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By Sherwin F. Kelly

"THE TITLE I have chosen is certainly not one of those self-explanatory ones. I shall endeavour to make its significance clear during my remarks but, in the hope of minimizing that inevitable exodus which follows a good lunch such as this, I am going to withhold the final key to its meaning until the very last sentence of this talk.Some explanation is due at the beginning, however, so for those of you unfamiliar with Spanish I will explain that casa means house, or home. The casa about which I am going to talk necessitates a wide .and generous interpretation of the word, because I am using it to indicate principally that portion of the North American continent which is the home, in the western hemisphere, of British and American ideals of justice and freedom, the dignity of the individual and his right to exercise private initiative .and engage in private enterprise. In a wider sense, I am including the entire western hemisphere, which may yet stand as the last bulwark of political and industrial democracy.As for the treasures of which I am about to speak, may I remind you that there are no• material treasures but those derived from the earth, and they are derived by one of two processes, -mining and farming. These two fundamental industries are the basis, and the sole material basis, of our welfare, our wealth, our very existence. From farming, whether it be farming of the land. or farming of the sea, we obtain the food to keep us alive, healthy and able to work."

Jan 1, 1955

By L. Bos

The availability and reliability of large grinding mills and their Gearless Mill Drives (GMDs) are of paramount importance for the grinding process. Although GMDs have been in service for decades, and are known for their operational efficiency (reliability and robustness with reduced operating cost per ton), compared to conventional drives, in the last decade due to certain reasons some failures led to serious unscheduled shutdowns and significant insurance events. The majority of these notable "insured" failures have happened on GMDs installed on relatively large mills, as the financial impact of a failure is proportional to the through-put of the mill. Despite the occurrences of these events, as mining operations are driven by lower ore grades and the ability to continue reducing operating costs per ton, the trend for having larger mills is still very present and there is no reason why this trend should not continue. It is obvious that if not handled correctly, the possibility of large value GMD loss events, coupled with the continuing increase in mill size or required availability and reliability targets, could potentially lead to major conflicts as it becomes difficult for the insurance companies to judge the risk and hence may result in hesitation to insure these grinding circuits. This paper will not only describe the conflicting situation from both an insurer's perspective and from an equipment supplier's perspective, but also how these conflicting challenges can be successfully mastered. It has to be noted that not only the mining companies themselves, but also their insurance companies and the involved equipment suppliers have a common interest: to reach the highest availability and reliability in order to avoid or at least minimize unscheduled shut down times, and most importantly prevent unplanned events that result in extended production stoppages or reductions in through-put of GMD driven mills. From the very beginning onwards, the complete service concept together with emergency plans must be integrated on every level in the design of the grinding circuit. This approach must be implemented continuously and without compromises by all involved parties during all following stages, such as basic design, detail design, manufacturing, quality inspection and testing, packing, transportation, storage, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance. The concept of formal risk analysis related to mill operations, maintenance and spare parts strategies must be an integral part of mining companies? decisions related to the selection for installation and continued use of large mills powered by GMDs. The service concept in place for operating mills shall also have a clear focus on very early detection of any abnormalities, so that the risk can be mitigated and unscheduled shutdown times avoided. However, if a major failure occurs, then procedures and tools shall already be available in order to ensure that production impact is minimized.

Jan 1, 2012

By H. Harzer

Statistics Canada record s indicate that in recent years 70 to 80% of the entire Canadian coal production originated from Western Canadian mines, in which about 55 to 65% of the coals are bituminous. Until recently, less than 20% of the latter were extracted by underground methods , the remainder being surface-mined. However, it is estimated that within the foreseeable future up to 80 or 90% will have to be gained by underground techniques. Although Western Canadian coal resources are considerable, they are unfortunately locked in severely distorted, steeply pitching and faulted seams of variable thickness. Consequently, their economic extraction poses serious engineering problems. One possible solution to the problems is to apply hydromechanical methods to underground mining. This is a well-proven method shown to be economically viable under Western Canadian conditions. This paper endeavours to widen the scope of published data on hydraulic coal mining and is based on practical engineering and cost data gathered through contacts with West German designers and operators of hydraulic mines.

Jan 1, 1978

By Allan F. Lawrence

"I AM SURE you do not expect from me any learned dissertation on the problems and opportunities of the mining industry. Y our program committee must have recognized my limitations when issuing the invitation to speak to you, because they very thoughtfully left the subject wide open.With the leeway thus granted, I hope that you will bear with me for a few minutes while I try to clarify the impressions of the mining industry that I have gained in the very short time I have held the Mines portfolio and some of the parts that government bas or should have in furthering its development.As I see it, it is the duty of the Mines Department, as an arm of the provincial government, to balance the proprietary rights of all the people against the interests to whom the privilege of developing our resources are, in a s e n s e, leased. To strike a fair balance is not always easy, nor is it possible always to satisfy both sides. Still, under the free enterprise democratie form of government to which I think we al! subscribe, no better way of handling the problem has yet been discovered."

Jan 1, 1968

By E. H. Hall

"Perhaps .I should start this talk on Arsine poisoning, by giving a brief background and history of the Bralorne Mill.The present Bralorne company started milling operations in 1932, with amalgamation and flotation, and operated continuously until 19 61 . In 19 59, it was decided to change over to cyanidation, and to use double filtration rather than counter current. The cyanide portion of this new plant was completed and went on stream in August 1961 utilizing the grinding circuit of the old flotation plant. The new grinding circuit was completed and started operating December 15, 1961.The grinding circuit consists of a 7 1 x 101 Hardinge Rod Mill, and a 7 1 x 101 Hardinge Ball Mill. In series with the rod mill is a 16"" x 24"" Denver Duplex Jig, and two of these jigs are also in parallel with the ball mill. The rod mill product is classified by a Kreb cyclone, the oversize going to the ball mill. The ball mill is in closed circuit with this same cyclone. The jig products are amalgamated daily, and the amalgam barrel tails are returned to the ball mill for regrind. Arsenious oxide (As203) is one of the reagents used in amalgamation. Approximately 39 ozs. per day is used.The cyanide circuit consists of a 481 x 121 thickener, three 24' x 24' agitators, two 141 x 161 drum filters and a Merrill Crowe precipitation unit.The Krebcone overflow is thickened to 60 - 62% solids. Hydrated lime, along with a settling agent is added to the thickener. Some of the overflow water from the thickener is returned for use in the jigs. The balance of this overflow water goes to waste. To the thickened pulp entering No. 1 agitator, barren solution is added, along with sodium cyanide and hydrated lime. Cyanide strength is held at 0. 9 - 1. 0 lbs/ ton solution and lime at 0. 8 lbs/ ton solution. The lime content usually drops to 0. 5 lbs/ ton in No. 3 agitator. The two drum filters are in series and are washed with barren solution. The discharge of No. 3 agitator is fed to No. 1 filter and the discharge of No. 1 filter is repulped in barren solution and feeds No. 2 filter. No. 2 filter discharges to tails, The filtrate is clarified, deaerated and the gold precipitated. One hundred to two hundred tons of barren solution are bled to waste each day. The ore contains 1 % Arsenopyrite and 1. 5% Pyrite."

Jan 1, 1964

By Chris Twigge-Molecey

"Over the last 50 years there has been a dramatic evolution in the metallurgical engineering field in Canada. In the 60s the field was dominated by large American and UK groups, often selling major process and equipment packages. The local content was limited to wrap around facilities and the civil and structural work. The mining and metallurgical companies had strong internal teams to lead these projects. Over the decades and business down cycles the large foreign contractors disappeared or re-structured and the mining companies largely shed their engineering and project management groups. The resulting gap was filled by a cadre of local specialist engineering companies, some of whom have grown to be world leaders in the field. The paper traces this evolution and examines the underlying causes and consequences."

Jan 1, 2015

By Adam Moore, Ryan Gillespie, Jarrett Quinn, Audrey Walters, Peter Radziszewski

"Vale Long Harbour Processing Plant (LHPP) was designed to process Voisey’s Bay nickel concentrate into finished nickel and associated copper and cobalt products. The plant includes a secondary grinding circuit comprising two Stirred Media Detritors (SMDs) operating in parallel. The ultrafine grinding circuit was designed to process concentrate at a rate of 33 t/h and produce a ground product (P80) of 20 µm to feed the leach circuits. Start-up of the grinding circuit at LHPP was undertaken in December 2014.The objective of this paper will be to describe the design, commissioning, start-up and performance of the secondary grinding circuit with a focus on the two Metso SMD-355-C mills. Following a brief overview of Vale’s LHPP and the SMD technology, the paper will review the design of the SMD secondary grinding circuit from lab tests through to scale-up performance prediction. This will be followed by the results of circuit commissioning outlining some of the issues raised and addressed after which SMD performance will be outlined. Specifically, the SMD circuit grinding performance will be examined since start-up which will include the effect of media size and wear on grinding. Furthermore, impeller wear will be examined by determining initial “shear volume” and worn “shear volume” as well as its effect on mill power and the means to maintain it. The paper closes with a discussion on grinding performance."

Jan 1, 2016

By John G. Kelly

"In 1982 an extensive study was carried out to determine the best means of size reduction for the ore to be hoisted through the borehole hoisting system at Sherritt Gordon's Fox Mine.The study examined three alternatives:1. a jaw crusher,2. pneumatic rockbreaker(s) at a grizzly, and3. hydraulic rockbreaker(s) at a grizzly.The final decision was a compromise between alternatives 2 and 3. Two rockbreakers, one pneumatic and one hydraulic, were installed over a single grizzly. Some modifications have been made to the system, but over-all it has operated at acceptable levels since its installation in July 1983.As all the ore passes through a jaw crusher before being hoisted to surface, an evaluation of the relative performance and cost-effectiveness of the jaw crusher and the two types of rockbreakers is possible. This paper outlines the initial study, and compares the three breaking systems in operation at Fox Mine.IntroductionThe Fox Mine of Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. is located 800 kilometres north of Winnipeg near Lynn Lake in Northern Manitoba. Production at the copper-zinc orebody began in 1970 at a rate of 3,000 tons per day. Over 12.5 million tons will have been hoisted from the underground mine when the ore reserves are depleted in October 1985.The mining method at Fox Mine is sub-level open stoping with delayed backfilling are from the upper level stopes, above the 2000 level, is mucked on the main levels established at 400-ft elevation intervals, and is fed through a central orepass to the crusher located on 2100 level. Production in the lower levels commenced in 1975, and ore from the 2200 and 2400 level stopes was hauled up a 15010 ramp by 26-ton trucks to the 2000 level orepass dump. Projected production rates from the 2600 and 2800 levels using the trucking system were too low, and therefore, in 1983 a borehole hoisting system was commissioned to hoist that ore'!'. One thousand tons per day of ore are skipped through an 8-ft diameter borehole from the 2650 level loading pocket and dumped on the 2000 level. The ore is transferred by LHD to the main orepass for crushing before being conveyed to the main shaft for hoisting to surface (Fig. 1)."

Jan 1, 1986

By Hugh S. Spence

This paper deals with an occurrence of radium ore near Wilberforce, Haliburton county, Ontario, upon which development work has recently been undertaken and which seems more likely to prove of commercial grade than any other deposit' of radioactive minerals hitherto found in Canada. This occurrence is sometimes called the Richardson property, after Mr. W. M. Richardson, the discoverer, and will be so referred to in the present paper. Occurrences of radioactive minerals are not uncommon in eastern Canada, and a number are recorded in the literature. The earliest of such references is probably that in Geology of Canada, 1863, where is mentioned an occurrence of uraninite at Mamainse, on the east shore of lake Superior. The mineral was first described by J. L. Leconte, in 1847, under the name of coracite, and was said to occur in a two-inch vein at the contact of trap and syenite. Search for this locality in recent years has proved unsuccessful. Obalski, in 1894, mentions (1) the occurrence of uraninite at a mica mine near Murray Bay, Que. In 1903, Obalski records (2) tests made on this uraninite by Rutherford and the Curies and the determination in it of the then newly-discovered element radium. In 1901, he mentions (3) the occurrence of uraninite at the Villeneuve mica mine, on the Lievre river, and of samarskite at the Maisonneuve mica mine, in Berthier county.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. Philipp, A. S. Middleton, G. A. Harron, A. B. Durham

"Basal till sampling techniques were used to search for gold mineralization in the Timmins, Ontario area. During 1978 and 1979, approximately 90 overburden sampling drill holes were completed in Murphy and Hoyle Townships to test specific geophysically defined target areas. A conventional tricone dual tube drill system, and a unique retractable tricone/rock coring system were used to various advantages.First pass till sampling at 800 to 1200 ft intervals perpendicular to ice transport direction yielded anomalous gold values in till and carbonatized quartz pyrite-rich bedrock chips, and lateritic soil. Subsequent induced polarization-resistivity surveys defined the areal extent of a pyritic carbonate alteration zone. A second pass till sampling/limited rock coring program evaluated the gold mineralization potential of the alteration zone. Diamond drilling has substantiated the till and bedrock gold anomalies. Further evaluation of this mineralization is currently in progress. IntroductionThis paper describes an integrated geochemical/geophysical gold mineralization discovery case history in Hoyle Township. This discovery is on a property jointly owned (I983) by Canamax Resources Inc. and Du Pont of Canada Exploration Limited. Exploration of the property began in 1978 by Rosario Resources Canada Ltd. and in 1979 a joint venture agreement was signed with Du Pont of Canada Exploration Limited. Rosario Resources Canada Ltd. was taken over by Amax Minerals Exploration in 1981, which became Canamax Resources Inc. in 1982.The work described in this paper deals with a gold mineralization discovery located three-quarters of a mile northwest of the gold deposit currently being readied for underground exploration and development. Further drilling is required to investigate the economic potential of the gold mineralization herein described."

Jan 1, 1987

By I. M. Gordon, J. Blackshaw

"Run-of-mine ore is reduced to 4 per cent on 4 mesh (3/ 16 inch), using four stages of dry crushing. The mill feed is then reduced to 2 per cent on 48 mesh and 60 per cent through 200 mesh, using one stage of ball milling in cyanide solution. During the subsequent treatment about one-tenth of the tonnage is removed as a table concentrate and ground to 77 per cent through 325 mesh. The size of the mill tailing is 66 per cent through 200 mesh.Four stages of ore reduction began when the dry crushing plant at No. 26 Shaft came into operation at a maximum rate of 440 tons an hour on July 31, 1941. A detailed description of the crushing plant was published in C .I .M. Trans., Vol. LVI, 1953.One-stage ball milling in cyanide solution came into full operation on January 11, 1938. The ball milling plant had a capacity of 4800 tons daily when reducing mill feed at 2. 7 per cent on 1/ 4 inch to 54. 3 per cent through 200 mesh. Primary grinding to 60 per cent through 200 mesh commenced May 22, 1945, when the feed was 3 per cent on 4 mesh. Under these conditions the capacity of the ball milling plant is estimated at 4300 tons daily. A description of the 11 Hollinger Crushing and Grinding Plant"" by D. C. McLaren was published in the Canadian Mining Journal, June 1944.The concentrate grinding circuit using a 7 x 15 low discharge ball mill and a 19-foot diameter bowl classifier with a 6-inch centrifugal pump to close the circuit began operating in the ball milling plant on October 24, 1939."

Jan 1, 1965

By Roger J. Goodman, Don Riva

"IntroductionCrows Nest Resources Limited (CNRL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shell Canada Resources Limited, is nearing completion of its first coal project, located in southeastern British Columbia. CNRL shipped over 700,000 tonnes of thermal coal to foreign markets in 1982. With the completion of the metallurgical coal plant in December, 1982, shipments of both thermal and metallurgical coal will increase substantially in 1983 and will approach the anticipated operating capacity of 3.0 million tonnes in 1985. The Line Creek Mine lies some 25 kilometres north of Sparwood in southeast British Columbia (Fig. 1). The open-pit mine is located on top of Line Creek Ridge, with coal being hauled 16 km to the thermal and metallurgical coal preparation plants, situated adjacent to the already existing Canadian Pacific Railway. Most of the coal is moved by 108 car unit trains by CP Rail to coal ports in Vancouver, where it is loaded onto vessels destined for overseas markets. Some smaller scale car load shipments are moved by rail to contiguous markets in the Pacific Northwest. History The southeastern British Columbia area, known as the East Kootenays, is steeped in a rich coal mining heritage, dating back to the latter part of the nineteenth century. Predecessors of Crows Nest Resources Limited were instrumental in developing the rich coal reserves in the area. In 1887, William Fernie, a pioneer-cum-prospector recognized the potential of coal deposits in the East Kootenays. Spurred by the relentless push west of the Canadian Pacific Railway through the Crows Nest Pass area, Fernie recognized that it was just a matter of time before the steam locomotives provided him with his required market. That time arrived in 1897 when Fernie helped to form the Crows Nest Pass Coal Company and coal mining commenced at Coal Creek, near his namesake town of Fernie. During its almost 70-year history, this company produced over 48 million tonnes of steam coal and 8 million tonnes of coking coal. In 1965, the Crows Nest Pass Coal Company was re-named Crows Nest Industries, to better reflect its expanded interests into forest products, and it is the latter company which Shell Canada Resources Limited acquired in 1978. The extensive coal resources of Shell, in both Alberta and British Columbia, were rationalized into one group with the birth of Crows Nest Resources Limited to manage and develop the coal holdings."

Jan 1, 1985

By W. J. Taylor, T. D. Parris

"Over 90,000 feet of raise have been bored at International Nickel underground mining operations throughout the Sudbury District since the advent of raise boring in the early part of July, 1964. With a total of 10 raise borers on hand at this time, techniques have improved steadily since introduction at INCO mines. The first unit, designed for use in rock of low compressive strength, had to be modified and redesigned to cope with Sudbury Area Precambrian rock. As equipment and boring techniques improved, a specially designed machine for larger holes was developed and is now in use. More powerful units, with a thrust capacity of up to 750,000 pounds, are under investigation. Raises have been bored up to 84-inch diameter, and the changeover to 5- and 6-foot flat reaming heads with improved cutter design has increased performance substantially. As a result, 5-foot-diameter raises have been completed to a length of 750 feet and 6- and 7-foot raises to over 500 feet. Reference is also made to the drilling of over 23,000 feet of drainage and sand-fill holes, ranging up to 7% inches in diameter, with smaller underground rotary drill equipment.Finally, a look into the future indicates the need for further improvements in equipment design to permit economic boring of 7- to 8-foot-diameter raises in Sudbury Area ground types."

Jan 1, 1972

By J. P. Mogan, E. D. Dainty, A. Lawson

"The toxicity reduction of emissions from two diesel engines by the emulsification of water into fuel oil was investigated to determine the applicability of such systems to underground mining machinery. . The engines studied were: 1) the Deut; F6L7J4, four-stroke, air-cooled, 6-cylinder, V-configuration, indirect-injection (IDl) engine, and 2) the Detroit Deisel Allison Division 8V7JN, two-stroke, water-cooled, 8-cylinder, V-configuration, direct-injection (Dl) engine.The application of emulsified fuel treatment to the two-stroke engine did not prove to be practicable. In the case of the Deutz engine, however, substantial benefit resulted. For a modest J5 per cent water content in the fuel and an injection timing of24° BTDC, approximate reductions of40 per cent in the concentrations of both particulate matter and nitric oxide (NO) were produced. These reductions were accompanied by insignificant changes in other toxic constituents. The net result was an approximate 30 per cent reduction in the over-all exhaust toxicity for typical LHD operation as assessed by the Health Effects Index criterion. This toxicity reduction represents a significant advance from the points of view of an improved underground environment and/or reduced ventilation costs."

Jan 1, 1981

By J. Peterson, D. D. Tannant, J. Todd

"A review of blast designs and improved blasting practices at the EkatiTM diamond mine is presented along with the results of three blast-monitoring experiments. Blast monitoring was undertaken to investigate blast damage mechanisms in the mine’s well jointed rock mass. Rock mass damage caused by production, pre-shear and wall control blasts was measured. EkatiTM uses 270 mm holes for production blasting, and 165 mm holes loaded with a decoupled charge for pre-shearing. The production blasts are loaded with bulk emulsion/ANFO blends. The mine plan involves using 30 m double benches. A 30 m high pre-shear is drilled and blasted prior to the production blasting that is done with sequential 15 m benches. This paper summarizes the monitoring equipment and data gathered to date. IntroductionThe EkatiTM diamond mine is located about 300 km northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. The mine is a joint venture of BHP Diamonds Inc. (80%) and geologists Charles Fipke and Stewart Blusson (10% each). The EkatiTM mine is Canada’s first diamond mine and BHP is the operator. The mine is accessed by air and by a winter ice road.The first kimberlite pipe mined at EkatiTM is known as the Panda pipe. The Panda open pit mine will have a total depth of 315 m (Fig. 1), a width of about 600 m, and a 50° overall slope. Initial ore production is 9000 tonnes per day.This paper summarizes the pre-strip blasting and the evolution of the production and wall control blast designs from 1997 to 2000. The initial blast designs and the rationale behind subsequent changes that took place are presented along with the techniques currently in use.The paper also briefly presents an experiment done to measure the rock mass response to blasting. Three blasts were instrumented with geophones, gas pressure sensors and time domain reflectometry cables. A brief summary of the instrumentation and data gathered is included."

Jan 1, 2001

By B. Haugrud, E. McConaghy, M. Collins, G. Smith

"Laterite ore processed by the Ambatovy joint venture in Madagascar is primarily limonitic in nature, containing approximately 40–45 wt.% Fe and 1.1 wt.% Ni. The process selected for treatment of this ore considered the behaviour and deportment of iron in each step of the commercial flowsheet. Such considerations included nickel and cobalt recoveries, reagent consumptions, liquid-solid separation characteristics, and intermediate and final product purities. In this paper, the results for the first three years of commercial operation at Ambatovy are compared with the design parameters, with emphasis on the behaviour of iron.RÉSUMÉ Le minerai latéritique traité par l’entreprise commune Ambatovy au Madagascar contient principalement de la limonite, composée de 40–45 % en poids (wt%) de fer (Fe) et de 1,1 wt% de nickel (Ni). Le procédé choisi pour le traitement de ce minerai tenait compte du comportement et du maintien du fer à chaque étape du schéma de traitement commercial. Parmi les facteurs pris en compte figuraient les récupérations de nickel et de cobalt, les consommations d’agents réactifs, les caractéristiques de séparation des liquides-solides ainsi que la pureté des produits semi-fini et final. Cet article compare les résultats des trois premières années d’exploitation commerciale à Ambatovy aux paramètres d’étude, en insistant notamment sur le comportement du fer.INTRODUCTIONThe main component of nickeliferous laterite ore is iron, and the Ambatovy deposit in Madagascar is no exception. Ambatovy ore is primarily limonitic in nature, containing approximately 40–45 wt.% Fe and 1.1 wt.% Ni. The nickel content of the ore is approximately 1/40th that of the iron content by weight; therefore, successful recovery of nickel depends on close control of the behaviour of iron in the selected process.The Ambatovy area is located 80 km east of Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar. Exploration dates back to 1960, when the Malagasy Service Géologique carried out a limited pitting and auger-drilling program. Phelps Dodge Corporation (now Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, Inc.) was granted the mining rights to the property in 1995 and carried out significant resource definition, environmental assessment, and engineering studies between 1995 and 2001 (Chou, Rooke, Williams, & Hanks, 2000). In 2003, Dynatec Corporation, which was formed in 1997 by the merger of Dynatec International Ltd. and Sherritt International Consultants Inc., signed a joint venture agreement with subsidiaries of Phelps Dodge to evaluate the Ambatovy nickel project. Dynatec became extensively involved in the development of the project, including process selection and pilot plant testing in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta (Collins et al., 2004, 2005; Collins & Vardill, 2005; Collins, Buban, Holloway, Masters, & Raudsepp, 2009). Dynatec acquired 100% of the project in 2005 and a joint venture between Dynatec, Sumitomo Corporation, Korea Resources Corporation (KORES), and SNC-Lavalin Inc. (SLI) was formed shortly thereafter to provide funding for further development. SLI was responsible for engineering, procurement, and construction management of the commercial facilities. Sherritt International Corporation reacquired Dynatec Corporation, including 40% ownership in the Ambatovy nickel project, in 2007. The current Ambatovy joint venture consists of an integrated nickel and cobalt mining, processing, refining, and marketing enterprise between subsidiaries of Sherritt (40% owner and mine and plant operator), Sumitomo Corporation (32.5% owner), and KORES (27.5% owner)."

Jan 1, 2017

"7.1. Glossary of the Platinum-Group Minerals7.1.1. IntroductionA glossary of the platinum-group minerals (POM) serves as a useful introduction to a chapter on their mineralogy. Earlier glossaries (Cabri, 1972, 1976) were prepared for different purposes and composed in a different manner. As for most mineralogical textbooks, from Dana's System of Mineralogy, 3rd Edition (1850) , to Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species (1980), this glossary is primarily a chemical classification, arranged here in two tables. Table 7.1 groups the mineralforming compounds of the six platinum-group elements (POE) according to their essential anion(s) or according to the nonPOE element in intermetallic compounds. Table 7.2 is a similar listing for the native metals and alloys of the POE. Both tables include unidentified POM considered to be bona fide new minerals requiring additional study for complete characterization and recognition (see Chapter 9*). Some information on the chemistry of the POM is given in the sections on X-ray data (7 .2) and ore microscopy (7 .3). Because the overwhelming majority of POM have been characterized by the electron microprobe, a more detailed account of representative analyses is given in Chapter 8**. The total POM listed in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 is about 100, after deleting some which would not qualify as discrete species if found today, but which are still recognized on historical grounds; e.g. iridosmine, osmiridium, platiniridium. Tables 7.1 and 7.2 also include 28 unnamed POM; included because they are considered to be probably new species (Cabri 1981 b). The referral scheme for unnamed minerals is the same as in Chapter 9. There are considerably more palladium minerals known than other POM; the proportion of total species (listed in Tables 7.1 and 7 .2) for the POE is: Pd 48%, Pt 21 o/o , Ru and Ir 9% each, Rh 8% and Os 5%. These proportions are in marked contrast to the estimated cosmic abundance, as compiled for average type C1 chondrite by Naldrett and Duke (1980): Pt 29%, Ru 20%, Pd, Ir and Os 15% each, and Rh 6%."

Jan 1, 1979

By John Convey

This paper, a follow-up to an earlier study, gives the history of Canadian developments in mineral processing from 1921 to the fall of 1964. It deals extensively with comminution and flotation, and then goes on to cover the fields of gravity concentration, magnetic concentration, cyanidation, the processing of uranium ores, and instrumentation. Several outstanding examples of installations are given. The paper concludes with a discussion of present-day trends in mineral processing. Introduction T HE history of the developments in mineral processing in Canada from its earliest times to 1920 has already been published by one of the authors (1). The present paper is thus a logical follow-up to bring this history to date. From 1834 to 1920, mineral processing in Canada, as elsewhere in the world, was in its formative stage. This, however, prepared the ground for developments that have resulted in a mining empire from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a mining empire which could be said to be almost on par with that in the United States.

Jan 1, 1965

By T. D. Chatwin

Acid rock drainage (ARD) is one of the most serious and potentially enduring environmental problems of the mining industry. High liability costs carried by many mining companies to cover potential obligations of ARD are a clear indication of the gravity of the problem. Unchecked, ARD can result in water quality impacts that could well be the industry's most significant financial and credibility risk. Effectively preventing acid drainage is a formidable challenge that requires the total commitment of the mining industry throughout the entire life-cycle of a mine. To achieve this commitment a strong business case for ARD prevention must be developed. This paper will address the elements of acid prevention and discuss their importance not only to the company but the entire industry as well. The International Network for Acid Prevention (INAP) is an industry-led group created to help meet this challenge. In 2009, INAP published the GARD Guide (www.gardguide.com), a web-base best practices guide for the prevention of ARD [1]. In this paper, the GARD Guide will be used to identify preventative actions for all mining industry stakeholders. It will, in turn, be used to estimate ARD management and mitigation value accrued to the company from ARD prevention, which will be used in developing a business case for acid prevention.

Jan 1, 2011

By A. Koster, V. Maurel, S. Dezecot, Szmytka. F.

The aim of this work is to clarify the role of microstructure heterogeneity in the initiation and growth of cracks in a lost foam cast A319 for low cycle fatigue (LCF) loading condition. Because 2D analysis fail to establish the scenario of damage events, this study is based on 3D in situ analysis using synchrotron X-ray tomography during LCF test performed at 200°C. If X-ray tomography is now an established technique to study damage development in 3D, its application for relatively high temperature cyclic tests has never been done so far. Initial 3D observations of damage show that the cracks that lead to fracture initiate near large pores and propagate into the hard particles 3D network of the eutectic regions.

Jan 1, 2015