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By H. F. Maulson

For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the history of the western Provinces-Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta-as regards our natural resources, a few words of explanation may be in order before taking up the consideration of the Mines Act of 1930. In 1867, The British North America Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament. That Act, which is our constitution, created a union between the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Upper and Lower Canada (now known as Ontario and Quebec respectively) under the name of the Dominion of Canada. Provision was made therein for embracing other parts of Canada from time to time. That portion of Canada which today comprises the Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta and the lands to the north of them, was then known as Ruperts Land and the North West Territory. In the year 1670, King Charles II had granted by Letters Patent to Prince Rupert and his associates, known as ?The Governor & Company of Gentlemen Adventurers of England, Trading into Hudson's Bay?, commonly known as the Hudson's Bay Company, the lands and territories therein described, being roughly all the lands adjacent to and west of Hudson's bay; also the gold and silver to be found or discovered therein and other rights as more fully described in said Letters Patent. The land so granted was called 'Ruperts Land'.

Jan 1, 1930

By Adrian Dance

Newmont Mining Corporation?s Carlin (?Carlin?) operation processes roaster feed through a double rotator, dry grinding mill following secondary crushing. Metso Process Technology & Innovation (?PTI?) was involved in a review of crushing and dry grinding circuit operations in August 2009. A number of opportunities for increased throughput were identified in the PTI study. Extended plant trials were conducted in July 2010 to provide justification for possible circuit modifications and if needed, additional equipment. The trials confirmed that a finer crusher product would reduce the build-up of material ahead of the coarse grinding chamber in the double-rotator. Also revealed were material transport and airflow restrictions in the dry grinding circuit that resulted in a high circulating load. The secondary crushing plant demonstrated it was capable of reducing the amount of +¾? material in the mill feed thus increasing dry grinding throughput. However, wet and sticky feed affected screening efficiency resulting in low utilisation of the existing crusher capacity. The open circuit configuration also made it difficult to control crushing circuit product size. For the dry grinding circuit, changes in grinding media size, transfer grate design and increased airflow were recommended to reduce circulating load issues and increase circuit capacity. This paper summarises the crushing and grinding circuit review, the extended site trials performed by PTI and the improvements in dry grinding operation that resulted from this study.

Jan 1, 2012

By Edward W. Parker

(Toronto Meeting, July, 1907.) NOTE.-The material from which this paper has been prepared was collected for the U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, Contributions to Economic Geology, 1906, and appears also, though in somewhat more extended form without illustrations, in that publication. ALTHOUGH the briquetting of coals and lignites has been carried on for many years in Europe, and has reached a particularly high state of development in France, Belgium, and Germany, it has made comparatively little progress in the United States. The causes for the backwardness of the United States in this regard are several, and first among them has been the abundant supply of cheap raw fuel with which the manufactured article has to compete. With our millions of acres of coal-productive territory, from which the product can in most cases be cheaply extracted, it has appeared in many districts more economical to waste the slack or culm, which con¬stitutes a considerable percentage -of the product, than to attempt to save it at the additional expense required for briquetting. It is for this reason that the view in all sections of the anthracite-region of Pennsylvania is marred by the unsightly culm-banks which encumber the ground, and that in some of the bituminous-districts one sees huge piles of unmarketable- slack allowed to burn up in order to get rid of them. When the coal is of a coking quality, or when the slack can be used for steaming-purposes, these losses are not sustained, but many thousands of tons of what might be converted into usable fuel have been wasted every year simply because of the increased expense involved in its preparation.

Sep 1, 1907

By Hugh P. Tiemann

The desirability of employing the centigrade scale for the measurement of temperatures is becoming more and more recognized in this country, particularly in view of the fact that this scale is used almost exclusively in technical papers and publications—exclusively in those published in French or German. There are, however, a large number of factories and laboratories which still employ the Fahrenheit scale. It therefore frequently becomes necessary to convert one into the other and the accompanying chart (Fig. I) has been found very convenient for this purpose. The formulas for conversion follow: (1) °F. = 9o /5+ 32 (2) oC = 5 (oF - 32 ) (1) 100° C X 9 900/5 =180 .'. 180 + 32 = 212° F. 5 (2) 5 (212° F - 32) = 5 X 180 =100o C 9 9

Jan 1, 1916

By Dakota Faulkner

Unexpected roof falls often occur in the entries or intersections of active mining sections in underground mines. For large roof falls (greater than 20 ft in height), it becomes dangerous and impractical to clean up the rock debris and re-bolt the newly exposed roof strata. To help mine operators rehabilitate the roof fall areas in a quick, safe, and economic manner, Jennmar Corporation and Keystone Mining Services, LLC (KMS) designed, tested, and developed various impact-resistant (IR) steel set designs, as initially detailed in the proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining (ICGCM). Since then, the IR steel sets have been successfully installed in more than 100 roof falls in 43 different coal mines. Significant data has been obtained from these installations, enabling further refinement to and improvement on the design. This paper (1) updates drop test results of the IR lagging panel, (2) presents a case study of the performance of IR arch sets installed 56 months ago at a roof fall rehabilitation site, (3) demonstrates capacity evaluation of the IR steel set, and (4) outlines a preliminary applicability evaluation guideline of the IR steel set for a given roof fall condition. Field evaluation and structural numerical analysis indicate that impact capacity of the system is significantly higher than that of the IR lagging panel, as originally determined. It is concluded that, when evaluating the applicability of an IR steel set, ground control engineers should consider the IR lagging and steel set as an entire system and make a reasonable engineering decision based on actual roof fall geotechnical conditions.

Jan 1, 2014

By Dante Santony

La empresa Pixis desarrolla para la SCM Miner Lumina Ccoper Chile, la creación virtual de treinta procedimientos de operaciones y mantenimiento de sus plantas de proceso. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala la aplicación de este entrenamiento virtual en la industria chilena - en tanto ofrece beneficios como una mejor capacitación del personal de planta en procedimiento de fallas, posibilidad de simulación de fallas y emergencias, el equipo puede ser entrenado antes del comisionamiento de la planta, sin riesgo y a menor costo y los cambios de planta y optimización en los procedimientos que pueden ser capturados, mejorando la efectividad de estos

May 1, 2014

By Judith L. Bolis

The Bureau of Mines estimated the potential availability of iron ore from 129 domestic and foreign mines and deposits in 25 market economy countries. The availability of four products on a total and regional basis was determined from demonstrated resources of 75.3 billion It. From the resources evaluated there are a total of 18.6 billion It of sinter fines, 4.9 billion It of lump ore, 14.7 billion It of pellets, and 820 MMlt of pellet feed potentially available at a 15-pct DCFROR, f.o.b. port. On a regional basis, at or below a total cost of $0.26 per iron unit there are 1.7 billion It, 2.8 billion It, and 186 MMlt of sinter fines potentially available from Brazil, Australia, and Africa, respectively. There are 825 MMlt of lump ore from Brazil and 1.4 billion It from Australia potentially available at or below a total cost of $0.24 per iron unit. There are 2.1 billion It of pellets potentially available from the United States at or below a total cost of $0.80 per iron unit, while 442 MMlt are potentially available in Brazil at or below $0.38 per iron unit. South America has 208 MMlt of pellet feed potentially available at or below a total cost of $0.28 per iron unit. While the resources of iron ore are more than adequate to satisfy demand, the future of the iron ore industry is very dependent upon changes in the world economy, and on the domestic scene, changes in the domestic steel industry and steel imports.

Jan 1, 1987

By Andrew Thallisson de Souza

Os aços inoxidáveis ABNT da série 300 são ligas austeníticas Fe-C(< 0,08%) - Cr(18 a 20%) - Ni(8 a 10%) são muito aplicados, pois apresentam alta estampabilidade, alta soldabilidade, boa resistência à corrosão uniforme em vários meios corrosivos, no entanto, sofrem corrosão localizada (pites, corrosão sob tensão, fresta e corrosão intergranular). Os aços inoxidáveis da família UNS S32304, têm 23%Cr e 4%Ni. Por terem teor de carbono inferior a 300ppm (0,03% em massa) são resistentes à corrosão intergranular, sofrem pites e corrosão sob tensão (CST). Devido ao alto teor de cromo, o aço UNS 32304 apresenta boa resistência à corrosão uniforme, sendo que na corrosão por pites o mesmo apresenta um comportamento melhor que os aços ABNT 304 (sem Mo) e ABNT 316 (com Mo), de acordo com o Número Equivalente de Resistência ao Pite (PREN). O PREN dos aços UNS 322304 é 26, e para os aços ABNT 304 e 316 são 18 e 25, respectivamente. Este trabalho caracterizou os diferentes aços inoxidáveis química, metalográfica e eletroquimicamente em meios contendo íons cloretos. A partir de ensaios de caracterização eletroquímica, por polarização potenciodinâmica, verificou-se que o aço ABNT 304 apresentou potencial de pite inferior aos aços ABNT 316 e o UNS 32304, em soluções aquosas contendo 3,5% (massa) de NaCl. Verificou-se que estes aços sofreram CST empregando-se ensaios de deformação (corpo de prova em U) e carga constante (corpo de prova de tração liso) nos eletrodos em soluções aquosas contendo 42% (massa) de MgCl2 na temperatura de aproximadamente 143°C. Salienta-se que o comportamento em CST do aço ABNT 304 foi inferior aos demais. As amostras ensaiadas foram caracterizadas fratograficamente (macro e microfratograficamente - empregando-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura). Os corpos de prova que sofreram CST apresentaram facetas de clivagem e “marcas de rios”, características da fratura frágil.

Aug 17, 2017

By R. H. Fernald

In 1900, as far as available records show, there were only two producer-gas power installations in the United States. In June, 1915, the number probably exceeded 1,000. Of this number, some 84.5 per cent comprised small plants using anthracite, and only about 15 per cent of the total number utilized bituminous coal and lignite. In addition to these, two plants used wood, and three or four used oil. In the main, however, the larger sized units are operating on bituminous coal and lignite.

Jan 1, 1916

By T Ladinig

Raise caving is a novel cave mining method, which has been proposed for mass mining at increasing mining depths in LKAB operations. The method makes use of the raise mining technology and an active stress management approach. For the implementation the method is split into two phases, namely a de-stressing phase and a production phase. In the de-stressing phase, a slot-pillar system is established. The purpose of slots is to provide stress shadows and the purpose of the large pillars is to control stress and seismicity. The production phase follows after the de-stressing phase. Required infrastructure in the production phase is developed delayed in stress shadows and bulk extraction takes place in de-stressed zones. Eventually the pillars crush and they are extracted in the production phase. A comprehensive research and development program has been launched to develop the raise caving method towards implementation. As part of this program a full-scale test site of raise caving will be conducted as well as raise caving operations are planned for depth extensions in LKAB mines. This paper discusses the design of raise caving operations in practice at the LKAB mines. In particular, the purpose of the paper is to focus on requirements for the development and design of a raise caving operation. The development of raise caving is discussed from a systems engineering perspective as well as from a management perspective. The functional requirements in the destressing and production phase are outlined and discussed in the paper. The discussion is on basis of the main elements of the raise caving system, such as slots, stopes, pillars and infrastructure. Critical rock engineering design requirements in the de-stressing and production phase are highlighted and dependencies between individual main elements are identified. The analyses show that pillars are especially important for the success of the mining method. Overall, the analyses show that raise caving is a complex system and that its development demands a multidisciplinary approach.

Mar 29, 2023

By H Hoogvliet

The Goondicum Crater industrial minerals deposit is located about 30 km east of Monto, Central Queensland, Australia. Early exploration programs in the 1990s found alluvial ilmenite along the banks of the Burnett River. This mineralisation was traced upstream to the Goondicum Crater. The Goondicum Crater is a topographic feature centred on a roughly circular 6 km diameter layered gabbro complex. Significant ilmenite, apatite, titano-magnetite and feldspar mineralisation are present in a weathered horizon up to 25 m thick. After several drilling campaigns in the Crater and subsequent feasibility studies, the project was developed by Monto Minerals Ltd, an ASX listed company, in 2007. However, the project never achieved production performance expectations and ran out of commissioning funds. The company subsequently went into voluntary administration in August 2008.In 2009, the RMM Capital group, of Brisbane, took control of Monto Resources Pty Ltd, and renamed the company Belridge Enterprises Pty Ltd (Belridge). Belridge commissioned a redevelopment study aimed at recommencing mining and processing operations. As part of the redevelopment study the authors planned a drilling campaign, managed a quality control program and developed a block model. This paper describes the drilling program, analytical procedures, quality control procedures and the preparation of the block model.The block model for the resource estimate was created using 1 m high blocks, wireframes defining the main material types, and 2.5 m thick horizontal search ellipsoids with a radial pattern. The deposit was ‘flattened’ prior to modelling. To assist with the economic evaluation of the project, each block in the model was assigned a net dollar value based on economic parameters provided by Belridge, including anticipated revenues and costs. This modelling technique allowed for efficient investigation of various scenarios and was used extensively in the development and optimisation of the project’s financial model. At a zero net value per block, comparable to a break-even cut-off grade of four per cent ilmenite equivalent, the Indicated plus Measured resource is estimated at 51 Mt, averaging 4.1 per cent ilmenite, 1.9 per cent apatite and 2.5 per cent titano-magnetite.

Oct 5, 2011

By R. N. Edmondson, L. Mair, M. Tenenbaum

It is the policy of The Metallurgical Society to provide, in the TRANSACTIONS OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY OF AIME, a prompt and accurate medium for publication of reports of significant new research in both the scientific and engineering aspects of metallurgy. Papers submitted to the Society are judged by competent reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, accuracy, originality, and presentation. STAFF: Editor, Dr. Gerhord Derge; Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmyrski; Staff Coordinator, James J. Burke. THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. R. Hibbard, Jr., President; J. C. Kinnear, Jr., Past-President; John Chipmon, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treosurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: A. w. Thornton, Chairman; Dennis Carney, John Chipman, J. C. Fulton I. H. Hollomon H. H. Kellogg, A. E. Lee, R. Maddin, J. D. Sullivan, and D. Swan. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supenision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: T. 0. King Chairman; S. J. Dickenson, R. P. Hermsdorf R. Schuhmann. Jr.. and P. T. Stroup. Institute of Metals Division: Robert Maddin, Chairman F. Lincoln Vogel Jr., Vice-chairman, W. A. Baikofen, R. W. Boliuffi J. H. Bechtold M. B. Beyer. R S. Busk, C. G. Gaetzel, Paul Gordon C. D. Groham, Jr., Robert F. Hehe-mann,' R. I. Joffee, F. c. Joumot Jr lrving R. Kramer A. J. Lena Harold Morglin, C. J. McHargue, Russell A: Meussner, J. B. Newkirk H. W. Paxton, G. E. Pellissier, I. S, Servi, Alon U. Seybolt, A. J. Shaler, and Jack Washburn. Iron and Steel Division: J. C. Fulton, Chairman; T. B King, F. C. Langenberg, W. 0.. Philbrook, and T. 0. Winkler. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephon: pEnnsvlvanio 6-9220. Subscription 522 Per year for non-AIME members in United States and North South and Central America; $25 foreign;, $5 for AIME members. Single copies, 54.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AIME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed In its publications . . . Copyright 1958 by the American lnstltute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc. . . . Registered cable address AIME New York , . . lndexed in Engineering Index Industrial Arts Index and Chemical Abstrats . . . Application for second class mail privileges ii pending at New York, N. Y. Volume 212, Number 4.

Jan 1, 1959

By Thomas Varley

"The literature on flotation of oxidized ores except for patents (especially for reagents) is very sparse. The Bureau of Mines in 1936, published a circular on the subject, by Ralston and Allen. The treatment of oxides by flotation was then in its infancy, but several of the most important mining companies in the Western United States and Mexico are now operating flotation plants for treating oxidized ores. The purpose of this present circular is to review the progress made and bring the subject up to date. One of the writers of the 1916 report (Mr. Allen) has been associated with some of the most important mining companies who have put into practical operation the process of flotation of oxidized ores; among these companies are the Shhttuck Arizona Copper Co., Bisbee, Arizona (now the Shattuck Denn Co.) and the San Francisco Mines of Mexico, Ltd., San Francisco Del Oro, Chihuahua, Mexico. His experience and other sources of information have been freely drawn on in pre-paring this paper. Mr. Ralston, assistant chief metallurgist of the Bureau of Mines, contributed many valuable suggestions and criticisms.Sulphidizing Reagents for Oxidize Ores.The various reagents and methods that might possibly be used for sulphidizing were summarized by Ralston and Allen as follows:""Sulphidizing (1) by the use of hydrogen sulphide on either the dry or the wet crushed ore, (2) by the use of solutions of the various sulphides and sulpho-compounds of sodium, (3) by the use of solutions of the various sulphides and sulpho-compounds of calcium, (4) by the use of sulphur vapor, (5) by the use of a sulphureted oil, (6) with colloidal sulphur."

Jun 1, 1927

After more than 20 years dependence on bituminous coal as a primary fuel for generating electricity, the Pennsylvania Power and Light Company initiated a one-year study on the economics of building an electric generating station using anthracite as a fuel. The study will be completed in December 1976. If the feasibility study so indicates, PP&L will consider installing four 400,000 kilowatt generating units for scheduled commercial operation in 1985. Each unit would consume up to one million tons of anthracite annually. Anthracite generally is more difficult and expensive to extract than bituminous coal, but it has a significantly lower sulfur content than the bituminous coal currently being used by PP&L, thereby eliminating the costs of installing sulfur emission controls at generating stations. Moreover, significant reductions in transportation costs may be realized because the utility's operating territory is situated in the center of the anthracite region in northeastern Pennsylvania. These advantages may indicate that the use of anthracite is more economical than bituminous coal to PP&L. ASBESTOS -Asbestos production in the U.S. dropped again in 1975 until it was just two-thirds of that in 1973. This was in spite of the very strong demand caused by the Quebec strike. The 7-month strike of the asbestos miners in Thetford Mines, Quebec cut off 55 percent of the normal supply of U.S. consumers. Apparent domestic consumption was less than 75 percent of that in 1974. The wage settlement will probably result in a 20 percent increase in asbestos prices.

Jan 1, 1975

By WILLARD W. CUTLER

This bulletin reviews, in the light of recent experience, the use of production-decline curves in estimating the future production of oil from wells. It deals with the estimation of the reserves of recoverable oil in properties already producing or in those adjacent to them, takes cognizance of the physical laws governing expulsion of oil from oil sands, and shows how the production-decline curve can be made to utilize these laws in estimating reserves and rates of production. The valuation of oil properties should be based on the total amount of oil recoverable from a property by the methods in use, the rate of recovery, the cost of production, and the selling price. Numerous other curves besides those for reserves and rates of production may be formed from the production-decline curve and will present desired information in a convenient time-saving form. These curves also are described. Methods developed before the production-decline curve method was used are briefly discussed in order that the principles on which estimations of oil reserves are based may be made plain. The construction of curves and tables for estimating future production of individual wells and of average wells in most of the important oil districts of the United States is described and operating problems that may be solved by the use of production-decline curves are discussed. The bulletin does not deal with costs, oil prices, or the methods of evaluating oil properties. Many engineers have amply demonstrated the value of the production- decline curve method by forecasting within reasonable limits the production of many thousands of wells and tracts. The value of similar estimates depends however, on (1) the application of trustworthy methods; (2) the care and judgment of the estimator; and (3) the length and reliability of the records and the accuracy of ofher information used in estimating future production. When adequate records and information are available, experience has shown that It qualified engineer can forecast production far more accurately than has been deemed possible, except where the usual conditions governing the expulsion of oil from a sand have been radically changed by applying compressed air or by flooding with water, or, to a less degree, by using vacuum. In general, the production-decline curve method, though there are limits to its accuracy, is far more trustworthy than any other.

Jan 1, 1924

By Richard S. Fowkes

This Bureau of Mines report describes the Human Factors in Mining Search System (HFMSS), a computerized information retrieval system that provides relevant human factors information from journal articles, research reports, seminars, conferences, etc. in terms of 19 mining-related categories. It is the only existing data base that stresses all of the areas of human factors as applied to mining. Examples of these categories are biomechanics and work physiology, human error and human reliability, work design and task analysis, manual materials handling and back injuries, hand tools, organizational and management practices, psychological factors, and training. Although the emphasis is on literature dealing directly with mining, applicable material from other areas of research is included for those categories in which little research has been done in mining. Each record in HFMSS can be recalled by any field such as title, author, date, source, descriptive terms or key words, as well as by any words found in an abstract that describes the purpose, procedure, and results of the research. This report describes HFMSS fields and subject categories, the annotated bibliography, user's manual, and thesaurus of key words. Example printouts in both brief and full formats are included as an appendix.

Jan 1, 1990

By Malcolm Ross

Fibrous minerals are common in nature but asbestiform minerals are rare. The unique mineralogical characteristic common to all the asbestos minerals is their morphologic form (or habit of crystallization) as polyfilamentous fiber bundles. The individual fibrils within the bundles have a tendency to be very long with a narrow range of diameters and grow with their long fiber axis in parallel orientation to the bundle length. The asbestiform habit imparts to the asbestos minerals sufficient flexibility and tensile strength so that most can be woven into cloth. In the past application has focused on their ability to insulate against the transfer of heat. However, these minerals possess other properties which make them useful in many industrial applications. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Asbestos; Asbestiform; Fibrous

Jan 1, 2007

By D. Toporov, R. Abraham

"Gasification is a process of thermal conversion of solid carbonaceous materials into a gaseous fuel called syngas. Coal gasification is an efficient technology for a range of systems for producing low-emission electricity and other high-value products such as chemicals, synthetic fuels, etc.The paper presents the High-Temperature Winkler (HTW) gasification process, which is designed to utilize low-rank feedstock such as coals with high ash content, lignite, biomass etc. The process is characterized by a bubbling fluidized bed, where coal devolatilization and partial oxidation and gasification of coal char and volatiles take place, and by a freeboard where partial combustion and gasification of coal char take place.The recent development of the high-pressure HTW process is reviewed. Gasification of low-rank, high-ash coals with respect to gasification temperatures, conversion rates, and syngas quality is also discussed. The main HTW design steps required for an industrial-scale design are presented. Special attention is given to the process modelling, including global thermodynamic calculation as well as detailed CFD-based simulation of a reacting fluidized bed. Three-dimensional numerical results of the HTW process are also provided and discussed."

Jan 1, 2015

By E. Isokangas

A mine is essentially a series of operations, including drilling and blasting, crushing, milling, flotation, and leaching, that are interconnected and therefore interrelated, with the performance of one operation affecting the performance of another. Optimizing each stage separately without considering the whole system often causes potential economic benefits and energy savings to be missed. However, the PIO methodology is a thorough approach which considers these individual process activities within the context of the whole process. The basic principle is to optimize the process as a whole, rather than each process step in isolation from the others. Metso?s Process Technology and Innovation (PTI) group offers a global consulting service for the mining and construction industries. A significant amount of this consulting work involves process integration and optimization (PIO) studies. When conducting a PIO study, every aspect of the process is considered. In addition to drilling and blasting, transportation, handling and storage, crushing, screening, grinding, flotation, separation, and recovery, other aspects including equipment utilization and energy consumption and even greenhouse gas emissions are also included if necessary. In a PIO project, it is very important to understand what type of material is being processed at any point in time. That is, which domain or domains is the material part of? This is necessary in order to observe the effect of different ore sources (and the blending of sources) on concentrator performance. Linking the ore from the pit to the concentrator required the development of an ore tracking system. As a result, PTI developed a radio-frequency based material tracking system called SmartTag?. This system allows tracking of ore from its source through blasting, run-of-mine (ROM) pads, crushers, intermediate stockpiles, and finally into the concentrator. Using the SmartTag? system, definitive correlations can be made between the performance of the plant and the plant feed characteristics, including the domain from which the feed ore originated. Since its commercialization in 2007, SmartTag? has been used in the majority of PTI?s consulting projects and several permanent systems have been installed worldwide1. Successful applications of the SmartTag? system have encouraged development to allow the system to be used in a wider variety of plants, in particular plants with finer crushing and screening stages. This paper describes how the SmartTag? system is being utilized by PTI and the benefits being gained by its use in PIO projects, as well as presenting some case studies.

Jan 1, 2012

By L. L. Oden

The Bureau of Mines analyzed vapor-aluminum-diffused stainless steels prior to conducting corrosion measurements in severely sulfidizing environments. These studies were conducted in response to the national need to better control the environmental and economic costs of corrosion. Specimens of a ferritic alloy and austenitic alloys types 316 and 310 were treated by a proprietary vapor-aluminum diffusion process and a dual vapor-aluminum diffusion process. Weights and dimensions were recorded before and after treatment, and comprehensive metallographic, X-ray, and electron micro-probe analyses were conducted for both single-and dual-vapor-aluminum-diffused specimens. Surface aluminum concentrations ranged from 26 to 34 wt-pct for all alloys. Dual treatment increased the quantity of aluminum per unit area by a factor of 2 and increased the depth of penetration by a factor of 3. The aluminum-diffused region of the ferritic alloy was single-phase aFe solid solution that was ordered on the surface, whereas two distinct diffusion layers were ob-served on the austenitic alloys. The outer layer comprised aFe solid solution that was ordered on the surface, and the inner layer was a two-phase mixture of aFe solid solution and the interrnetallic compound AINi.

Jan 1, 1982