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By John S. Johnson

The maintenance cost, or renewal cost, in any preparation plant is a large item of expense and reflects in the total cost of producing and preparing the ton of coal. It is given constant study to the end that ways and means of controlling and reducing this proportion of the total cost may be developed. Study of this item of cost has proceeded along usual lines, which are: proper functioning of the maintenance organization; systematic and thorough inspection to prevent breakdonns; the making of repairs before renewals are needed; maintenance work done thoroughly the first time, instead of patching, study of parts needing frequent renewal or repairs or conditions resulting in delays, thorough knowledge of cost by the mall responsible for maintenance; and the use of special equipment and materials. This paper is to deal with special equipment and materials to reduce the maintenance cost hut before going into that I want to express an opinion on the general subject. Maintenance Organization Usually maintenance is taken care of by a group of men who perform their work on the off shift. The work is arranged by the operating official who should be thoroughly familiar with maintenance, so that materials needed may be made up for the particular job and waste of time in looking up materials be prevented. To perfect the maintenance organization, all operating attendants should be thoroughly trained to be familiar with all working parts of their equipment, to make a thorough inspection and to write out the slip for the work required. This requires job analysis, but it is worth the effort, because the attendant usually is better informed than anyone else about his particular equipment. The operating official can judge the scope of the work to direct the repair and to have material ready. Lubrication is an important item in maintenance, and a subject by itself. Usually the breaker oiler is designated to perform this task. This man should be picked for his ability and put in line for promotion to machinist. He should be trained as an inspector, as he is constantly visiting most parts of the breaker and has an opportunity to observe needed maintenance. The first thing is to lay out maintenance work and arrange to have it done; the next is to check the work and see that it has been properly done. This check should be made by the operating official, and through the attendant. The cost statement showing the various items of maintenance cost is not often understood by the man in direct charge. Cost sheets should be simplified and worked up by breaker sections; e.g., the cost of

Jan 1, 1947

By S. A. Mersol, C. T. Lynch, F. W. Vahldiek

The microhardness of single crystals of tungsten disilicide has been investigated by the Knoop method. The average random room-temperature hardness of the WSi, matrix was 1350 kg per sq mm. Hardness crnisotropy was noted with respect to plane and indenter orientation as determined by single-crq.stal X-rny studies. Annealing at 1600" and 1800°C decreased the average hardness to 1310 and 1230 kg per sq tnm, respectively, and produced a second phase identified by X-ray diffraction and electron-microprobe analysis to be wSio.7. Ball-impact experiwzents produced rosettes at 850°C. Optical and electron microscopy showed evidence of slip and cross slip and twinning produced by microhardness indentations. Prismatic (100), [001] slip was found and cor~elated with hardness data. THE present study was undertaken to investigate the hardness anisotropy of as-grown and annealed single crystals of tungsten disilicide. The existence of the silicide WSiz in the W-Si system has been well-established and its structure thoroughly investigated zachariasen2 found WSi, to have a tetragonal C type of structure, similar to that of MoSi, with lattice parameters a = 3.212A, Kieffer et al. studied the W-Si system and measured the density and microhardness (at a 100-g load) of both polycrystalline WSi, and WSi,.,. The values found were 9.25 g per cu cm and 1090 kg per sq mm for WSi,, and 12.21 per cu cm and 770 kg per sq mm for WSi0.7, respectively. According to Samsonov et a1.5 the microhardness of polycrystalline WSi2 is 1430 kg per sq mm (at a 120-g load). EXPERIMENTAL The WSi, single-crystal boules investigated in this paper were grown by a Verneuil-type process using an electric arc by the Linde Division of the Union Carbide Corp.6 The largest specimens were 8 mm in diameter by 16 mm long. The crystals had an average density of 9.01 g per cu cm with a tungsten • silicon content of 99.9 wt pct. The major impurities were: 87 ppm O, 41 ppm N. 54 pprn C, 500 ppm Zr, 50 ppm Na, and 50 ppm Mn. The crystals were silicon-poor, the average silicon content being 22.20 pct (stoichiometric value is 23.40 pct), and tungsten-rich, the average tungsten content being 77.70 pct (stoichiometric value is 76.60 pct). As-received single crystals were ground and analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction technique using Cu Ka radiation. Laue and layer line rotation patterns were obtained on cleaved sections of WSi, single crystals. Electron-microprobe traverses of representative crystals were done using a Phillips-AMR electron microanalyzer. Carbon replicas were used to prepare electron micrographs. This work was done with a JEM-6A electron microscope. Prior to the metallographic examination, the specimens were mounted in Lucite and then polished for short times on polishing wheels using 9-, 3-, and 1-p diamond-grade pastes. Finally they were fine-polished with Linde A powder for 24 hr on a Syntron vibratory polisher. The samples were etched with 4H 2 O:1HF:2HNO3, which is a medium fast-acting etchant. The combination 1HF:2HNO3:5 lactic acid is also a satisfactory etchant. Annealing runs for selected specimens were made at 1600" and 1800°C for 3 hr at 1.0 to 3.0 x 10-5 mm Hg. A Brew tantalum resistance furnace with WSi2 powder for setters was used. The WSi2 powder was the same as that used for the crystal growth. Temperatures were measured with a calibrated W, W-26 pct Re thermocouple and a microoptical pyrometer. Powder X-ray diffraction, emission spectrographic, and electron-microprobe analyses were done after the annealing runs. For microhardness measurements a Tukon Microhardness Tester Type FB with a Knoop indenter was used. Although measurements were taken at loads ranging from 25 to 1000 g, the 100-g load was chosen as the standard load. All measurements were taken at room temperature. Only indentations of cracking classes 1 and 2 were considered.' DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed the as-received crystals to be single-phase WSi2. Laue and layer line rotation patterns obtained on cleaved sections of WSi2 single crystals proved them to be tetragonal WS 2 2 The results also indicated that the c axis of the crystal was oriented parallel to the boule or growth axis. Electron-microprobe traverses across the matrix of the as-grown crystals showed them to be homogeneous WSi,. Optical and electron microscopy of etched crystals, however, revealed that they contained minute amounts of the "golden" and the "blue" second phases as opposed to the "white" or WSi2 phase. These two second phases were concentrated in inclusion and etch-pit

Jan 1, 1965

By S. J. Hruska

Rate expressions for the formation of two-and three-dimensional nuclei on foreign substrates are developed, taking into account previously neglected contributions to the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of critical nuclei. The temperature dependence of critical super saturation data predicted using these expressions is in accord with data for cadmium on copper and sodium on CsCl. EXPERIMENTAL data on the heterogeneous nuclea-tion of metal crystals from the vapor phase1&apos;2 exhibit the temperature dependence predicted by a nucleation rate equation derived by Pound et al.3 In their treatment, the critical nuclei are visualized according to the Volmer4 model as cap-shaped (three-dimensional). Accordingly, it seems desirable to compare these data with a nucleation rate equation which is derived on the assumption of disk-shaped (two dimensional) nuclei. Further, Lothe and Pound5 have recently shown that the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of these critical nuclei contains a contribution which has heretofore been neglected. Thus it is necessary to re-examine these nucleation data using a rate equation which contains this contribution. The van&apos;t Hoff isotherm relates n(i), the concentration of nuclei of critical size i (i = number of atoms), to nil), the concentration of adsorbed single atoms: where standard Gibbs free energy of formation of critical nuclei given by is temperature insensitive and is the bulk free energy change/volume of transformed material], T = substrate temperature and k = Boltzmann&apos;s constant. Previously,3 was determined by considering only the contributions of bulk and surface free energies in transforming i atoms from the population nil) to a cluster of i atoms. It has been shown5 that this procedure does not take into account the free energy contribution arising from the multiplicity of sites, q, where the clusters can be situated. If this contribution, -kT In q/n(l),is added to iG3 [Note that this increases n(i) by a factor q/n(l).] Since the above does not affect the remaining terms in the rate expression of Pound et al., the details are referred to their paper. The resulting nucleation rate is If the experimental AGV and T values at some common value of are employed, a plot of vs T(ln C3/l + In p&apos;) should yield a straight line of slope k/B<p and intercept . The corresponding plots for / = 1 nucleus per sq cm sec and C3 = 1018 are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 for cadmium on copper1 and sodium on CsCl2 and the values of obtained therefrom are entered in Table I. It is apparent that the data yield reasonable straight lines with about the same scatter as found using the equation of Pound et al. When the configuration of minimum free energy for a nucleus is a circular monatomic layer, the standard free energy of formation is

Jan 1, 1963

By L. D. Mullins, E. B. Elfrink, W. L. Wahl

In the past few years several articles and papers presenting results of solution gas-drive depletion calculations have appeared in the lit-erature. Such calculations are of interest to the oil industry, for investment decisions must often be made before much is known about a reservoir. At other times, an estimate of the possible benefits to be realized from alternate production methods is desirable, and theoretical depletion calculations can serve as a floor or reference level from which to work. In any case, an estimate of ultimate oil recovery based upon engineering data is commonly required. An engineer confronted with the problem of obtaining, for a specific reservoir system, an estimate of ultimate oil recovery by solution gas-drive depletion usually will be forced to perform the calculations himself. This is despite the quantity of data in the literature. Rarely will either experience or the literature provide results from a reservoir system similar in all important respects to the one under consideration, and calculated results are not so plentiful that satisfactory interpolation procedures can be devised. Performing the calculations, however, is a tedious, time-consuming task unless an electronic computer is available, and, in practice, time and manpower are not always available for this purpose. A quick, simple, consistent method was needed for reducing the uncer- tainty in estimated oil recovery from solution gas-drive reservoirs when only minimum information about the reservoir system is available. PROCEDURE Method of Calculation The usual requisite assumptions were made so that the material balance equation could be used to calculate data for the charts. The following assumptions were made: (1) the reservoir is homogeneous and isotropic; (2) oil recovery is due entirely to solution gas drive and neither a gas cap nor a water drive nor gravity drainage is present; (3) the initial reservoir pressure is the bubble-point pressure of the reservoir fluid; (4) initial total liquid saturation is 100 per cent of pore space; (5) interstitial water saturation remains at the initial value as the reservoir pressure declines from the bubble-point pressure to atmospheric pressure; (6) equilibrium gas saturation is 5 per cent of pore space; and (7) oil and gas saturations are uniformly distributed throughout the reservoir at all times. There are no saturation gradients due to a wellbore, nor is the geometry of the reservoir system considered. The material balance equation was written in the form of a differential equation&apos; which was integrated to determine the change in oil saturation for an assigned pressure drop. Formal integration was not possible, so recourse was made to the Runge-Kutta method&apos; of numerical integration. All computations were performed on IBM equipment. Numerical integration yielded the change in oil saturation within the reservoir as the pressure. declined from the bubble-point pressure to atmospheric pressure. The initial oil saturation minus the change in oil saturation yielded the oil saturation at atmospheric pressure. The oil originally in place was obtained by dividing the initial oil saturation by the initial formation volume factor (differential liberation) while the oil in place at atmospheric pressure was obtained by dividing the final oil saturation by the formation volume factor at atmospheric pressure. U1timate oil recovery, expressed as a percentage of the initial oil in place, was obtained by dividing the difference between the oil initially in place and the oil in place at atmospheric pressure by the oil initially in place and multiplying by 100. PVT Data Charts were based upon 135 solutions to the material balance equation. PVT properties of the reservoir fluids were variables in this equation and had to be known as functions of pressure. The required PVT data might have been obtained from either actual reservoir fluid systems or correlated data. However, correlated PVT data were developed and employed in the calculations for the following reasons: (1) it is doubtful that 135 sets of PVT data could have been obtained for the values of variables investigated in this study, and (2) results of recovery calculations from randomly obtained PVT data could not be correlated as well as rssults from selected PVT data. The PVT data used to develop the

By C. A. Fisher

THE discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 marked the birth of an industry of paramount importance. Spreading from - Oil Creek, this remarkable industry may be said to have embraced the earth in a little more than half a century. Those who made the discovery little realized its deep significance or far reaching influence on our national life. For over sixty years, during which time this nation has created and developed the oil industry to a high state of efficiency and&apos; carried its activities to all parts of the world, we have&apos; at all times been the leaders in the production of crude oil and in the development of its technology. During the unprecedented growth and expanse of the oil industry there has been an increasing dependency of our basic industries on, petroleum, until at present it has become essential to our national existence. To meet the ever increasing demand for petroleum and its products, we have explored, at one time or another, for their oil possibilities, practically all parts of the sedimentary rock area in the United States. Furthermore, detailed surface and, in many places, subsurface studies have been made of all the promising regions; over 640,000 jewells have &apos;been drilled for. oil since the beginning of the industry; $12,000,000,000 have been spent in this work; seventeen major fields exceeding 100,000 bbl. daily production and more than a thousand minor pools have been opened up, and 8,000,000,000 bbl. &apos;of oil have been produced, or an amount nearly equal to the estimated future reserves of the United States made in 1921.

Jan 1, 1925

By William B. Plank

AN outstanding development in the field of education for the mineral industries during the past year has been an unprecedented eagerness by young men for college training in this field. The enrollment of students in the 53 mineral technology schools in the United States in 1936-&apos;37 reached the all- time high of 7190. This represented an increase of 43 per cent in two years and was about ten per cent of all engineering students. Of these 7190 students only 980 graduated and were available - for positions in the industry. That the supply of graduates did not equal the demand can be substantiated by every school dean and by the personnel agents of many mining, metallurgical, and petroleum companies. Some of these companies last summer inaugurated the plan of employing, for the

Jan 1, 1938

By E. M. Wise

MANY of the platinum metal alloys are hot-forged in the early stages of reduction from ingot and substantial quantities of platinum alloys are commercially employed at very high temperatures in ammonia oxidation units, orifices for forming glass rods and fibers and as cathodes in long-life thermionic amplifiers. They are used also for electrical heating resistors, safety blowout disks, thermocouples and crucibles. The tensile prop-erties at elevated temperatures are important in many of these situations but data on the subject are limited. Creep data also are important, but will not be covered at this time. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Tensile tests were carried out at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to 1100° C. on previously well annealed samples of platinum, palladium and several of their important alloys with composi-tions shown in Table 1. The results are presented graphically in Figs. 1 to 4. The tensile strengths of platinum and the platinum-base alloys (with the exception of the 10 per cent rhodium-platinum alloy) at 1100° C. are from 16.6 to 18.8 per cent of the strengths of the same alloys (well annealed) at room temperature. The strength ratio of the 10 per cent rhodium-platinum alloy is 22.3 per cent, which is appreciably higher than that of the other materials tested.

Jan 1, 1938

By J. N. Roberts, K. V. Gow

In a recent review of the field of plastic deforrnation of metal single crystals, Maddin and chenl indicated the need for systematic investigations of the crystallography of the slip process with special attention to: a) The effect of the orientation of a crystal on the appearance of slip lines, b) The effect of high temperatures on the slip systems of aluminum, c) The effect of strain rate on the crystallography of slip. The present paper deals with the effect of temperature and strain rate on the mechanism of deformation of aluminum single crystals similarly oriented for single and duplex slip. The work of several investigators has shown that in aluminum at high temperatures other slip systems in addition to the predicted {I l l) <101> may operate. The most generally reported additional systems

Jan 1, 1959

By J. Kitagawa

INTRGDUCTION The Paragsha concentrator is the largest of Cerro de Pasco Corporation&apos;s base metal beneficiation plants operating in Peru. At present, this plant is treating an average of [ ]

Jan 1, 1970

By John V. Beall

STREAM pollution caused by waste waters from mineral industry operations is a problem that has grown up with the industry. Its importance to each operator is dependent on the amount and type of waste he dumps into the rivers and streams; on whether this waste pollutes the waters sufficiently to make them unfit for potable water, irrigation, and conservation of wild life; and on whether this waste makes a safety or health hazard. Through the years our growing population and industry have made increasing demands on the mineral industries, the suppliers of the raw materials on which our industries are based; and we have met these demands at some sacrifice to the natural beauty and cleanliness of our country. However, that is often the unavoidable nature of the business, and along with the increased use of our

Jan 1, 1948

By AIME

THE history of the Mine La Motte area covers a greater period of time than any other mining operation west of the Mississippi, for it was almost exactly four centuries ago that the white man first visited the region. In May 1541 a few men from the party of Fernando de Soto traversed the place looking for silver which they understood the Indians had found in the vicinity. Some historians say that De Soto himself visited the place sometime later. No other white man came through again until the early 1700&apos;s. In 1712 King Louis XIV of France granted to Antoine Crozat a charter for transacting all business and government in the vast domain of the New Continent stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward indefinitely. This

Jan 1, 1947

By CARLE R. HAYWARDC

BEFORE discussing this subject it is necessary to define somewhat the meaning of the tern metallurgical.. When I was a student at M. I. T. ore-dressing was not thought of as metallurgy in any sense of the word, but it was considered as more closely allied to mining, enabling the miner to market an otherwise unmarketable product, or at least to market it to better advantage. Progress in ore-dressing has gradually allied it more closely with smelting, for at present the raw material received by the smelter is predominantly concentrates and smelting practice has been profoundly affected by the products of the concentrating mill. It is not surprising therefore that in many schools ore-dressing is frankly considered as metallurgy and although there may be some dissenting opinions it will be considered as such in this discussion. Twenty-five years ago at M. I. T. metallography was taught in a few optional lectures. This subject has developed rapidly and been expanded into the new and increasingly important field of physical metallurgy. To many metallurgists the -term metallurgy means only physical metallurgy. They know little or nothing about smelting and leaching and even less about ore-dressing. Having then broadened the scope of the term metal¬lurgy to cover ore-dressing, smelting, leaching and phys-

Jan 1, 1930

By Harold Cook

THE purpose of this paper is to state briefly the inspection requirements of the Bureau of Ordnance, the specifications governing the inspection, and the physical and chemical properties of the steel used in the construction of ordnance for our Navy. It would be of interest to evoke discussion on points in these specifications which do not tend to insure the production of the very best material for the purpose intended. In other words, what requirements of our specifications are useless and also in what manner are our specifications deficient? It might be well at the, start to answer the first criticism of this paper which will probably be made, and that is that the title does not agree with the subject matter. Considering metallographic work as covering only the macroscopic and microscopic examination of metals, this paper will have gone beyond the subject; but it is believed that a broader definition of metallography is that it is the study of the relation of the internal structure of metals and alloys to their composition and to their physical and- other properties. The internal structure of steel is dependent on its physical and its chemical properties. These physical properties are dependent on the chemical composition and the mechanical and thermal treatment of the steel. So it seems that this subtitle would not be entirely necessary and that the title "Metallography of Steel for Ordnance Purposes" would cover a study, not only of what we can learn of macroscopic and microscopic examination, but broadly of the whole subject of the specifications, the fulfillment of the requirements of which produce the structural conditions revealed by macroscopic and microscopic examination. .

Jan 2, 1916

By Otto Henry

THE purpose of this investigation was to determine the equilibrium diagram of the lithium-magnesium pair as a first step in studying the possible usefulness of these alloys as ultra-light structural materials. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The behavior of lithium towards magnesium was first investigated by Masing and Tammann.(I)? In order to prevent oxidation the alloys were made in iron tubes under an atmosphere of hydrogen; temperatures were measured with a glass-protected thermocouple. These investigators found that lithium and magnesium form two series of solid solutions separated by a miscibility gap between 85 and 95 per cent magnesium; that the alloys with 81 and 95 per cent magnesium showed a homogeneous structure under microscopic examination, while the alloy with 89 per cent magnesium contained two distinguishable crystallites; that the curve indicating the beginning of crystallization rises from the melting point of lithium to that of magnesium; and that no compounds of lithium and magnesium are formed. The equilibrium diagram was not plotted because no definite data were obtained for determining the solidus and the posi-tion of the miscibility gap in the solid state. The difficulties encountered in this investigation were: (1) that it was necessary to heat them as high as the melting point of magnesium in order to obtain homogeneous melts; at such temperatures the alloys attacked the glass protecting the thermo-couple; and (2) that at temperatures above 400° C. the lithium united

Jan 1, 1934

(The paper by L. H. De Wald-Tech. Pub. No. 429 was presented at the Boston meeting, September, 1931.) W. A. SCHEUCH, Chicago, Ill.-Since starting up our Hawthorne copper wire plant we have found that wire bars from certain suppliers perform quite differently from those of other suppliers. In attempting to evaluate these bars, we made cross-sections, and in making these cross-sections we found considerable variation in the crystal structure. Indications were that there was some preference in the type of crystal structure. In attempting to find the reason for that we discussed it with the various producers and-also reviewed the literature. Mr. DeWald was assigned to determine the various factors that enter into copper wire bar crystal structure, on the basis that the product was a horizontally cast wire bar of practically identical composition and of recognized good composition for the present quality product sold in the market. Mr. DeWald has asked me to say that he should have made reference to Mr. Dalzell&apos;s paper on a theory concerning gases in refined copper. D. K. CRAMPTON, Marion, Conn. (written discussion).-Mr. DeWald has set forth an interesting and thorough exposition of the factors controlling macrostructure of this material. It is particularly interesting to us as it somewhat parallels work we have done on macrostructure of round copper billets for piercing into tubes. Our findings as to the effect of the several variables on macrostructure check Mr. DeWald&apos;s. The general principles underlying the two are precisely the same. The fact that we worked with copper deoxidized with phosphorous instead of tough-pitch copper, and round billets cast on end instead of wire bars, does not influence the results. We have found that round billets cast so as to produce large radial grains have greater soundness and density than those with a fine macrostructure. Further, and more important, we have found that the billets with large radial grains show markedly different performance on piercing from those having a fine equiaxed structure. With a given temperature of billet and adjustment of piercing machine, the coarse-grained material requires appreciably lower power for piercing and goes through the operation inn appreciably less time. These two differences are of sufficient commercial importance to warrant exercise of great care in maintaining the coarse structure. It seems probable that much the same phenomenon should hold in the hot rolling of tough-pitch wire bars. We would expect that, other things being equal, the coarse-grained wire bars would roll more readily and require less power than fine-grained ones. Moreover, we believe the differences in initial structure of the wire bars should be largely eliminated in the hot rolling process and during the subsequent drawing and annealing, of wire would be entirely eradicated.

Jan 1, 1932

By B. J. Nelson, F. N. Rhines

STUDIES upon the rates of oxidation of copper alloys containing small quantities of the alloying elements1,2 have shown that steady growth of the scales at predictable rates is limited to a small concentration range and to oxidation at temperatures above 600°C., whereas unpredictable and erratic oxidation behavior is found with alloys containing larger additions and at low temperatures. The latter effect appears to be associated with modifications in the geometric disposition of the oxides. At low concentrations of the baser elements in copper, simple oxidation behavior is typified by the formation of two distinguishable zones of oxidation: (I) a subscale composed of discrete particles of the oxide of the alloying element embedded in substantially pure copper and (2) an external scale composed of cuprous oxide (with a very thin layer of cupric oxide on the outside) containing particles of the alloying element distributed throughout, but most profusely near the metal surface (see Fig. 2, top). Where this type of structure obtains, the process of oxidation is believed to be implemented, and its rate controlled, by the diffusion of the reacting elements through a continuous matrix phase; i.e., through the alpha (metallic) phase of the subscale and alloy and through the cuprous oxide of the external scale. Copper is presumed to diffuse outward through the cuprous oxide layer to the external surface, where it reacts to form more cuprous oxide.3 Oxygen is delivered at the oxide-metal interface in the form of cuprous oxide, which may either react with the alloying element to deposit its oxide at the inner limit of the external scale or dissolve in the pure copper that remains at the surface of the metal after it has become depleted in its oxidizable alloying elements. Both oxygen and the alloying element are pictured as diffusing through the metal, the oxygen inward and the alloying element outward. Where the two diffusion streams meet in sufficient concentration the oxide of the subscale is precipitated. If the oxygen pressure in the surrounding atmosphere is just below the pressure necessary to maintain cuprous oxide undecomposed, no cuprous oxide can be formed; some of the oxide of the alloying element may form upon the external surface, if its decomposition pressure is below that of cuprous oxide, and a normal subscale appears. This condition is achieved experimentally by enclosing the alloy with cuprous oxide together with an excess of copper. At temperatures from 600°C. downward, the precipitated oxides tend to accumulate at the grain boundaries of the alpha phase where a relatively small volume establishes a partial barrier to the diffusion of the reactants. Similarly, large volumes of precipitated oxides tend to deposit in various patterns that may be expected to hinder the diffusion of the reactants in the

Jan 1, 1943

By Edgar M. Dunn

Part I. Determination oF Gases in Smelter Flues. General considerations. Regular methods for carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen, moisture. Sulphur oxides-—Methods of Lunge and Hempel tried, and either modified or discarded, with reasons therefor. Gravimetric method developed at Anaconda. Description of apparatus used. Brief notes on Richter and Hawley methods for the direct cietermination of sulphur trioxide. Carbon dioxide, with complete notes on same. Arsenic trioxide. Table of percentages of flue gas constituents found at a Western smelter. Some final notations as to the value of flue gas analysis, in connection with an intelligent log of furnace operations. Part II. Notes on the Determination oF Dust Losses at the Washoe Reduction Works, Anaconda, Mont. Discussion of problem, with description of flue system. Various places and methods for determinations of velocity. Instruments used. Procedure in making determinations for velocity. Soundings of cross-section for depths of dust. Calculation of velocities and areas. Daily volume of gas, and plant operations during tests. Place for dust determinations. Apparatus and methods of &apos;sampling. Results obtained, with table of daily amount of dust losses. Analysis of dusts for values, from various sampling stations. Complete analysis of composite sample of stack emanation. Last analysis totaled to show form in which present. Discussion of recovery as a commercial proposition. References on Pitot tube and calculations.

Jan 1, 1914

By AIME AIME

THE fall meeting of the Petroleum Division, held at Tulsa, Okla., on Oct. 11 to 14, devoted two days to technical sessions and two to field excursions. A representative attendance of 250 to 300 engineers and operating officials engaged in oil production marked the sessions and paid close attention throughout to a notable series of highly technical papers. Restricted as the program was to consideration of production problems only, the time proved too short for discussion or even the presentation of the 20 papers submitted. Much informing and pertinent discussion none the less took place, and the sentiment was general to the effect that the meeting was one of the best ever held by the Division. The meetings were held in the auditorium of the Municipal building and local arrangements were well looked after by the Mid-Continent Section of the Institute and the Oil and Gas Association. The combination of the three organizations served to bring together engineers and operators most usefully. F. Julius Fohs, chairman of the Division, presided at the sessions on Monday. Tuesday morning John M. Lovejoy of the local section took over this responsibility in the absence of T. E. Swigart, who was detained in California. The afternoon session was presided over by A. G. Heggam of the Oil and Gas Association and the Tuesday evening banquet by W. C. Franklin of the same organization.

Jan 1, 1926

By S. O. ANDROS

RECORDS in mining operations naturally fall when improved equipment and methods are developed. And tunneling through the Continental Divide is a mining operation, even though the tunnel was not driven to strike a vein at depth. Although many engineering feats have been successfully accomplished in the development of water supplies in the Western States, the Twin Lakes Tunnel in Colorado presents some unusual features that make it noteworthy. To begin with, it is the first trans-mountain water diversion project in the West. The fact that the Continental Divide intervenes between where the water is and where it is needed was brushed, aside as of minor importance. It was enough to know that on the western side of Independence Pass, the highest in Colorado, with an elevation of 12,095 ft., there was water which was needed on the eastern side, where the Twin Lakes are situated, forming the

Jan 1, 1934

By M. G. Corson

INFORMATION regarding the use of manganese alloys has hitherto been incomplete and available only from widely scattered sources. This paper attempts a systematic description of properties .and uses of alloys other than manganese bronze, manganin and duralumin, which are probably the only non-ferrous alloys associated with manganese in the minds of most metallurgists.1 PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE Manganese can react either acid or basic; it is hard to obtain in the pure state; it has two different crystalline lattice structures, both of the cubic system, one stable above 850° C. and the other below 650° C., both coexisting in the intermediate range. Although the commercial product is hard and brittle, the pure metal seems to be ductile. In fact Zhemchuzhny, in Russia, was able to obtain ductile manganese and draw it to fine wires by the simple expedient of adding about 3 per cent. copper to the alumino-thermic product. Copper most probably brings the silicides, aluminides, nitrides and carbides present in the commercial product into a much less harmful form of distribution. One industrial use that can be foreseen for wrought manganese articles is as anodes for electrolytic processes in sulfate and nitrate solutions, particularly with high voltages. A practically insoluble skin of manganese peroxide is likely to form in such cases and an insoluble and strong anode material will be available.

Jan 1, 1927