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By Jheison Lopes dos Santos

Sistemas de blindagens multicamada têm sido estudadas pela sua ótima capacidade de proteção, devido à combinação de diferentes materiais que constituem seus componentes. A primeira camada é constituída por um componente cerâmico, cujo objetivo principal é fragmentar o projétil, dissipando grande parte de sua energia. A camada intermediária compreende tecido de aramida ou matriz polimérica com fibras naturais, que também dissipa energia tanto do projétil quanto do cerâmico e opera retendo os fragmentos cerâmicos. Neste trabalho, pela primeira vez, o sistema cerâmico Al2O3-Nb2O5-LiF tem seu comportamento dinâmico avaliado balisticamente. Este composto cerâmico foi submetido a impactos balísticos de projéteis 7,62 mm, para testar este cerâmico do primeiro componente de um sistema de blindagens multicamadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adição de LiF ao composto cerâmico Al2O3-4%p. Nb2O5, sinterizado a 1.300 ºC, obteve desempenho comparável ao obtido por Al2O3-4%p. Nb2O5 sem LiF, sinterizado a 1.400 ºC. Os resultados revelaram que, ao serem submetidos a esses impactos balísticos, apresentaram valores comparáveis aos esperados de pressão e de velocidade de partícula na interface de impacto projétil-cerâmico. Dessa forma, a adição de fluoreto de lítio ao composto cerâmico alumina-nióbia possibilitou a redução em 100 ºC na temperatura de sinterização, sem comprometer o desempenho balístico e exibindo parâmetros de choque comparáveis, e redução de custo.

Oct 30, 2017

By Edward Walter

Rock excavation for tunneling projects occurs on a regular basis in the Cleveland area. These tunnels are being constructed to increase the capacity of the sanitary sewer system. Controlled blasting must be performed to remove rock in a number of phases of the project. The rock excavation for construction of a junction chamber is just one case where blasting is the safest and most efficient method available.

Jan 1, 2001

By Francisco Sena Leite, Pedro Brito, Auã Kiahla, Raquel Carvalhinha, Tomi Kouvonen, Vinicius Miranda

Shockwaves that generate vibration in the surrounding environment of a blast, are one of the most important factors to control drill & blasting works near delicate buildings as well as in sensitive structures (wall control). On top of the damage to the buildings themselves, sensitive equipment such as computers, measurement apparatus and medical devices can be also compromised. The most commonly measured values from vibration are PPV (peak particle velocity), acceleration and displacement. Some devices and techniques have been developed in the last decades to measure the impacts of these vibratory phenomena. This information can be used to predict levels of vibration for future blasts and improve their quality of design using the attenuation law. From traditional studies to modern seismographs, a range of solutions are used for this propose. The main problem of applying this kind of technology is the high cost associated with each measurement device. In order to measure the ground vibration using new technologies while lowering the cost, a device has been developed using a microcontroller and electronic sensors commonly found on the market. This new equipment was tested side by side with traditional seismographs and the results were sent to a server for analysis. After several blasts, the necessary data was generated for the validation of the prototype. Through numerical mathematical processing (Taylor’s approach and numerical derivation) the original data supplied by the accelerometer’s sensors was transformed into velocity and, after the data mining, a statistics residue analysis was applied in order to evaluate if the data from the prototype and from the traditional seismographs were similar. The data from each system was used to estimate the attenuation law and the results are shown in this paper.

By Jürgen F. Brune, Alex C. Smith, William D. Monaghan

One of the predominant causes of fires in underground coal mines is flame cutting and welding. These fires can lead to major events such as the explosion that occurred on January 22, 2003 in an airshaft being constructed at the McElroy mine. Six contractors were inside the shaft at the time of the explosion and the explosion fatally injured three and seriously injured three [MSHA 2003]. Understanding the root causes of these fires and explosions will help prevent these types of events from occurring in the future. Fires and explosions require fuel, oxygen and an ignition source (heat). These three items are referred to as a fire triangle. The control of these three items in flame cutting and welding operations is required to prevent fires and or explosions. United States Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Reports of Investigation (ROI), MSHA Mine Accident, Injury, and Illness Reports, and the MSHA Mining Industry Accident, Injuries Employment, and Production Data Base were analyzed and interviews and observations with mine workers and welders were conducted to determine the root causes of coal mine fires and explosions caused by flame cutting and welding operations. This paper will discuss the root causes and potential means to reduce the number of fires and resulting fatalities and injuries caused by or due to flame cutting and welding.

By R. Degel

Keywords: Pyrometallurgy, DC furnaces, electric smelter, FeCr, FeNi, FeMn, Si metal, ferro-alloys, platinum production, circular furnace, energy recovery system In 1906, the first submerged-arc furnace was supplied by SMS Siemag. Since then, the division has become established in various industries such as ferro-alloys and non-ferrous metals, and in numerous other special applications. During the evolution of this technology, more efficient units with longer lifetimes were developed. Today, especially the potential of DC-based smelters, raises worldwide attention, with some projects having already started to implement this kind of technology. This paper evaluates SMS Siemag?s general viewpoint regarding the potential application of DC smelter technology and possible options for the ferro-alloy and non-ferrous industry. SMS Siemag is currently executing a FeCr project in Kazakhstan, where four of the world?s largest closed-type DC smelting furnaces, with a power input of 72 MW, will be installed. These furnaces include the latest technological features of modern DC smelters, which are described in this paper. SMS Siemag has started a long-term research and development project allowing a direct comparison of AC versus DC technology on a large scale, using a recently installed 1 MVA test furnace at the IME at the University of Aachen, in Germany. For open-type ferro-alloy and Si-metal furnaces, SMS Siemag has developed an energy recovery system, which is presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 2011

By Gustavo García

El plan estratégico de cualquier operación minera es sumamente importante. Este mismo debe tratar de capturar todos los parámetros operacionales y económicos; con el objetivo de generar el mayor valor para el negocio. El problema es que la forma convencional de realizar la planificación estratégica, es que no se incorpora el tiempo o la temporalidad en la generación de tajos económicos usando el algoritmo Lerchs and Grossman en las etapas de generación de tajo final y fases de minado. Así que las fases son diseñadas manualmente basado en los tajos anidados a diferentes precios o considerando otras variables tales como presencia de contaminantes como arsénico, etc.

Sep 1, 2017

By K. M. Phamotse, A. S. Nhleko

"*Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of BSc (Mining Engineering) degreeSynopsisLiqhobong Mining Development Company (LMDC) has been experiencing problems with boulders after blasting where the fragment sizes exceed the maximum of 800 mm as per mine standard. As a result, the mine has employed various methods to improve the fragmentation. The goal is to produce a run-of-mine (ROM) feed that does not choke the crusher and cause delays in production. In order to achieve this goal, fragmentation distribution within the fines and coarse envelope must be optimized through effective planning of blasting activities and accurate execution.The mine determined the fines-coarse envelope within which the entire crushing system can handle fragments using Split Desktop software. It is expected that both the predicted and actual fragmentation curves lie within that envelope for optimal fragmentation. The Kuz-Ram model with blast design parameters of 2.6 m for burden, 2.8 m for spacing, and 127 mm hole diameter was used to predict the fragmentation. The results show that the blast design parameters may need altering to achieve optimum fragmentation. Furthermore, the execution of the drilling and blasting may be the cause of the fragmentation problems. The mean fragmentation size (X50) differs greatly, unlike the uniformity index (n)s values which are relatively close to each other (0.6 to 2.2). The mean squared error (MSE) values have a large range. A proposed solution is a modified burden, spacing, and hole diameter. It is concluded that blast design parameters need to be reviewed in order to obtain correct predictions. IntroductionFragmentation has an impact on the mine production cycle which comprises, inter alia, drilling, blasting, loading, hauling, and crushing. Correct fragmentation as set by the plant design is important as it reduces the time lost due to secondary blasting and/or loading difficulties. In this paper we analyse blast results at Liqhobong Mining Development Company (LMDC) in Lesotho for a period of six months. This project was undertaken to observe the trends from the blasts and to identify whether any discrepancies exist in the overall blast information. The period under study included 16 blasts."

Jul 1, 2019

Ground conditions at the Kencana mine, Indonesia, are generally poor and an underhand cut and fill mining method is used for extraction. Due to these poor ground conditions, all vertical development has been conducted using blind, top-down, sink and line excavation methods. Due to time constraints, raiseboring was considered the only viable excavation method for the installation of a return ventilation system for the K2 (Kencana extension) project. In order to achieve successful raiseboring in the poor ground conditions a number of strategies were used including: a detailed geotechnical study for optimal position of the shaft/s, splitting shaft excavation vertically, raiseboring of multiple smaller diameter shafts, extensive pregrouting, installation of drainage holes, and rapid installation of support following excavation.

Nov 25, 2010

By Francisco Camus

"El presente trabajo describe la geología y mineralización del proyecto minero Los Chankas. Dicho yacimiento está ubicado en la parte oeste de la Cordillera Central de los Andes del sur del Perú, dentro de la provincia metalogenética de Andahuaylas-Yauri, como un sistema porfirítico asociado a ambientes cordilleranos. El depósito está relacionado a un complejo de intrusiones félsicas y desarrollo de fases orto-tardi magmáticas e hidrotermales como procesos formadores de a mineralización económica del tipo Cu-Mo-Au. Las diferentes zonas de mineralización muestran partes superiores con pitch limonita, neotocita goetita y esporádicamente tenorita y ferromolibdenita. La zona de enriquecimiento muestra calcocina, covelina, digenita y bornita, con ocurrencia de calcopirita, bornita y molibdenita en la zona de sulfuros primarios. Las características conocidas de mineralización en Los Chancas definen un sistema porfirítico de niveles de emplazamiento relativamente profundos, con evidencias de particularidades metalogenéticas, las cuales son estudiadas como parte de la evaluación del proyecto."

Apr 24, 2001

By Jorge Sandoval

El presente texto señala un modelo conceptual genérico, cuyo uso de plataformas informáticas permite revisar la validación de la data, previa a la emisión del KPIs, de forma que genera rigurisidad y representatividad para el análisis. En ese sentido, el modelo se basa en la integración de las plataformas, reduciendo los tiempos de procesamiento de la data y eliminando sesgos por la manipulación de la misma. Asimismo, homologa y standariza los árboles de equipos, modos de falla, entre otros aspectos.

Mar 1, 2016

By Rodger C. Fry

Underground coal mining has been active within the East Mountain property since the mid 1950's. As a result, coal from two seams has been extracted within large areas allowing surface subsidence to occur. Monitoring of subsidence annually, began in 1981 using on the ground conventional monumentation, surveying and photogrammetric monitoring. The data collected has shown the time benefits of photogrammetry and the relationship between observed subsidence and the geometry of the mined out area below.

Jan 1, 1986

By J. G. Haymes

This report by the Bureau of Mines is the first of two proposed papers on evaluation of spectrophotometric, spectrographic, polarographic, and other analytical methods for quantitatively determining impurities in high-purity tungsten. Some of the methods described are standard methods that have been successfully applied to determine low-level impurities, several are modifications of known methods, and some procedures are entirely original. The Bureau of Mines is actively engaged in tungsten research because tungsten has an extremely high melting point, in fact the highest of any known metal. The metallurgist must know the content of impurities in tungsten because of the marked effects even micro amounts of impurity elements have on its physical properties. The Bureau procured a number of analyzed samples of above-average purity from research laboratories of companies engaged in production and fabrication of tungsten. These samples were investigated by the analytical procedures of those companies for several metallic impurities. Subsequent analytical laboratory determination of impurities in these samples agreed with the analyses as reported. With this assurance that analytical methods were basically accurate for metallic impurities, procedures for the determination of several of these elements were modified to lower the limits of detection and increase the sensitivity of methods. Carbon and the gases hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen were determined by standard instrumental methods, modified to provide greater sensitivity for reliable determinations when content of these elements was low. After the reliability of the modified procedures was affirmed, they were used as a product evaluation guide in the development of a vapor-plating technique for the production of high-purity tungsten. The following list of elements can be determined by one or more of these methods: AI, B, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, S1, Sn, Ti, V, and Zn. In addition, a vacuum-fusion method for the determination of H, N, and 0, and a conductometric method for carbon are described. Lower limits of determination and detection for each element listed are given.

Jan 1, 1962

By Isadora Dias Perez

Em vista da crescente geração de efluentes contendo metais, busca-se por técnicas sustentáveis capazes de recuperá-los, devido à toxicidade e ao valor econômico agregado. Os metais ainda contribuem com a poluição dos recursos hídricos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho investiga a adsorção dos metais presentes num efluente produzido na mineração (licor) do níquel, através da resina quelante de troca iônica Dowex XUS43605. Os experimentos foram realizados em bateladas, variando pH, para verificar a captação pela resina do alumínio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, ferro (III), magnésio, manganês, níquel e zinco presentes no licor. A concentração dos metais na solução foi obtida pela técnica de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-x por energia dispersiva (EDX). Os resultados mostram a capacidade de remoção dos metais pela resina, destacando 83% de adsorção do cobre e 7% do níquel, considerando 2,0 pH e tempo de contato 2h. Portanto, o estudo demonstra que a resina de troca iônica pode ser utilizada para tratar efluentes, em especial, de mineração.

Aug 17, 2017

By J. Allan Tice

In the past fifteen to twenty years, the use of drilled piers to support high capacities in coastal plain deposits has become more and more common. With improved construction techniques and better understanding of pier behavior, drilled shafts with capacities of 200 to 500 tons are not unusual. The purpose of this presentation is to review several drilled pier installations from North Carolina to north-east Florida as a means of illustrating the different types of design concepts and installation techniques which are presently being used. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The information in this presentation was obtained from work performed by many individuals and companies. The section on limestone socket caissons in South Carolina is an abridged version of a paper prepared by Rob Smith and Neil Gilbert of Law Engineering's Charlotte, North Carolina office, and is used with permission. The section on pier installation in northeast Florida is an abridged version of a paper prepared by Kirk Mcintosh, Tom McDaniel, and Randy Knott of Law Engineering's Jacksonville, Florida office, reprinted here with permission. Additional data discussed in this presentation has been obtained from Farr Foundation Company, McKinney Drilling Company, and Peterson Drilling Company.

Jan 1, 1988

By P. J. Gron

"The Samatosum Project is a base and precious metal deposit located in south central British Columbia. A dilute ore reserve of 766, 682 tonnes grading an average 1.1% copper, 3.0% zinc, 1.4% lead, 833 gram per tonne silver and 1.6 gram per tonne gold is available. The base metals occur as tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. Virtually all of the silver and gold are associated with the tetrahedrite.The mill is operated at a rate of 21 tonnes per hour. Sulphur dioxide is used as a zinc depressant in the grinding circuit. Production of a Cu/Pb/Ag concentrate is accomplished by conventional flotation. This concentrate is then separated into Cu-Ag and Pb concentrates through a reverse flotation circuit utilizing sulphur dioxide, starch and sulphuric acid as lead depressants.The tailings from the Cu/Pb/Ag circuit are treated with copper sulphate to activate the zinc. Production of a zinc concentrate is accomplished by conventional flotation. Dewatering of the concentrates to 6% moisture is done with a LAROX filter press.Tailings effluent is treated with lime and sodium sulphide to precipitate out the heavy metals. The resulting sludge is treated in OYNASAND sand filtration units to produce a quality effluent."

Jan 1, 1990

By Todd M. Ruff

This report summarizes ongoing research at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane Research Laboratory, in which collision warning systems for surface mining dump trucks are being evaluated. Common accidents involve these large trucks running over smaller vehicles or pedestrian workers. Collision warning systems currently use one of several methods, including radar, radio-frequency-signal detection, or ultrasonic signals, to detect and warn of the presence of an object or person in the blind spots of the mining equipment. Most available systems have not been tested on large off-highway dump trucks. This report evaluates several systems on two sizes of trucks, a 50-ton-capacity truck commonly used in quarries and construction and a 240-ton-capacity truck commonly used in open-pit mines. Tests were conducted to determine false alarm rates, alarm effectiveness, and reliable detection zones for a person and a pickup truck. The results indicate that radar and radio-frequency identification systems show promise for this application and that several of the improved systems are ready for extensive field tests. However, challenges still exist in applying these technologies to large trucks.

Jan 11, 2000

By Marcos Velho Ludolf

O projeto de Substituição dos Controladores Lógicos Programáveis da Sinterização tem como objetivo a substituição dos PLCs da Família S5 (Siemens) já obsoletos por novos PLCs de tecnologia atual. O projeto de substituição foi dividido em etapas, sendo que a primeira etapa ocorreu em 2012. Consequentemente, teremos novos e antigos PLCs na mesma plataforma de controle até o fim do projeto. Os maiores desafios foram fazer toda a migração e adaptação de hardware e software dos novos PLCs ao restante da planta adequando-se aos sistemas existentes tais como PIMS, comunicação com o Nível 2, comunicação com balanças já obsoletas, SCADA, outros PLCs e concluir toda a migração da primeira etapa do projeto em apenas 60 dias compreendendo desde a desmontagem do sistema anterior, montagem dos painéis novos, recomissionar todo o I/O substituído, conciliar todos os testes à frio e parciais com demais serviços de manutenção programados e realizar o comissionamento a quente de toda a sequência da planta nos últimos 04 dias de implantação, quando todas as linhas de operação foram liberadas para testes. Em 2014 foi iniciada uma segunda etapa, e um PLC de 600 pontos de I/O já foi substituído em apenas 80 h usando uma nova estratégia.

Jul 30, 2018

THE object of the present paper is to give a brief description of the metallurgical process followed by the Grand Junction Co, and the results obtained therefrom. All figures quoted are from the actual working of the plant over a period of six months from January to June, 1910. The short ton of 2000 lb. is used by the company. Its gold is valued at 84s. per oz. fine, silver at 2s. per oz. fine. The ore consists essentially of a gangue of quartz and calcite, with 8 to 10%sulphide-pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and traces of arsenic and antimony. The colmtry-rock is a highlyaltered dacite. Small stringers of highly-mineralized ore penetrate the footwall of some of the lodes, forming a valuable stockwerk up to 3 ft. in thickness. In stoping, this is mined with the well defined lode, thus bringing into the mill at times a considerable quantity of hard country-rock. The gold exists in an exceedingly fine state of division, consequently rendering it necessary to grind very fine to obtain a satisfactory extraction.

Jan 1, 1912

By K. A. Natarajan

Interaction with microorganisms results in significant surface chemical changes on minerals. For example, chemolithotrophs such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans significantly alter the surface chemistry of several sulfide minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. Heterotrophic bacteria such as Bacillus sp. could alter the electrokinetic properties of oxide minerals such as hematite, alumina, silica, kaolinite and calcite. Microbe-mineral interactions could thus be beneficially utilised in mineral beneficiation as different from bioleaching. Microbially induced mineral beneficiation unlike bioleaching deals with interfacial phenomena at mineral-solution-bacteria interfaces and surface chemical changes are brought about at very rapid rates amounting to a few minutes resulting in mineral separations in an aqueous medium.

Jan 1, 2003

By Francesco Vegliò, Luigi Toro, Francesca Beolchini, Francesca Pagnanelli, Stefano Ubaldini

"Biosorption is an innovative technology used to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions from mining waters and other industrial wastes. A wider application of this alternative process is strictly dependent on the understanding of the chemico-physical aspects involved, in order to optimize the operating conditions. Mechanistic models are the most useful tools used for understanding purposes, even if the empirical models are still widely applied for their simplicity.In this paper especially propagated biomasses of Sphaerotilus natans, calcium alginate and some waste materials were tested as adsorbents for single and binary solutions containing heavy metals at different pH. The equilibrium experimental results were fitted according to empirical and physical models with growing complexity outlining the inadequacy of the predictive models; in fact, the non-ideal interactions among metals require the insertion of additional correction parameters."

Jan 1, 2003