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By Arthur Matzick

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Jan 1, 1966

By Jorge Ganoza

Hay varios ejemplos recientes de proyectos que no han llegado a los niveles de producción o a los resultados del modelo financiero desarrollado durante el estudio de factibilidad. Las personas responsables de decidir la inversión en los proyectos deben poder percibir los problemas potenciales y los grandes riesgos, cuando hay decisiones mal tomadas en el estudio de factibilidad y en la etapa de construcción inicial. Si bien es cierto que no hay diseño de ingeniería perfecto, los problemas pueden evitarse si —tal como propone este artículo— se siguen las etapas de estudio necesarias, desde la toma de muestras hasta la ejecución e interpretación de los resultados de las pruebas metalúrgicas.

Nov 30, 2018

The Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp. announced plans to raise June ingot prices by 4 cents to 57 cents per pound. Producers? April value for 99.5 percent unalloyed aluminum ingot was at 53 cents per pound. Domestic merchants last month were quoting the metal at 48-49 cents per pound. Primary aluminum producers began restarting production facilities following the settlement of the coal strike. Noranda Aluminum Inc. recalled workers to prepare potlines for production at its plant at New Madrid, Mo., which had closed February 14, 1978 due to the shortage of coal. Eastalco Aluminum Co. resumed full capacity production at its Frederick, Md. smelter where production had been cut by 30 percent. Anaconda Aluminum Co. resumed full capacity production at its Sebree, Ky. smelter.

Jan 1, 1978

By Keith L. Harris

Surprisingly, real gross national product (GNP) surged at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 4.3% for the first quarter of 1987 according to preliminary estimates made by the Department of Commerce, the highest rate in 3 yr and significantly above the revised fourth quarter 1986 rate of 1.1% (table 1). The spurt, however, was caused by an unusual $59.5 billion rise in inventories, mostly cars and trucks, and there was little support from other sectors of the economy. Motor vehicle inventories rose as consumers continued to tighten their purse strings--consumer spending declined 0.4% for the second quarter in a row. Nonresidential and residential fixed investment and government purchases of goods and services were also down from the previous quarter. The increasing cost of energy was the major factor in the jump to 3.696 in the rate of inflation, as measured by the fixed-weighted price index for GNP, and rising inflation also helped put a damper on consumer spending. The underlying good news was that the trade deficit shrank for the second quarter in a row as imports declined at an annual rate of 11.1%. Also, profits in the manufacturing sector rose strongly in the fourth quarter, and for the first time in 9 quarters, the primary metal industries became profitable (table 1). If one discounts the anomalous inventory growth, the bottom line is that the economy continues to grow at close to the expected 2.5% level experienced over the past 2 yr. Of concern over the next several quarters, though, is the impact of the large over- hang of motor vehicles inventories on the economy. EMPLOYMENT The civilian unemployment rate declined to 6.636 in March after remaining at 6.7% for the previous 3 months. Employment continued to expand in February and March, although growth was significantly slower in March than in previous months. The manufacturing sector, however, lost 24,000 jobs in March after gaining 46,000 in February. Three-quarters of that gain came when striking workers at USX Corp. and Deere & CO. returned to their jobs. Employment in the manufacturing sectors of direct interest to the mineral industries has generally been increasing for at least the last quarter, while worker hours for these sectors have been on the upswing since April 1986 (figures 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1987

By E. LaRocque

"Long term contracts requiring delivery of 6,000,000 pounds of U308 per year to its customers have made it necessary for Denison Mines to expand its milling capacity from 7,100 tons per day to 15,000 tons per day.Previous papers (1) and (2) described the old leaching and product recovery practice. The flowsheet briefly includes a crushing and grinding circuit, sulphuric acid leaching in a Pachuca plant, liquid-solid separation with wash thickeners and two-stage drum filtration, concentration and purification by moving bed ion exchange followed by two-stage precipitation to produce an ammonia yellowcake.No. 1 Shaft ore, about 4,000 tons per day, will be processed through the truck dump into the old crushing and grinding plant and through the old leaching plant. Ore from Stanrock (No. 3 shaft) will be hauled by truck and also processed through the truck dump as No. 1 shaft ore. Beginning in 1982, ore production from Stanrock will gradually increase until 1985 when some 3,000 tons per day will be milled from the source.A new 8,000 ton per day circuit was designed and constructed to increase the milling capacity to 15,000 tons per day. The new circuit is separate from the old one except that it coins together for the precipitation and tailings neutralization sections of the plant. The feed to the new plant will be from No. 2 shaft.The flowsheet is much the same as the old plant with the exception of the grinding circuit and the ion exchange plant. A semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) plant, unique in the Elliot Lake area, has been installed rather than the conventional crushing and grinding plant; the ion exchange plant is the stationery bed type.This paper describes the major equipment installed for the expanded grinding and hydrometallurgical plant."

Jan 1, 1982

By Y Yang

This paper discusses various issues surrounding the metallurgical control for furnaces, especially focusing on processes with long time-constants and æmetallurgical memoriesÆ. Examples will focus on furnaces accepting particulate and sometimes ill-defined feeds, eg submerged-arc furnaces, blast furnaces, secondary scrap smelting operations, recycling operations, waste incinerators, etc. Generally, because of the usually higher metallurgical time constant of these furnaces, these reactors have to be controlled in a feed-forward manner by the use of a hybrid of æblack boxÆ or empirical and ægrey boxÆ semi-empirical first principles metallurgical modelling and simulation techniques in a supervisory metallurgical control capacity.

Jan 1, 2000

By Mario J. Arenas Figueroa

El presente trabajo señala la formación geológica del yacimiento minero de Julcani, el fracturamiento de esta estructura, como los principales controles de su mineralización. En este sentido, la estructura del yacimiento es epigenético con vetas del tipo de relleno de fracturas en volcánicos Terciarios, caracterizadas por una mineralización en rosario y con valores de plata altamente erráticos. De otro lado, el fracturamiento es complejo puesto que este atraviesa tres periodos, las cuales coinciden con el rumbo de las vetas principales. Los principales controles de mineralización son el tipo de roca encajonante, los diques, intersecciones, etc, señalándose sus características para una exploración sistemática de nuevas vetas y bolsonadas.

Nov 20, 1967

By João Gabriel de Oliveira Marques

O atual contexto energético e ambiental exige cada vez mais que os processos industriais gerem produtos com menos impactos ambientais, consumam menos recursos naturais e energia. Dentre esses processos estão os relacionados com a produção de aço. Basicamente, existem duas possibilidades para obtenção desse metal. A primeira, rota integrada, obtém o aço utilizando o minério de ferro como matéria prima. A segunda, rota semi-integrada, obtém o mesmo metal por meio da fusão de sucatas metálicas recicladas. Nesse contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho são definir uma possível fonte de sucata metálica para o setor siderúrgico e determinar qual dessas alternativas de produção do aço é mais eficiente do ponto de vista energético e ambiental. A fonte de sucata metálica proposta para a produção de aço são veículos reciclados. A metodologia utilizada na avaliação dos processos de produção do aço é a Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Os resultados mostram uma redução global no consumo de materiais e energia bem como na geração de impactos ambientais em função da utilização de sucatas metálicas provenientes de veículos reciclados para a produção de aço.

Aug 16, 2017

By Elio Flórez

El presente trabajo refiere la utilización práctica de las escorias metalúrgicas -en tanto material de aislamiento térmico-. La lana de escoria es conocida como "lana mineral", cuya industria se inició en 1897. La manufactura suelta no es el producto final, sino la materia prima, que será tratada en un proceso seco para obtener las diferentes formas de productos y adaptarlas a distintos usos. La lana de escoria puede ser usada como aislante térmico, en absorción de sonido y también como medio de filtración y material de relleno. En el primer caso, se utiliza en casas y edificios, hornos, duetos de aire acondicionado, salas frigoríficas para alimentos, tanques de agua caliente, calderos, intercambiadores de calor, tuberías, etc. Mientras que en el segundo caso se utiliza para extraer polvo, agua de aire o gases. Asimismo, los productos de lana de escoria son la granulada, acolchada en mantas, en bloque, en planchas comprimidas, en formas moldeadas, las cuales tienen una densidad instalada desde 2-lb/pies3 en las formas más-79- livianas, hasta 16 lb/pies 3 en las formas semi-rígidas.

Aug 20, 1963

By Charles Preble

El presente texto refiere la producción y consumo del cobre desde 1980 a 1984, deficiencias, reducción de costos y consumo a nivel nacional.

Nov 1, 1985

By Cinara Piazzarolo Lana Madeira

Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de análise, classificação quanto a condição de conservação e priorização das atividades de inspeção, conservação e manutenção das estruturas metálicas e redes de distribuição de fluídos gasosos na ArcelorMittal Tubarão a fim de realizar a correta gestão destes ativos, com foco na minimização dos riscos e redução dos custos no longo prazo, além de contribuir para tomada de decisão estratégica nos orçamentos plurianuais. A Metodologia desenvolvida envolve uma análise em função da condição atual dos seus ativos, da degradação destes ao longo do tempo e dos recursos empregados ao longo dos anos para recuperação estrutural ou pintura preventiva, sendo a base fundamental para a geração de um ciclo de manutenção preventiva com visão centralizada, especializada e sistêmica.

Oct 30, 2017

By Rafael Ramos, Leonel Quispe, César Chávez

El programa de trabajo de campo realizado consistió principalmente en el cartografiado de la concesión minera EMADSUR I y el muestreo de estructuras (vetas y cuerpos). Los resultados preliminares del estudio geológico en el proyecto Livitaca confirmaron la presencia de mineralización tipo skarn y tipo pórfido de Cu-Mo-Au con diseminación de sulfuros rodeado de un amplio halo de alteración fílica-argílica. Vetas angostas, principalmente entorno de los cuerpos de skarn, tienen contenidos elevados de Au-Cu-Pb-Ag.

May 10, 2023

By K. Lundholm, A. E. Mäkinen

"Ore grades are declining and getting more complex around the world which not only complicate the ore processing but also produce new type of requirements to manage the produce waste streams. One specifically problematic and increasingly identified element in waste streams produced in mining and metallurgy is arsenic.Arsenic is a compound that has no significant market value, but that needs to be removed from ores, concentrates and other process streams because of environmental or process technical reasons. One example of a removal process is partial roasting of high-As sulfide concentrates, originally developed by Outotec. In this process the arsenic is volatilized in the gas phase and thus separated from the solid material, i.e. the calcine. If the arsenic is recovered by wet methods the process gas is quenched and all arsenic needs to be stabilized in the effluent treatment plant.Outotec has developed ferric arsenate precipitation as a method to produce stabile arsenic residues from wet gas cleaning effluents. Iron based precipitates, when correctly produced, can meet typical landfill criteria measured with different types of leaching methods meant for characterizing the arsenic dissolution behavior from the precipitates.In this paper partial roasting of sulfide concentrates with arsenic volatilization in combination with ferric arsenate precipitation is discussed from the perspective of producing wastes that can meet the stability requirements set by common leaching tests methods, TCLP and CEN. These leaching test methods set the normative landfill requirements for most operations generating arsenic containing wastes. A typical flow sheet of Outotec® Ferric arsenate process is discussed with results showing the importance of correct process control and sequence on producing arsenic containing waste that can meet the landfill disposal requirements."

Jan 1, 2014

By Alberto Pool

El azufre es un elemento no metálico que proviene de yacimientos que lo contienen al estado nativo. En ese sentido, el presente texto revisa los diferentes yacimientos nacionales de azufre, tipos y composiciones. Dichos yacimientos se dividen en volcánicos (tipo solfatárico) y sedimentarios (tipo yeso). Los primeros se encuentran asociados a cráteres, laderas y fumarolas de volcanes, y los segundos, se encuentran asociados a yeso, caliza y calcita, sin conexión con procesos volcánicos.

Jan 1, 1977

By John Guilbert

El presente texto describe la historia del descubrimiento y desarrollo del yacimiento de pórfido de cobre-oro Bajo de la Alumbrera. En ese sentido, dicha minera es menos geológica, teórica y está más orientada a más modelos geológicos, puesto que cuando K. Richard finalizaba la exploración y evaluación del yacimiento de Toquepala en la década del 60, Bajo de la Alumbrera estaba siendo descubierta. Asimismo, la minera se encuentra al noroeste de la República Argentina en una región donde ocurre una cadena de yacimientos de cobre, conocida como el "Cinturón Metalogénico de Pórfidos de Cobre". Allí también existe el complejo volcánico llamado "Farallón Negro" que en superficie contiene muchos sulfatos denominados "alumbres", de donde se originó el nombre de Bajo (depresión topográfica) de la Alumbrera.

Apr 26, 1999

By J M. Totterdell

The Permian-Triassic Bowen Basin and the Jurassic-Cretaceous Surat Basin evolved in a backarc tectonic setting behind an active convergent plate margin in eastern Gondwana. Several extensional (Early Permian; Eocene) and contractional (mid-Permian; Early Triassic; Middle-Late Triassic; early Late Cretaceous) intraplate deformational events are recognised in the basins. These can be correlated with similar events in the New England Orogen that was being deformed in the Late Permian-Late Triassic as a foreland thrust belt. The intraplate deformations were probably the consequence of plate interactions, including the accretion of terranes, at the ancient active plate margin, remnants of which now occur in New Zealand.

Jan 1, 1995

By David J. Hoadley

This report describes the development and limited testing of a semi-automatic, raise climber, Compact Service Hoist System designed for stope access in underground metal and nonmetal mines. Demonstrated capabilities of the system include a 1,000-lb payload capacity, control from the traveling cage and from up to three remote stations, operating in vertical or inclined raises 3 ft in diameter and up to 300 ft in length and a travel speed of 50 ft/min. The system has the capability of operating in crooked raises because the conveyance climbs two stationary wire ropes suspended down the raise. The drive unit is electrically powered with power and control signals supplied to the drive unit through an umbilical 'cable also suspended down the raise. The system has been designed for portability, ease of installation and minimum raise development. The hoist has been demonstrated successfully in an above ground test tower. This report provides a detailed description of the hoist design and its demonstrated performance to date.

Jan 1, 1985

By José Fernández Dávila Borja

El presente texto señala la eficacia del uso de la fluorita como reactivo de concentración por flotación desarrollado en la mina Canaria de Ayacucho, Pozos ricos, Mansita y San Agustin, donde el fluor como elemento más electro negativo del grupo de los halógenos, ataca a todos los metales excepto al oro y al platino, posilbilitando la limpieza de superficie de los minerales, así como el uso del bario, metal alcalino-térreo, que en su forma de Baritina o sulfato de Bario ha sido utilizado en la "prueba de descarte", concluyendo que la frecuencia del comportamiento de la fluorita, prueba la influencia positiva de esta en la flotación de los valores metálicos.

Nov 20, 1978

By Diógenes Uceda Herrera

La refinería de cobre en Ilo, procesa el cobre ampolloso que proviene de la fundición de Southern Perú Cooper Corporation, la cual trata los concentrados cupríferos de las minas de Toquepala y Cuajone. En este proceso, el cobre ampolloso se vuelve pre-refinado a través del fuego para así eliminar algunas impurezas y moldear los ánodos de cobre. Posteriormente en la electrólisis, este cobre de ánodo se deposita en el cátodo, liberándose los demás elementos para constituirse en lodos anódicos y así luego ser lixiados con ácidos para recuperar el cobre y centrifugados completamente. En este sentido, el texto señala el método de tostación oxidante con Na2CO3 y en agua como uno de los que más se adecúa a la composición química particular de los lodos anódicos de esta refinería.

Nov 20, 1978

By F. Mielli

Ranging between 20% and 40% of the typical mining operational costs, energy in mining operations is a growing concern for the industry. However, this concern is a complex, multi-faceted variable that involves government regulations, societal pressures, cost and competitiveness. A mining company successful in energy efficiency is becoming the standard of a successful company. The suggested energy strategy in mining and mineral processing operations has to follow a well structured approach that entails the following: ? Understanding where energy is being used and why, ? Recommending and implement energy conservation measures, ? Driving visibility to targets and results, ? Leveraging the energy spend across the enterprise, ? Developing a robust energy and sustainability strategy.

Jan 1, 2012