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By J. Bensabat, B. Figueiredo, A. Niemi, J. Rutqvist, C. F. Tsang

"A hydro-mechanical model was developed to study the interaction between mechanical deformation and fluid flow in the fault zones during CO2 injection and storage at the Heletz site which was chosen as a test site for CO2 injection experiments in the framework of the EU-MUSTANG project. The potential reservoir for CO2 storage at the Heletz site consists of three sand layers separated by lowpermeability shale layers. The potential consequences caused by fault reactivation, focusing on the shortterm integrity of CO2 storage, are evaluated. The difference in the results obtained by considering the three-layer as an equivalent layer storage formation is analyzed.INTRODUCTIONLarge-scale storage of CO2 in deep underground reservoirs may cause considerable pore-pressure perturbation as well as flux migration and concern has been raised over whether shear slip displacements may be induced in nearby faults, as a consequence of their reactivation. A state-of-the-art review can be found in Rutqvist (2012), which describes the various possible effects resulting from CO2 injection into a deep sedimentary basin, including those involved in reservoir stress–strain changes, micro-seismicity, caprock sealing performance, and potential fault reactivation. Moreover, several studies have recently shown how CO2 injection may produce seismic events both on major faults (i.e., large faults with large initial shear offset) (Cappa & Rutqvist, 2011a, b, 2012), and on minor faults that might have gone undetected during the site characterization, e.g., faults less than 1 km long and without detected initial offset (Mazzoldi et al., 2012).The present paper is concerned with the Heletz formation which was chosen as a test site for CO2 injection experiments in the framework of the EU-MUSTANG project. The Heletz site located at the southern Mediterranean coastal plain of Israel and the structure is an anticline fold with a crest of about 4 km by 2 km. The structure is gently dipping to the east, truncated by a pinch-out line to the west and subdivided into a number of blocks by transversal normal faults with small displacements. The water table is located at 300 m below the land surface. An areal sketch of the site with the elevation of the caprock and the location of the borehole that has been chosen for the CO2 injection experiment is presented in Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2015

By Robert B. Parsons

"Recent amendments to the so-called ""flow-through share"" rules in our income tax legislation have given a new lease on life to this once popular investment vehicle.The original ""Dome funds"" for exploration in the Beaufort sea recognized the usefulness of flow-through share arrangements, but, by and large, flow-through shares have until recently not been able to compete effectively with other tax shelter instruments-mainly , limited partnership interests.This month, Tax Notes examines the new tax rules for investing in flow-through shares.IntroductionRecent income tax amendments have helped to rekindle investor and industry interest in so-called ""flow-through shares"" as a mechanism for mobilizing funds toward mineral exploration and development activities. In competing for investment funds, flow-through shares have historically placed a distant second in terms of investor popularity, being unable to compete with the more attractive features of limited partnership arrangements. However, primarily as a result of favourable changes to the income tax law, flow-through shares may be well poised for a comeback.This article examines the income tax considerations pertaining to issuing and investing in flow-through shares, and compares the former and the new income tax rules relating thereto. Of course, inasmuch as a flow-through share issue can involve various contractual arrangements between the investor and the issuer, there is a wide range of legal and business factors that generally have to be taken into account. A discussion of these matter s is beyond the scope of this paper, which is restricted to a summary of the special income tax factors attributable to flow-through shares."

Jan 1, 1983

By D. A. Garland, A. D. Jackson

"Alanx ceramic/metal composites are proprietary products developed by Lanxide Corporation who joined with Alcan to form Alanx Products L.P. in 1988. Alanx ceramic/metal composites are composed of silicon carbide in a combined alumina and metallic aluminum matrix. In laboratory slurry wear tests conducted by Alanx ceramic/metal composites have shown to perform well against other wear resistant materials. At the Kidd Creek Concentrator Alanx CG896 ceramic/metal composite was tested in two pumping applications, the primary cyclone feed pumps and the filter feed pumps. In both instances the wear rates of the parts made of Alanx CG896 were far less than the gum rubber parts traditionally used. As of year to date September 1992 the unit cost to repair primary cyclone pump parts has dropped 58% from 1991 figures. For the filter feed pumps the unit cost to maintain the pumps has dropped by 33% as compared to 1990 figures. The total savings represented by implementation of Alanx wear parts, based on projected year end unit costs for 1992, as compared to 1991 costs for primary cyclone feed pumps and 1990 figures for filter feed pumps, is $166,753. INTRODUCTIONAt the Kidd Creek Concentrator the cost to maintain the primary cyclone feed pumps and the filter feed pumps was a constant concern. Rubber wear part consumption was quite high and the manpower required was considerable. For 1991 the total cost to maintain five primary cyclone pumps was $244,062. The cost to maintain the filter feed pumps in 1990 was $72,076. A wear material was needed that would increase the time between repairs and that would increase the reliability of these pumps between scheduled shut downs."

Jan 1, 1993

By Philippe Monier, Frank C. Basham

"This paper outlines the scope and applications of 'COALMOD', the British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources' computerized financial simulation model for coal mining developments. After a description of the computer system and language of implementation, the logic and scope of current model sub-routines are presented. This is followed by a presentation of examples on the current applications of the model to public policy evaluation, including benefit-cost analysis, fiscal analysis and evaluation of the effects of public infrastructure investments made in support of mining projects.IntroductionThis presentation has been developed in response to a number of requests from coal mining companies and various public agencies who have indicated interest in understanding our application of contemporary analytical techniques to public policy in the coal sector. In particular, the subject of this paper is an explanation of COALMOD. a mnemonic given to a computerized, mine-specific, financial simulation model which is assisting the Government of British Columbia in evaluations of new coal projects, assessment of public sector investments made in support of these projects and. more generally, measurement of the financial effects of current or proposed government policies, and factors outside immediate government control such as coal prices and transportation costs."

Jan 1, 1981

"INTRODUCTIONThe Department of Energy, Mines and Resources has recently developed two automatic controls for use in the cyanidation circuits of Canadian gold mills. These controls are the alkalinity probe and the Continuous Cyanide Titrator both of which are discussed in the paper ""Instrumentation in the Cyanide Process"".(1)In May 1966 these process controls and associated recording equipment were installed in the Bralorne mill by two Scientific Officers from the Department. The object was to determine if the equipment was amenable and applicable to this particular circuit. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the performance of the equipment over a test period of 4 months.CONCLUSIONSThe results of test work to date indicates that both the Conductivity Probe and the Continuous Cyanide Titrator would be an as set to the operation of the Bralorne mill.The conclusions are generalized as follows:-(1) At a milling rate of 100, 000 tons per year the expected reductionin reagent consumption would give a direct saving of 37, 660 lbs of lime@$0.030 per lb and 15, 790 lbs of sodium cyanide@ $0.175 per lb. Such cost savings would pay for the equipment and installation costs within a 30 month period"

Jan 1, 1967

By D. G. Ingram

This paper reviews the operating and maintenance practices at Bethlehem Copper from the commencement of operations in November 1962 to the present. Cost data and wear life of major components are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1979

By Todd S. Harris

"IntroductionThe western region of North America has long been considered a dynamic market supporting such diversified industries as lumber, agriculture, cement, and electronics. In recent years however, the region has also been the focus of a great deal of activity in the extender and filler mineral s business from companies seeking to position themselves to take advantage of the large demand for these materials both here and abroad.Extender and Filler MineralsExtender and filler mineral s include 15different products used in numerous end uses. The nine most important extenders and fillers are listed in Table I. These products range in price from under $50 a ton to over $4,000 a ton and basically represent the following three different types of minerals:Particulate products-Calcium carbonate; Kaolin; Silica.Platy minerals-Talc (Montana, Canada); Mica.Fibrous minerals-Talc (California, Eastern U.S .A.);Wollastonite.What distinguishes these products from other industrial minerals? For one thing, an important feature of extender and filler minerals is that they are used primarily in such consumer non-durable good s as paper, paint, plastics, sealants, and rubber which traditionally do not react as violently to swings in the economic cycle. In addition, these minerals are sold principally on key physical properties, usually brightness, particle size and shape, oil absorption, and hardness. As part of the physical minerals segment of industrial minerals, extenders and fillers are traditionally the most stable group and typically the most profitable. Studies by C.H. Kline over the past decade on extender and filler minerals has revealed historic average profitability (expressed as a percentage on sales) nearly double that of most other industrial mineral s.The demand for these minerals in the western region (Fig. 1), closely follow s the areas of greatest population concentration. These markets include pulp and paper, mainly in the Pacific Northwest, and paint, around Los Angeles and San Fran cisco. Other significant markets for extender and filler minerals in western North America include joint cements, carpet backing, and plastics, mainly PVC pipe."

Jan 1, 1986

By K. M. Tait, M. M. McDonald

"An overview of the status of the development and application of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IOCC) power generation is presented. Current projects in North America, Europe and Japan are described, together with the status of plans to apply the technology in Canada. A brief review of the technology is presented, including promising coproduction cycles and hybrid gasification fluid bed processes. The ability of the process to be modified for CO2 to be extracted for enhanced oil recovery or disposal is addressed. The environmental impact of IGCC technology is compared to those of other power generation technologies IntroductionDefinition and HistoryIntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology is a concept which has been around for about 50 years but has been generating increasing interest in the last 10 to 15 years. This paper focusses on coal as the feedstock for gasification. Other feedstocks used in gasification systems have included oil, biomass, tires and petroleum coke. IGCC technology integrates coal gasification with generation of electricity by means of a combined cycle system which fires the produced gas in the gas turbine. Figure 1 shows the basic components of an IGCC system which are the gasifier, the gas cleanup system and sulphur recovery plant, the gas turbine/generator set, the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and the steam turbine/generator set. The benefits of an IGCC system over a conventional Rankine Cycle pulverized coal (RCPC) fired system for the generation of electricity from coal are that the IGCC system has potential to have higher efficiency and lower emissions of NO., SO and CO2 per unit of power produced than the corresponding RCPC system."

Jan 1, 1994

? The Mining Association of British Columbia (MABC) was established through an Act of Parliament in 1901 ? The MABC represents the interests of B.C.?s ? Coal and mineral mining companies ? Smelting companies ? Advanced stage development projects ? Key areas of work: ? Environment, Health and Safety ? Policy & Government Relations ? Knowledge and Information Services

May 1, 2008

By S. Papanakli, Th. Rondoyanni, N. Sabatakakis, K. Kavoura, G. Tsiambaos

"A representative composite fault-related landslide of the Corinth Gulf graben named “Panagopoula” is reported that considered to be one of the most prone to slope instability sites along the main motorway and railway connecting Athens with the city of Patras. The presence of tectonically highly sheared and weathered geological formations, including Alpine basement (mainly flysch) contributes to the site instability, triggered/reactivated by seismic activity and heavy rainfalls. Although a series of remedial measures have been already constructed, the inclinometer readings during the last twenty years time period show a continuous very slow movement which indicates that the landslide is still ""active"". This fact has resulted to divert the axes of the new motorway and railway through twin tunnels which are under construction. INTRODUCTIONThe spatial and temporal evolution of landslides in the case of structurally complex slopes is lithologically and often structurally controlled while their type and frequency are mainly related to tectonic and lithological anisotropy (Baron et al. 2005; Hradecky et al. 2007). The triggering mechanisms mainly include: (a) excessive rainfall generating high pore pressure and (b) strong earthquakes resulting in dynamic loading conditions at the failure surface. Data such as past earthquakes or the precipitation records are useful to be gathered when a landslide model is examined since they could act as a landslide triggering mechanism. Recording of the movement through surface and inclinometer measurements as well as combination of the above information with historical records of failure could lead to a more accurate estimation of the location of the failure surface and understanding of the landslide mechanism.Slope instability in the southern segment of the Gulf of Corinth, Northern Peloponnesus, Greece, is ubiquitous and ranges from deep-seated bedrock failure to secondary earth flows in recent deposits. In this part of Greece, the periodically induced landslide events triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquake and anthropogenic activity are closely related to active fault tectonics. The Gulf of Corinth is considered as a typical example of a relatively simple asymmetric half-graben with major border faults to the south and a flexure of the northern shore. Panagopoula landslide is located along the trace of a WNW trending normal fault (dipping northwards) (Figure 1). The area is considered to be one of those most prone to slope instability along the E95 motorway and railway connecting Athens with the city of Patras."

Jan 1, 2015

By L. Voisin, K. Mühlenbrock

A new pyrometallurgical process is proposed for cleaning complex copper matte and for recovering copper from copper scrap containing lead. In the process, a given amount of pig iron is added to the complex material under a reducing condition to produce two or three liquid phases at the equilibrium, depending on the content of sulfur in system, of copper-rich and iron-rich alloys, and matte, respectively. The novel process is proposed based on the experimental results obtained by performing laboratory scale tests in an electrical furnace at 1473 K followed by a quenching method on the final stage. The samples obtained from the experiments were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Inductively Couple Plasma (ICP) and Carbon Infrared Spectrometry (CIS) techniques. The results were discussed on the basis of the distribution of lead as impurity in the miscibility gap where equilibrated phases coexist. According to the mass balance calculations, the elimination of lead into the iron-rich alloy phase as a harmless and smaller deposit might be feasible and the process proposed for cleaning the complex matte would be promising.

Jan 1, 2014

By David Morley

This paper considers the ideal truck-excavator combination, defined as the combination resulting in the lowest direct unit cost, in consideration of multiple haul scenarios characterized by different haul distances, material and equipment availability. Through the application of Monte Carlo simulation, selected for its unique ability to handle the uncertainty of activity durations, the ?four to six passes? loading rule is shown to not correlate with the selection of the minimum cost fleet. Additionally, through the results of the simulation it is determined that the haul truck capacity has a greater effect on the overall efficiency of the system than does the excavator capacity. As a result, in order to arrive at efficient operations, the entire earthmoving system must be viewed as whole, namely, considering haulers together with excavators, as opposed to the popular method of first selecting a loading unit and then selecting a hauler obeying the ?four to six passes? loading rule. Furthermore, truck utilization and excavator utilization exhibit an inverse relationship and neither directly correlates with the overall efficiency of the earthmoving operation. The following conclusions are drawn: first, with limited financial resources, it is more valuable to increase hauling unit size before increasing loading unit size and second, predefined rules or generalizations, not based on evidence, potentially eliminate optimal truck excavator combinations from being considered.

Aug 1, 2013

By I. A. Menshikh, S. A. Kotov, N. L. Shinkarkin

All the cycle for conversion of natural and reprocessed uranium of ROSATOM’s “TVEL” Fuel Company is concentrated at the Siberian Chemical Plant. Conversion capacities are located on two sites, i.e. the Radiochemical Plant, which refines feedstock, and the Conversion Plant, which produces uranium oxides and uranium hexafluoride. Liquid radioactive waste arising in the process, after pretreatment, is transferred to a dedicated national operator for underground disposal. Environmental strategies pursued by the Fuel Company involve the introduction of process solutions intended to eliminate liquid radioactive waste and convert it into a solid phase. In the 5–7 years coming, work will be performed to refurbish and upgrade conversion facilities of the Siberian Chemical Plant that will principally change its radioactive waste management scheme. This paper describes the current waste management scheme and sets out planned schemes for management of natural and reprocessed uranium waste, which will be implemented in the refurbishment of conversion facilities of the Siberian Chemical Plant. The new technologies for the management of liquid radioactive waste from uranium conversion described in the present paper have an undeniable advantage over the current technology mainly due to significantly less environmental harm.

Jan 1, 2020

By Bo-Hyun Kim

Outline ? Strainburst criteria and hypotheses adapted for this study. ? Influence of excavation method on rock mass properties. ? Excavation disturbance factors vs. deformation modulus, etc. ? Estimation of blasting damage zone around excavation. ? Considerations of energy on burst-prone ground. ? Literature review & closed form solution. ? Numerical simulations. ? Summary and future works.

Oct 1, 2010

By M. Nowak

Extreme high grades often exert too much influence on surrounding block estimates, leading to a smearing of high grades that can cause overestimation of mineral resources. This concern underlies the decision to cap high grades, i.e., to lower the highest grades in a drill hole data set to some level deemed to be reasonable for producing reliable resource estimates. The choice of a capping level can, by itself, have a large influence on the analysis of the economic viability of a project. Despite this, it is often a choice that is made arbitrarily, guided more by art and tradition than by sound technical analysis. This paper makes suggestions for good capping practices, using methods and procedures that have been presented elsewhere, in the technical literature and in conference papers. The authors propose to use capping only if absolutely necessary, and review examples of cases where capping may not be necessary, or where capping does not make the estimates more reliable. It addresses two particular instances where capping is recommended: (1) where there is good reason to believe that estimation with uncapped grades will overstate the true underlying average grade, and (2) where there is potential for overly optimistic assessments of local block grades in the vicinity of some very high grade assays. The proposed capping practice is based on adjustments to only a very few high grade assays. The level of this capping can be assessed by bootstrapping and through analysis of the effect of extreme values on summary statistics like the average and the coefficient of variation. The paper recommends that good practice include an examination of the potential for local overestimation in higher grade areas.

Aug 1, 2013

By George R. White

"The Phalen Colliery, the Cape Breton Development Corporation's flagship, is now producing thermal and metallurgical grade coal in Eastern Canada's Sydney Coal Field. The colliery is a drift mine operating under the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Improved mechanization, including a 2200 tonne per hour cable conveyor, and the introduction of modern retreat longwall mining methods as part of the Phalen concept are now paying off in better productivity and low operating costs. Geological conditions within the coal field are consistent with plans for ever greater outputs in the 1990s. Although much of the current production improvement is related to uprated machine capacity and simplified mines planning there is potential for even further development in the areas of maintenance, process control and engineering. Human resource development will also be a key factor. These programs are now well under way and Phalen Colliery is poised for top results in the 1990s. Comparison of the CBDC's top producer with similar operations elsewhere in the world, quantifies that potential.IntroductionAn exciting new mining project which has recently started production on Canada's East Coast has been conceived and designed to be one of the most modern and productive coal mining operations in North America.As with all mining operations, the business is basically that of material transportation. Daily, the product is transported many kilometres from the underground face to the surface and then to washing facilities. Men, materials and equipment are transported to and from the surface and the operating faces and services, such as electrical power, ventilating air, fresh water, discharge water, communications and compressed air are supplied throughout the operation to cover operating requirements. On all accounts the operation has been designed to take advantage of the latest proven technology."

Jan 1, 1990

By Robert W. Baker

"Brunswick Mining and Smelting commenced production at the No. 12orebody, a lead/zinc/copper/silver deposit, situated some seventeen miles southwest of Bathurst, New Brunswick, in 1964 at 4100 tonnes per day. Today it operates at 10500 tonnes per day.Brunswick has utilized underground incentives since commencement of operations. Early incentive systems were “off the wall"" based on those in effect at other properties then manipulated to fit, often hack calculated from actual performances to tm1ve at the desired result. If subsequent payouts were considered too high the rates were simply reduced, often retroactively. A large amount of this was' subjective and depended to a large extent on whoever was handling the bonus, in conjunction with senior mine department staff.In 1971, it was' decided that a more scientific approach was needed, particularly with the introduction of the new cut-and-fill mining. After some research, a system based on Work Study was selected. Another major mining company employing such a system loaned one of their experienced employees to train some Brunswick personnel in the art of Work Study and conversion of data to incentive rates, and in 1972, the first such developed incentive rate was-introduced.Along the way, borrowing from others where necessary, a set of Brunswick principles and parameters were developed. While refined to some extent, these remain basically the same today.Improvements in methods and equipment have resulted in improved performance and reduced costs. The use of underground incentives has played an important role in this. A/though individual bonus earnings have steadily increased, bonus cost per tonne has remained nearly constant - in real dollars, it has regularly decreased. These are two of the main parameters of a successful system."

Jan 1, 1995

By R. Sage, N. Rillette, M. D. Everell, G. Herget

"CANMET has been operating as a Government Technology Centre for two years. Many of CANMET's programs involve long-term research and require special expertise, often available at Canadian universities. CANMET's involvement with universities ranges from research grants and contracts to exchanges of scientists and joint use of research facililies. Examples of CANMET - university cooperation in mining are presented. IntroductionIn the last two years or so CANMET has undergone a significant metamorphosis, resulting in greater emphasis on applied research to enhance Canada's industrial capability. CANMET's new mandate is reflected in the types of projects undertaken and their categorization, (Fig . I). Emphasis is being placed on two project categories: strategic R&D, to enable CANMET to serve the changing technological needs of the industry; and incrernental R&D, to serve the more immediate industry needs through modifications to existing technologies and knowledge. The balance of CANMET's e ffor t is devoted to providing Mandated and Specialized Services, and to Exploratory Research.CANMET interaction with universities can involve one of several available vehicles : contracts, research grants, exchanges of scientists , student employment and nomination of professors on CANMET's advisory council. Instances of key university technical support to CANMET mining projects are highlighted."

Jan 1, 1990

By J. I. Jr. Moore

Many articles have been written about the various operations of Britannia mines and mill, as well as treatises on the geology and ore deposits. A partial list of these papers is given below. Most of these papers have covered well the history of Britannia, and have included a thorough discussion of the geology and ore deposits; therefore, in this paper, no account of these subjects. is necessary. However, a short description of the ore deposits will be given as an aid to a clear understanding of the descriptions of the various mining methods. The Ore Deposits The ore deposits at Britannia occur along a shear zone and are five in number, named for the claims in which they lie, as follows: Jane, Bluff, Fairview, Empress, and Victoria. Each of these deposits is called a mine, as they are separated by 500 to 1,000 feet of barren ground. The Jane mine, although the first producer of the Britannia group, has not been in operation for a number of years. The deposit is a silicified replacement in sediments; with very little evidence of shearing. The Bluff deposit is a highly silicified replacement in porphyry, massive and irregular, very hard in the upper 600 feet with practically no shearing, and softer within chlorite schist in its lower 1,000 feet . The Fairview deposit consists of a series of twelve distinct veins or lodes, rather lenticular in shape, and occasionally merging.

Jan 1, 1928

By Audrey Wagenaar

Introduction ?? Rising public pressures are being placed on companies worldwide to protect the environment and the health and safety of their workers and local communities. ?? International bodies and shareholders want to make sure developments and companies can meet internationally acceptable standards for EHS. In 2005, Golder Associates was asked by the IFC to conduct a comprehensive review and update for their Environmental Health & Safety Guidelines including the mining sector.

May 1, 2008