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By Tiago Salzmann Vilela

No mercado de arames e cordoalhas galvanizadas para indústria de distribuição de energia elétrica, o ensaio de preece tem se tornado um requisito constante para assegurar a uniformidade da camada de zinco formada. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os efeitos da velocidade de galvanização tanto na uniformidade da camada de Zinco como na espessura da camada intermetálica de ferro-zinco. Também foi estudado o efeito do aquecimento após o processo de galvanização, observando o crescimento da camada intermetálica. Finalmente, serão mostradas as principais características de processo obtidas para garantir o atendimento ao ensaio de preece nos arames galvanizados (classe B) produzidos na Gerdau Cotia.

Aug 8, 2018

By Douglas Ferreira Senra

O estudo do retorno elástico dos materiais metálicos constitui alvo de pesquisa há muitos anos, abordando diversos parâmetros relacionados à ocorrência desse problema comum em operações de estampagem de chapas como a quantidade de deformação prévia, o tipo de material e o estado inicial do mesmo em termos estruturais. No entanto, apesar de serem adotados diversos métodos experimentais para exibir a quantidade de deformação que o material exibe de modo indesejado percebe-se a dificuldade de a mesma ser identificada corretamente como, por exemplo, ensaios de dobramento. Diante do exposto, este trabalho apresenta o estudo do retorno elástico exibido pelo aço Dual Phase após ciclos de deformação plástica em cisalhamento cíclico (cisalhamento direto e reverso) em função da quantidade de pré-deformação em cisalhamento direto e da taxa de deformação adotada nos ensaios. Os resultados indicaram o sucesso do uso da técnica de cisalhamento para o estudo do retorno elástico do aço Dual Phase e a influência da quantidade de deformação cíclica e da taxa de deformação no retorno elástico apresentado por esse aço, sendo maior o efeito exibido por esta última variável.

Aug 8, 2018

By Natasha Gruginskie

O presente trabalho apresenta rota não-aquosa para a obtenção de compostos sólidos e sistemas de filmes finos do tipo ABO3 (PbTiO3 e PbZrO3). Os compostos foram caracterizados por meio da técnica de difração de raios X (DRX) e teste de ângulo de contato e os filmes por espectrofotometria, elipsometria espectral e microscopia de força atômica (AFM), tendo sido depositados sobre substratos de baixo ponto de fusão por técnicas de spin-coating. Os resultados indicam a formação de nanoestruturas cristalinas e sugerem a sua utilização como atuadores ou piezoatuadores.

Aug 16, 2017

By Ananda Moreira Vaz Ourique de Avila

Ferritic stainless steels have been used in the making of high and intermediate temperature operation solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) interconnects, replacing the ceramic materials. However, at high temperatures, on the order of 700-850 0C, these steels can present significant oxidation and degradation processes, promoting increased electrical resistivity and corrosion losses that result in contamination of the electrodes and reducing the performance and the useful life of the SOFC. Thus, the knowledge on kinetics of oxidation/corrosion of these steels and their relationship with the microstructural transformations are of great importance. In this study, samples of ferritic stainless steels AISI 430, AISI 441 and Crofer22APU® were tested for oxidation at high temperature (800 0C) for long periods of time (up to 3,600 hours) and mass gains were monitored allowing the determination of the oxidation behaviors of these steels. Additionally, the microstructural characteristics of the samples before aging (corrosion-oxidation test) and after various oxidation times were evaluated by optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as by micro chemical elemental analysis (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis. Electrical characterization allowed determination of electrical area-specific resistances (ASR) characteristics of the systems studied, thus relating the electrical and oxidative behaviors of steels evaluated.

Aug 7, 2018

By André Tarcizo de Oliveira Vieira

A Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) gera diversos resíduos metálicos de diferentes granulometrias que não podem ser utilizadas na rota natural da produção do aço. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o pioneirismo do desenvolvimento e a implantação de melhorias no sistema de adição em carros torpedos que permitiram a utilização nobre de resíduos ricos em ferro, demonstrando a viabilidade técnica assim como a viabilidade econômica. A redução do consumo de energia é outro argumento para reciclagem de resíduos, neste contexto a CSN tem aumentado o interesse pela reciclagem devido a necessidade de diminuição de consumos energéticos e da consciência ambiental. O processo desenvolvido demonstrou a viabilidade da utilização de metálicos de pequena granulometria pela adição em carros torpedo, aumentando a oferta de ferro gusa líquido para os convertedores da CSN.

Aug 2, 2018

By Foluke Salgado de Assis

Natural fibers are attracting the interest of engineering sectors owing to specific advantages such as lightweight and lower cost as well as for their inherent condition of being renewable, biodegradable, recyclable and environmental correct material with respect to CO2 emission. The banana fiber is nowadays recognized by its mechanical properties. It is known that with the increase of fibers volume fraction the composite significant increases its tensile strength. This was obtained with amounts up to 30% in volume of banana fiber. However no higher volume of fibers was able to be molded in a composite plate until now. Thus the present work aims to study higher volumes of fiber in terms of the influence on the tensile strength of specimens prepared under 5 tons of pressure. The fibers were previously washed and dried in an oven at 60ºC, after that poured together with the epoxy resin and catalyst mixture in the metal molds bone-shaped, and pressured to ensure specimens quality. The tensile strength increased significantly with higher amounts of banana fiber incorporated in the epoxy matrix. This better performance can be directly related to the fracture obstacle imposed by the fibers as well as the type of cracks resulting from the fiber/matrix interaction.

Aug 16, 2017

By Flávia Vieira Braga

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as melhores condições para promover a recristalização entre passes, durante a laminação a quente em laminador Steckel, de um aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 430 estabilizado ao Nióbio. A laminação a quente de acabamento foi simulada através de ensaios de torção utilizando um esquema em diferentes temperaturas. A ocorrência de recristalização entre os passes de laminação foi estudada através de interrupções antes de alguns passes. As amostras ensaiadas foram analisadas por microscopia ótica e MEV-EBSD (difração de elétrons retro-espalhados). Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram ser possível promover a recristalização entre passes durante a laminação de acabamento do aço AISI 430 estabilizado ao Nb. Foi, ainda, estabelecida a melhor faixa de temperatura para a promoção de recristalização.

Jul 30, 2018

By Cláudio Batista Vieira

Nos últimos dez anos grande atenção tem sido dada a tecnologia de realidade virtual, sendo sua aplicação cada vez mais marcante para o desenvolvimento de ambientes virtuais imersivos em diferentes áreas. Nesse trabalho é apresentada uma descrição da plataforma inovadora em realidade virtual de uma planta industrial de produção de ferro-gusa verde. O modelo 4D do alto-forno a carvão vegetal contempla o projeto detalhado de engenharia dos equipamentos e a partir da integração de softwares e hardwares foi modelado um ambiente tecnológico em realidade virtual de alto grau de realismo. Essa plataforma foi customizada para ser utilizada como Indústria-Escola de Educação Profissional para escolas técnicas, universidades, institutos de pesquisa, indústrias e museus. A Usina-Escola Siderúrgica utiliza um sistema de blended learning, agregando assim as vantagens existentes tanto na modalidade do ensino presencial tradicional, como na abordagem do ensino a distância.

Aug 1, 2018

By Renan Bueno Wojciechowski, Yukio Shigaki

The quality of flat rolling process depends highly on multiple factors such as applied forces, materials involved for both strip and rolls, roll geometry and its positioning. To calculate the strip shape, a mathematical/numerical model can be applied, showing the final product and how the equipment behaves when changing some parameters. This is usually a time-consuming task for both user and computer, especially when it involves thin and hard strips. By coupling a quick rolling load calculation method as Bland-Ford and Finite Element Method (FEM) for roll stack deformation, it is possible to create an accurate and user-friendly rolling simulator. This paper presents the improvements done in the 3D FEM/multi-slab method and its actual capabilities by simulating two cases of a 6-High rolling mill. Different analysis in this equipment can be easily done in about 10 minutes by using the developed an electronic spreadsheet program interface and the folder generated with relevant results and logs. An operation manual and a commercial FE program plugins were made to aid construction of a completely new model. The code was created in a modularized way to assist the application of this simulator for other operational conditions.

Oct 1, 2019

By Mariano de Córdova

In this paper, the coke oven life prolongation technology is reviewed from different points of view: blend design; battery heating; operational control; refractory maintenance. A summary of major inspections in critical areas, for the evaluation of the battery conservation situation is presented. A discussion on tools for the diagnostics of the degree of damage is carried out.

Aug 16, 2017

By Eric Schaub

Hot Blast Stove Systems are an important equipment of a Blast Furnace plant. During the last years, performance requirements and operation practice for the Hot Blast Systems have changed and have a big influence on the Blast Furnace operation. Therefore it is necessary to keep the Hot Blast System in proper condition in order to maintain the production capacity of the Blast Furnace. It is important for operators to know the condition and relevant constrains of a Hot Blast Stove Plant. Assessing its condition on a regular basis, especially in advance of a Blast Furnace relining is therefore advisable. Considering the individual condition of the Hot Blast Stove Plant, improvements in operation, but also specific and dedicated repairs might be implemented. Design improvements can be implemented as well during such repairs. This paper will describe some of these design improvements, will illustrate their implementation in new hot blast stoves but will also describe repair methods for existing stoves. In addition new developments became popular during the last decade, like the so called Dome Combustion Stoves, which was invented already 30 years ago in Western Europe. Paul Wurth’s development in this regard will be discussed in this paper as well.

Oct 30, 2017

By Kazuya Nakabo

In this article, influences of restraint and MgO content on densification of alumina-magnesia castable during heating were experimentally studied. High thermal expansion-alumina-magnesia castable specimens were surrounded by low thermal expansion-alumina-silica castables, and heated in an electric furnace. Doing so allows restrained heating of alumina-magnesia castable. According to the results of simple calculations, the restraint stresses were estimated to be between 2 to 20 MPa, so the experimental conditions were considered reasonable. As a result of the experiments, it was verified that restraint densifies alumina-magnesia castable, resulting in an increase in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. The densification effect of restraint became larger as the MgO content increased. The effects are attributable to an in-situ spinel forming reaction, which improves corrosion resistance.Taking the temperature distribution in the castable lining into account, large restraint stress is expected for the hot face while only a little effect is expected for back end. Thus, excessive difference in material property in the thickness direction, which is undesirable in terms of structural spalling, is a concern.Hence, the MgO content of alumina-magnesia castable should be determined carefully, taking not only corrosion resistance but also spalling resistance into consideration.

Oct 30, 2017

By Tiago Salzmann Vilela

No mercado de arames galvanizados destinados a indústria é exigida a uniformidade da camada de zinco sobre o arame. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os efeitos da velocidade de galvanização na uniformidade e espessura da camada de Zinco total, bem como a morfologia das fases de Zn e Ferro-Zinco sobre o substrato metálico. Verificou-se também o efeito do aquecimento após o processo de galvanização, observando o crescimento da camada intermetálica. Finalmente, serão mostradas as principais características de processo obtidas para garantir o atendimento aos ensaios de qualificação, em um estudo de caso de arames galvanizados produzidos em unidade industrial da Gerdau.

Jul 30, 2018

By Carolina Gomes Dias Ribeiro

The modern composite materials, especially those reinforced with synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon, have been used since last century to attend the demands required by most technological fields, from home appliances to aerospace. Natural fibers composites with biodegradable polymer matrices are considered environmentally friendly materials and currently accepted as possible substitutes for synthetic composites. These green composites can be safely discarded or composted at the end of their life without harm to the environment. Another alternative for synthetic composites is to apply natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement of conventional polymer matrices and already used in the automobile industry. In addition to the environmental and societal advantages of the green composites, the lignocellulosic fiber reinforced conventional polymer composite also has economical and technical advantages. In the case of a fiber collected as a waste, the price of the composite can be considerably lower than “fiberglass”. Furthermore, with high strength lignocellulosic fibers such as sisal, ramie and malva the specific strength of a composite may approach that of “fiberglass”. Therefore the objective of the present work is to investigate the mechanical behavior of polymer matrix composites reinforced with high volumes of natural malva fibers subjected to tensile stresses.

Aug 16, 2017

By Moisés Paulo Teixeira

The use of tailings for the synthesis of new materials is a worldwide concern today. This paper approaches the utilization of tailings of soapstone (steatite) in order to produce ceramics. The results show that the addition of soapstone in a ratio over 20% in the ceramic mass has enhanced the bending resistance of the ceramic samples when they were fired at temperatures of 900°C or 1000°C.

Oct 30, 2017

By Giulio Rodrigues Altoé

The environmental concern is creating pressure for the substitution of high energy consumption materials for natural and sustainable ones. Compared to synthetic fibers, natural fibers have shown advantages in technical aspects such as flexibility and toughness. So there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of these fibers. PALF extracted from pineapple leaves, presents some significant characteristic, but until now only few studies on PALF were performed. This work aims to make the analysis of the tensile strength of polyester composites reinforced with PALF. The fibers were incorporated into the polyester matrix with volume fraction from 0 to 30%. After fracture the specimens were analyzed by a SEM (scanning electron microscope).

Aug 16, 2017

By Henrique Gobbi Soares

Peças fabricadas em aos inoxidáveis austeníticos permanecem íntegras em ambientes corrosivos severos, ambientes industriais, marítimos, na presença de ácidos e gases oxidantes. Entretanto, quando o sua a aplicação além de requerer resistência à corrosão relativamente alta, necessite de boas propriedades em termos de resistência ao desgaste sua utilização se torna restringida. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da melhoria dessas propriedades restritivas e o aprimoramento da técnica, através do aumento da dureza superficial dos aços inoxidáveis austeníticos AISI 316, utilizando cementação a plasma frio. Para tanto foram propostos tratamentos na temperatura de 350°C, 5hrs, 340 Pa, variando a composição do gás de tratamento. As análises dos produtos de cementação foram feitas utilizando técnicas de caracterização estrutural, difração de raios-X, medidas de perfis de dureza e ensaios microabrasivos. Todas as condições apresentaram melhorias na resistência ao desgaste e na dureza, entretanto o aumento da concentração de metano na atmosfera de trabalho promoveu a formação de fuligem, promovendo regressão das propriedades conforme se elevava a concentração de metano nos processos.

Oct 30, 2017

By Patrícia Mundim Campos Faria

The process of particle size reduction by grinding is inherently inefficient and involves high capital and operating costs. In particular, ball milling is one of the important unit operations in the iron ore pelletizing process. The mill product, due to its physical properties, determines the efficiency of subsequent stages of classification, filtration and pelletizing, thus impacting the quality of iron ore pellets. The work demonstrates the application of the population balance model in the optimization of a full-scale ball mil circuit grinding pellet fines with the aim to evaluate the optimal solids concentration to improve iron ore pellet quality. Initially, detailed experimentation was carried out in a 25.4 cm diameter batch mill and a relationship for mill scale-up using a linear population balance model in wet grinding systems was established. The selection and breakage parameters and the specific selection functions were determined for pellet feed iron ore. It was possible to identify the non-normalizable nature of the breakage functions of the ore studied, which were modeled properly. Afterwards, as a result of incorporating the specific selection functions and breakage functions into the linear population balance model, it was possible to predict product size distributions in the pilot and plant scale mills (0.416 and 5.18 m diameter, respectively) from data obtained in the 25.4 cm diameter mill. Finally, with this scale-up procedure it was possible to appraise the plant scale optimization via laboratory scale grinding mill tests. The effects of changing percent solids were assessed in order to improve the industrial mill performance and the optimal value should be in the range from 76 to 80%.

Aug 1, 2018

By André de Albuquerque Vicente

O estudo detalhado das cinéticas de oxidação a altas temperaturas ao ar permitiu o cálculo da energia de ativação aparente do processo de oxidação de um aço inoxidável austenítico laminado do tipo 22.12. Utilizou-se o aço inoxidável austenítico microligado ao cério (253 MA®) que é um aço projetado para trabalhos a altas temperaturas. Observou-se cinéticas de oxidação parabólicas em todas as temperaturas estudadas: 800, 900, 1000 e 1100 ?C. Os Kps encontrados neste trabalho reforçam a tese de que ocorra a formação de películas protetoras de Cr2O3 e SiO2, o que reforça a hipótese que as mesmas tenham sido efetivamente formadas após os estágios iniciais de oxidação.

Oct 30, 2017

By Andrea Zanon

Recently steel manufacturers have significantly focused their attention on safety and working conditions thanks to new labour laws, comprehensive operators’ knowledge and increased company social responsibility. Even with a reduced budget, investments on safety are now widely approved. Mill constructors aim at developing upgraded solutions to comply with these new requirements. In some cases mill constructors can even anticipate customers’ requests and consequently put into the market innovative solutions. In this text we will analyze some advanced solutions developed by Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche Spa - the leading company in long-product rolling mills - aimed at improving working conditions on wire-rod block settings. In particular, we will focus on rolling guides installed on fast-finishing blocks and on servo-assisted device for rolling rings changing. In fact, this equipment has shown effective benefits on our test plants and has mainly cut out the tendency of the personnel to be absent due to backache. This paper will first present standard working conditions, will then introduce the newest equipment developed by Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche Spa, will analyze its operation and finally will describe in detail the benefits that can be reached with its use.

Jul 30, 2018