1.8 to 3 meters (6 to 10 ft.), and rugged surface topography. Maximum subsidence, angle of draw, timing relative to mining, horizontal strain, and rate of subsidence development are being determined and correlated with mining and geologic variables. Results to date indicate the maximum vertical subsidence over the monitored panels ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 meters (2 to 3 ft.). The major factors controlling the amount of subsidence are the panel dimensions and the status of adjacent panel mining. Only minor surface cracking at the panel ends was evident at any of the sites. In all cases, there was a time lag of several months between the start of mining and subsidence at the surface. As subsequent panels are monitored and additional data become available, better estimates of the effect of various site characteristics on the subsidence will be possible. Ultimately, improved prediction capabilities will allow mine operators in the West to evaluate the potential for subsidence-related damage which could affect the current or future land use above the mine.

Jan 1, 1982

By William E. Newman

Lead mining has been carried on in several localities of the Province of Ontario in a desultory fashion for the past 60 years, but up to 1916 the results have not been of much commercial importance. The most ambitious attempt was made by an English company which built a lead smelter at Kingston, Ont., in 1880 to treat the concentrates from the Frontenac mines. After 2 years' operation, the mines and smelter were abandoned. Up to the present there has not been a sufficient tonnage of concentrates to support an efficient blast-furnace plant and as most of the small properties could not stand the heavy freight and duty charges into the United States, development work has not been carried on in a systematic manner. As a result the industry has languished. At Galetta, in southeastern Ontario, considerable prospecting and development work has been carried on in the last few years and very promising deposits of galena have been found in the Chats Island group by the James Robertson Co., Ltd., of Montreal. The chief deposit is that of the Galetta or Kingdon lead mine, located on Chats Island in the Ottawa River about 5 miles east of the town of Arnprior. The rocks1 in the vicinity of the mines consist of an interbedded series of crystalline limestone and biotite gneisses of pre-Cambrian age. This part of the Ottawa River basin has been severely faulted and the overlying Paleozoic limestones may be seen in normal fault cantact with the pre-Cambrian. The vein filling is of a very well-marked fault fissure type and although the amount of displacement is not determined at this point, similar faults to the east show a displacement of from 1,500 to 1,800 ft. which would indicate mineralized fault fissures of considerable depth. The ore occurs in a highly crystalline calcite with some barite and fluorite, and the galena occurs more or less richly disseminated in clusters and crystal aggregates. In some cases these masses weigh several hundred pounds. Small amounts of sphalerite are occasionally encountered.

Jan 1, 1918

By R. D. MacDonald, John Dasher, A. M. Gaudin

ION exchange is a widely used unit operation in water treatment and elsewhere in chemical industries. It has occasionally been used in hydro-metallurgy for treating plating, pickling, and rayon wastes Concerning ion exchange in extractive hydrometallurgy—for treating ore leach solutions— the literature prior to the Geneva Conference has given only hints."-" Yet most of the ore leach plants now being built or completed in the last three years use ion exchange for this purpose. Most of these plants are used for extracting uranium. The overall process for leaching low grade uranium ores and the history of its development have been given in the authors' previous papers.',' The object of this paper is to discuss certain engineering aspects of the new application of ion exchange to recover dissolved values from ore leach solutions. Necessarily the illustrations will be taken from the first application—to uranium metallurgy. Although ion exchange processes have been devised in which separation of spent residue from pregnant liquor is not required, as in the RIP process,"-'I only ion exchange operation, in which the resin is contacted with a clear solution, will be discussed in this paper. Uranium exists in acid leach liquors mainly as the cation UO," and can be adsorbed completely by cation exchange resins, but the adsorption is not selective as other cations such as Fe++, Fe+++, Al+++, Mg++, Mn", and Ca++ are also adsorbed. Uranium, however, forms complex anions with sulfate, phosphate," Carbonate"~"~ and even with chloride if the solution is strong enough.15 These anions can be adsorbed by anion exchange resins. The strong base anion exchangers have a very strong preference for these complexes and hence this adsorption is very selective. In this paper, the examples concern acid sulfate leach liquors from which uranium is adsorbed as UO,(SO,),-% and UO,(SO,),". Materials and Equipment Ion Exchange Material—Ion exchange materials include natural and synthetic; organic and inorganic; cationic and anionic; and weak, intermediate, and strong varieties. They consist of fragments or beads normally in the size range —16 to $50 mesh. The newer varieties have been developed to have greater stability, chemical strength, and/or capacity than earlier varieties. The resin used for uranium recovery is a strong base anion exchanger.* To make * Such as Rohm and Haas Amberlite IRA-400 series, British Permutit DeAcidite FF. Permutit lonac SE. and Dow Nalcite SAR. this resin, styrene plus a few percent divinyl benzene are polymerized into long chains with occasional cross links. This resin in bead form is then reacted to introduce quaternary amine groups onto most of the aromatic rings.' These resins are water-avid gels of specific gravity of about 1.1, which shrink and swell by osmosis when the ionic content of the surrounding solution is changed. The beads which are shown in Fig. 1 can be broken like an onion by rapidly replacing 15 pct H,SO, with water. This organic gel can also be broken by mechanical handling as by a centrifugal pump. Otherwise it is remarkably stable. It is unharmed by fairly strong acid or alkali, oxidizing or reducing agents, and heat up to 70°C. The strong base resin when completely in the chloride form (with a chloride anion on each quaternary amine group) holds over 107 g of C1- per dry kg. As all these chloride ions can be displaced by other anions, the resin has an exchange capacity of over 3 g equivalents per dry kg. However, the resin is sold and used by moist volume. The moist resin contains about 50 pct water, weighs about 43 lb per cu ft, has 40 pct voids, and an exchange capacity of over 1 g equivalent per liter of bed volume. Ion Exchange Equipment—Ion exchange equipment used for recovery of uranium from leach solutions is substantially identical to that developed for water treatment and other applications.'" The resin beds are held in closed tanks or columns which, in the uranium plants, have been standardized at 7 ft diam and 12 ft high. The resin bed

Jan 1, 1958

By N. H. Mannakee

[Secretary's Note.—At the Spokane meeting of the Institute, in discussion of President Brunton's address on "Modern Progress in Mining and Metallurgy in the Western United States," and at the request of members present, Mr. Ayres gave an oral account of his new separator, which is here published as an independent paper, partly because of its inherent importance and partly because it describes an improvement which did not originate in the Western United States, and therefore does not fall, strictly speaking, under the title of President Urunton's address.—R. W. R.] A brief history of the growth of the anthracite-coal preparation will give a better view-point from which to judge the present problem of separating slate from coal. At the beginning of the commercial value of anthracite, 70 years ago, only the pure portions, or " splits," of the veins were mined and shipped to market, and without any preparation or screening other than the selection, while loading, of the glassy lumps, and the rejection of the fine material and the slate that had strayed accidentally into the coal. The next step was the crushing or breaking of the coal (hence the name "breaker" as applied to the preparation-building), and the sizing of it by means of bars or revolving screens. This stage of its development marked the advent of the " breaker-boy " as a slate-picker, with his ever-increasing capriciousness. As the richer veins or a splits " became exhausted and the market demanded a still greater output, the less-pure " splits " and the thinner veins were utilized to produce the coal. Carrying as they do a far greater percentage of impurities, particularly when removing the pillars, it became necessary to build new and better equipped preparation-plants. Finally, we are now at the highest stage of complicatioii yet known to the art of coal-preparation. We are dealing with varying specific gravities, frictional difference, hardness, structure, and form in the pieces of coal and slate coming from many different veins, and

Jan 1, 1910

By W. Bonfield

A study has been made of the dislocation substructures produced in hot-pressed beryllium specimens strained to various levels in the range from 800 x 10-6 In. pev in. to fracture. A number of distinctive dislocation configurations were observed in this region which had not been noted at lower levels of strain. These included dislocation-dislocation interactions to form networks, dislocation "walls", subgrain boundaries and complex arrays, interactions between dislocations and large beryllium oxide particles, and the generation of dislocations from certain particles. The nature of these differences in substructure and their relation to the stress-strain characteristics of polycrystalline beryllium are discussed. In a previous study1 of the plasticity of commercial-purity, hot-pressed beryllium a transition was found in the deformation characteristics in the mi-crostrain region. The initial plastic deformation could be represented by a parabolic stress-strain equation, but above a critical stress there was a complete departure from this relation and a reduction in the strain-hardening rate. The dislocation configurations produced by various levels of micro-strain in this region were examined by transmission electron microscopy and a general correlation was established between the observed transition in deformation characteristics and the dislocation structure of the material. The two stages in the micro-strain region distinguished in these experiments were designated as Stage A' and Stage B'. Stage A' type deformation generally was noted up to a plastic strain of -80 x 10"6 in. per in. and Stage B' type from -80 x 10-6 to -800 x 10'6 in. per in. The discovery of two stages in the microstrain region naturally posed pertinent questions as to the existence of any further distinct stages in the subsequent plastic deformation. The purpose of this paper is to present a study of the dislocation configurations produced in similar beryllium specimens strained to various levels in the range from -800 x 10 in. per in. to fracture and to discuss the relation between substructure and the stress-strain characteristics. It is concluded that this region of strain can be considered as a distinct stage in the plastic deformation of polycrystalline beryllium. Tensile specimens of gage length 1 in. and cross section 0.18 by 0.06 in. were prepared from commercial-purity, hot-pressed QMV beryllium and then annealed at 1100°C for 2 hr. 2 followed by a careful chemical polishing procedure.3 The specimens were strained at a constant rate to various levels of strain in the range from -800 x 10-6 in. per in. to fracture (at 0.5 to 2 pct elongation), using the Tuckerman strain-gage technique1 to measure plastic and total strain. Thin foils were obtained from the strained and fractured specimens by chemical polishing3 and were examined using an RCA-EMU 3 electron microscope. Considerable care waS taken to avoid both accidental deformation during the preparation of the thin foils and excessive heating during their examination. Selected-area diffraction patterns were determined for each micrograph. Tilting experiments were also performed whenever appropriate to establish the dislocation zero-contrast position and hence determine the Burgers vector. This operation was sometimes not possible due to the rapid contamination of the foils which occurred in the electron microscope. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To enable the distinctions between the dislocation arrays at high and low strain levels to be adequately made, the main characteristics of Stage A' and Stage B' deformation are briefly reviewed. 1) Stage A'. In the annealed starting condition there was a variable density (5 x 107 to 3 x 10' cm per cu cm) of isolated dislocations within a grain. The initial deformation in a tensile specimen was heterogeneous, with the dislocation density increasing in a few grains to 5 x 10g to 1.5 x 101° cm per cu cm. The deformation occurred exclusively on the basal plane by the movement of one or more 1/3 (1130) type dislocation systems. The dislocations were long and regular in form and nearly all the intersections exhibited a simple four-point node configuration. No interactions between glide dislocations and beryllium oxide particles were observed. 2) Stage B. In Stage B' there was a large increase in the number of grains exhibiting dislocation movement and also a change in the nature of the deformation, in which jogged dislocations and elongated loops became the characteristic feature. The splitting up of the elongated loops into smaller loops and the possibility of source action from the re-

Jan 1, 1965

By Francis F. Lucas

Jan 1, 1931

By John T. Galey

In all, 210 wellst were completed in southwestern Pennsylvania during 1939, which is 59 more than were drilled during the preceding year. Of this number, 137 were gas wells, which is a considerable increase from the 81 completed during 1938. Only 25 oil wells were completed, as against 28 in the previous year, and 28 dry holes, 6 more than last year. Shallow Development—Gas The increase in the number of gas wells is largely the result of a search for additional gas in Armstrong and Indiana Counties. Although a considerable number of wells were drilled in the latter county, the majority of them produced less than 100 M cu. ft. initial open flow. In Armstrong County, a new pool was opened in Cowanshannock township, producing from the third Bradford sand. Several large wells were obtained there, one of which produced an initial of nearly 12 million cu. ft., with a reservoir pressure of 1100 Ib. However, the productive area has been fairly well outlined by further drilling and shows that the pool covers only about 800 acres. The sand is 20 to 30 ft. thick, and probably has 5 to 6 ft. of pay. Thus this reserve is not an important one. Several wells were found in Menallen township, Fayette County, where the Big Injun sand has been having a play for the past three years, but the activity there is much less than a year ago. Oil On the west side of the Bradford sand gas pool, Cowanshannock township, Armstrong County, a well was drilled which flowed 100 bbl. the first day from the Tiona sand. The probability is that this well is a freak, as the Tiona has been drilled within a fairly close distance on every

Jan 1, 1940

By James Neale

FROM the beginning of its activities, the members of the National Production Committee have felt that the following points were essential to the success of its work: The operators must. feel that their operations were not 100 per cent. efficient; that they should be courteous and fair in their treatment of their employees; and that they should set an example of hard work and patriotic interest in increased production. Every move made must appeal to the sense of fairness of all parties concerned. The men must feel that in working more faithfully, and consequently producing more coal, they are rendering a distinct service to their Government in the time of its great need. As the workers feel that greater efficiency on their part results only in greater profits to the operators, the advantage to the operator should be lost sight of, as far as possible, and the advantage to the Government in fighting the war emphasized. Both operators and workers should know that the Government considered increased production an obligation, and opportunity for service, resting on both parties and not on the operators or the workers alone, and that both parties could very much better the efficiency of the pre-war period. Had the committee intimated that it thought the coal shortage was clue entirely to the idleness and inefficiency of the workers, its campaign would have failed, for the men would have resented the charge because only too frequently their efforts to produce more coal were thwarted by bad management; besides the operators would have lacked stimulus to better effort. On the other hand, had the impression been given that the committee thought that the coal shortage was clue entirely to bad management, the operators would have resented the charge because only too frequently their efforts to produce more coal were thwarted by the idleness and inefficiency of the workers; and the workers, having been thus indirectly pronounced 100 per cent. efficient and patriotic, would have lacked stimulus to better effort.

Jan 2, 1919