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By W. L. Sherwood

Present conventional techniques for primary steelmaking in both integrated and non-integrated plants are outlined. 'Direct reduction' alternatives are reviewed and categorized according to the nature of the product produced, with particular emphasis on the limited number designed to yield steel as the end product. A proposed new technique, referred to as the Sherwood Process, is described in some detail as a new combination of selected features from the prior technology. This process is in-tended to realize, in integrated operations, the result of continuons steelmaking directly from the ore in a single plant and, in non-integrated operations, continuons steel-making from a metallic charge of scrap, sponge iron or pig iron. Prominent features are continuons processing in elongated, horizontal, rotary furnace equipment, controlled direct heating of each process stage and, for the over-all integrated process, a size separation for removal of excess solid reductant and other waste just prior to the melting step. Material and energy balances are presented as well as exemplary cost data. Reasons for selecting this particular combination of process elements are dis-cussed.

Jan 1, 1968

By C. G. McLachlan

Abstract This paper deals with the application of the cyanide process to recover gold from a pyrite concentrate produced by means of differential flotation. This concentrate before cyanidation contains from 0.09 oz. to 0.14 oz. gold per ton, of which only about 60 per cent is recoverable. The rest is so fine that it remains interlocked in the pyrite and therefore is not acted on by the cyanide. The concentrate also contains about 15 per cent pyrrhotite and 0.4 per cent chalcopyrite, both of which are cyanicides. The cyanicidal effect of the pyrrhotite is inhibited by preacracing the pulp with lime, and maintaining a high lime alkalinity during cyanidation. The effect of the chalcopyrice is reduced as far as possible by removing those particles which are free by means of a further flotation step immediately prior to cyanidation. This involves the flotation of some very fine material. After nullifying as far as possible these two cyanicides, the concentrate is cyanided directly, i.e., without being roasted. This leaves the pyrite available for subsequent sale as a source of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid, and the entire residue of the cyamde plant, amounting to about 500 tons per day, 1s now being disposed of in this way. Prior to deciding on direct cyanidation, a number of laboratory roasting tests were made. These showed chat, 1f proper control were exercised, a better recovery of gold could be effected from the roasted product than by the direct method of treatment. The tests also showed that the capital cost o the plant would be much higher than that needed for the procedure adopted. The possibility of subsequently selling the pyrite for its sulphur content would also have been eliminated. Introduction A previous paper has described in considerable detail the application of the flotation process to improve gold recovery from Noranda's milling ore, and in so doing has covered the production of an auriferous pyrite concentrate. The present paper deals with the recovery of gold by cyanidation from that concentrate. This gold, though intimately associated with the pyrite, can, for metallurgical purposes, be considered as all occuring in the native state.

Jan 1, 1946

By H S. Ellis

Flow studies have been conducted on nickel-water suspensions in a 1in.-diam., 42-ft.-long transparent lab-oratory pipeline at concentrations of up to 25 per cent, by volume, and slurry velocities of up to 15 ft/sec. The average size of the nickel powder was approximately 150 mesh (106J.L). Three flow regime were noted. At the highest velocities, i.e., above 10 ft/;sec., where the concentration distribution through the vertical diameter was most uniform, pressure gradients could be correlated with the Durand-Condolios equation (7,8). An intermediate region, i.e., from 7 ft/sec. to10 ft/sec., could be distinguished, the lower velocity limit being that at which nickel particles began to deposit. This region was also marked by decreasing pressure gradients, for a given concentration, as the velocity was reduced. The upper velocity limit in this region was also uniquely defined in that the friction factor for any nickel concentration was the same as that for water. In the third regime, below about 7 ft/sec

Jan 1, 1963

By S. A. Scott

In 1913, potash mineralization was recognized at a depth of over 7,000 feet in an oil-well hole (Norcanol's Radville No. 1 well) drilled near the town of Raddlle, Saskatchewan. Although, at this depth, potash is not considered mineable by conventional underground mining methods, this discovery shed the first light on the potash deposits of Saskatchewan in much the same manner as oil-well drilling was responsible for the first discovery of potash in the Carlsbad Basin of New Mexico in 19:25. The discovery near Radville alerted the oil-well geologists and, as a result potash mineralization was recognized in the Verbata No. 2 well, near Unity, Saskatchewan, in 1946. The mineralization, which was at a depth ?of 3,466 feet, graded more than 20 per cent K20 over a thickness of eleven feet. This discovery, as its depth, thickness and grade were all amenable to mining,

Jan 1, 1963

By Karl J. C. Harries

This paper looks briefly at some of the agreements and types of royalties that may be met during exploration activities, but does not go into details relating to them. Agreements can either make or break a deal or relationship. A well drafted, comprehensive and fair agreement can create good relations and trust among the parties and will go a long way towards making a deal work. In the best of all worlds the agreement will be put away and not need to be referred to after it has been signed (but it will be there if needed to sort out potential problems). On the other hand, a poorly drafted agreement or one that is inappropriate to the circumstances or unfair to one of the parties can break a deal and end up with the parties facing each other in that expensive, unproductive and time-consuming occupation ? a lawsuit. Accordingly, it is advisable to involve professional advisers with any agreement. The straightforward one may involve no more that a read through whereas the more complex agreement will require considerable involvement. There is, however, one rule for every explorationist to remember: a professional adviser is only an adviser. His responsibility is to make sure that you have the necessary information to make a reasoned decision but the decision is yours, not the adviser?s. It is your deal, you are going to have to live with it, and it is inappropriate for an adviser to introduce new concepts or amend negotiated ones without your specific instructions. Mineral exploration agreements, although basically option, acquisition and joint participation agreements, come in all the shapes and forms, appropriate to give effect to the endless variety of deals negotiated by the ever-active minds of explorationists. You will note the reference to "joint participation agreements" rather than "joint venture agreements". The latter term was purposely avoided because, with the current activity of explorationists from common law jurisdictions in civil law jurisdictions, it has become necessary for the explorationist to become familiar with corporations and shareholders agreements. As most of you are no doubt aware, under the civil law system a joint venture is normally not recognized as a legal entity and, therefore, joint participation in projects is usually by way of corporations.

May 1, 2003

By J. Visman

The water cyclone washer has a number of advantages that makes it a desirable machine for the cleaning of fine-grained and friable materials such as 1,4 x 0" slack coals. In this paper results are presented of tests carried out on a shaly coal containing a high percentage of inter-grown materials from the Minto area, New Brunswick. The tests were con-ducted in the pilot plant of the Western Regional Laboratory in Edmonton. The test results show that the cleaning characteristics of this coal can be improved by lightly grinding the recirculating middlings fraction, which constitutes approximately 30 per cent (1.45-2.00 fraction) of the raw feed. • The cleaning of 1;4 x 0" fines by water cyclones compares favourably with other coal cleaning machines and has an added advantage of being extremely simple to operate, low in capital and operating cost, and high in capacity. The application of water cy-clones dates back approximately ten years, following its development at the Dutch State Mines. ( 3) A number of papers published d

Jan 1, 1961

By M. Kumral, E. Dilhuydy, B. Ozdemir

"In-pit crushing and conveyor (IPCC) systems have become increasingly popular in the mining industry as an alternative to truck-and-shovel systems. Deciding whether to haul waste rock by truck or IPCC represents an important gap to be investigated in semi-mobile IPCC systems. A cost analysis is presented to evaluate the feasibility of crushing and conveying waste material in IPCC systems, along with sensitivity and risk assessments through Monte Carlo simulation. Although the capital expenditure is higher, results showed waste crushing will be feasible in deep pits and over long mine life and haul distances.RÉSUMÉ La popularité des systèmes de concassage et de transport dans la fosse minière (IPCC, de l’anglais In-pit crushing and conveyor) n’a cessé de croître dans l’industrie minière ; ils constituent en effet une option intéressante de remplacement des systèmes par camions et pelles mécaniques. Le choix entre le transport des stériles par camions ou par IPCC est encore difficile à faire et devra faire l’objet d’une étude approfondie au niveau des systèmes d’IPCC semi-mobiles. Une analyse des coûts est présentée pour évaluer la faisabilité du concassage et du transport des stériles par les systèmes d’IPCC, de même que des évaluations de la sensibilité et des risques par le biais de la simulation de Monte Carlo. Si les dépenses en immobilisations s’avèrent être plus élevées, les résultats ont cependant montré que le concassage des stériles sera envisageable dans des fosses profondes ainsi que sur une longue durée de vie et de longues distances de transport. INTRODUCTIONThe mining industry is currently facing many challenges such as low commodity prices, increasing environmental concerns and regulations, lower grades, deeper mines, and greater waste-rock quantities. As a result, the profitability of mining operations has decreased, with many mines stopping or suspending operations, and many new projects being postponed. Mining companies have therefore focused on improvements and innovations to increase the cost effectiveness of operations, for example, increasing production capacity to take advantage of the economies of scale (Crowson, 2003) and decreasing the unit operation cost. Changes in production capacity force mining companies to evaluate alternative material handling systems.During the past few decades and within material handling systems, significant improvements have been made to truck performance and capacity. Consequently, operating expenditures (OPEX) associated with fuel and maintenance have risen swiftly. In a mining operation, truck hauling systems now represent 40–50% of the capital cost and approximately 45% of the OPEX (Tutton & Streck, 2009). Additionally, material transportation costs are expected to increase due to longer haul distances arising from deeper and larger mines (Fleet et al., 2015). Finally, large fluctuations in fuel prices result in high risks associated with truck OPEX. According to the United States Energy Information Administration (2015), the cost of crude oil—the largest component of the retail price of diesel fuel—increased from US$24.31/barrel in 1986 to US$46.92/barrel in 2016, peaking at US$151.72/barrel in 2008 (Macrotrends, 2016)."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. Rao, J. A. Davidson, B. L. Jones, K. W. Bowes, D. Craib

Supported by ANSTO, Groundwater Science and Inception Consulting Engineers, Boss has embarked on a series of technical projects aimed at reinforcing the Project’s capability to meet its export permit production capability. This paper will focus on three aspects of this technical program: Reducing the cost of resource expansion through smart use of low cost, surface target generation techniques; Improving the rate of uranium leaching and solution stability (gypsum, jarosite) through lixiviant chemistry modifications; and Development of an ion exchange (IX) process to increase production capacity, and integration of IX and the current solvent extraction circuit with the existing uranium precipitation and product preparation circuits.

Jan 1, 2020

By D. T. White

Pressure acid leaching of nickel laterite ores typically involves the production of an intermediate product that is releached and refined to pure nickel and cobalt products. BHP Billiton is developing the Ravensthorpe Nickel Project to produce up to 50,000 t/y of nickel via a mixed hydroxide intermediate, which will be refined at its Queensland Nickel (QNI) Yabulu Refinery near Townsville, Queensland. The hydroxide precipitation flowsheet has been adapted to process high magnesium ores through an atmospheric leach stage, eliminate iron(III) as jarosite and oxidise iron(II) during neutralisation. The neutralisation conditions are controlled to precipitate aluminium, chromium and silicon, and to ensure good solid-liquid separation. Soluble impurities such as magnesium are purged with the tailings stream and will be managed over the long term by crystallisation in evaporation ponds.

Jan 1, 2006

By K. Muehlenbachs, J. U. Stemler

"Abstract - The Boston deposit is a recently discovered Archean lode-gold deposit located approximately 700 km northeast of Yellowknife, in the southern portion of the Hope Bay volcanic belt. Primary H2O-CO2-NaCl fluid inclusions associated with gold mineralization at Boston are of low salinity (4.6 ± 1.4 eq. wt.% NaCl, n = 182) and contain pure CO2. Homogenization temperatures of liquid-phase inclusions average 270° ± 33°C (n = 141), but some fluid inclusion assemblages contain coexisting liquid- and vapor-phase inclusions that homogenize near critical conditions, suggesting phase separation. In these groups, liquid-phase inclusions homogenized at 299° ± 25°C (n = 24), and vapor-phase inclusions homogenized at 338° ± 28°C (n = 18). These temperatures overlap within error, and a median temperature of ~320°C is taken as representative of trapping conditions within the veins. An approximate pressure of 2-3 kbar was estimated from fluid inclusion isochores at this temperature. Stable isotopic compositions of carbonate minerals from the mineralized zones range from -4.7‰ to -3.1‰ in d13C, and from 11.2‰ to 12.8‰ in d18O; quartz ranges from d18O = 12.8‰ to 14.9‰; and pyrite ranges from d34S = 2.1‰ to 3.5‰. The d18OH2O, d13CCO2, and d34SH2S values of the fluid calculated from these minerals at 320°C are 6‰-9‰, -2.4‰ ± 0.6‰, and 1.5‰ ± 0.5‰, respectively, and are intermediate between metamorphic and magmatic compositions. A unique source for the fluids cannot, therefore, be constrained from these data. Petrographic and geochemical data for the Boston deposit are consistent with data from other Archean lode-gold deposits worldwide, implying that the Boston deposit formed in a similar environment and from similar types of fluids. These results suggest that the Hope Bay volcanic belt may represent a major new mesothermal gold belt in this part of Nunavut. Sommaire - Le gîte Boston a été récemment découvert à environ 700 km au nord-est de Yellowknife dans la partie sud de la ceinture volcanique de Hope Bay, il s’agit d’un gîte d’or filonien d’âge Archéen. Les inclusions fluides primaires de H2O-CO2-NaCl associées à la minéralisation aurifère du gîte Boston présentent une faible salinité (4.6 ± 1.4 eq. pds.% NaCl, n = 182) et contiennent du CO2 pur. La température d’homogénéisation des inclusions à phase liquide est en moyenne de 270° ± 33°C (n = 141), mais certains assemblages d’inclusions contiennent des phases liquides et gazeuses coexistantes qui s’homogénéisent dans des conditions quasi critiques, suggérant qu’elles résultent d’une séparation de phase. Dans ces groupes, les inclusions de phase liquide s’homogénéisent à 299° ± 25°C (n = 24) et les inclusions de phase gazeuse s’homogénéisent à 338° ± 28°C (n = 18). Ces températures se recoupent à l’intérieur des limites de l'erreur de mesure, et nous considérons qu’une température médiane de ~320°C est représentative des conditions de piégeage dans ces veines. Les isochores permettent d’estimer une pression d’environ 2-3 kbar à cette température. La composition des isotopes stables des carbonates dans les zones minéralisées s’étend de -4.7‰ to -3.1‰ pour d13C et pour de 11.2‰ à 12.8‰ pour d18O; les valeurs de d18O pour le quartz varient de 12.8‰ à 14.9; et les valeurs de d34S dans la pyrite vont de 2.1‰ à 3.5‰. Les valeurs de d18OH2O, d13CCO2, et d34SH2S du fluide calculé à partir de ces minéraux à une température de 320°C est de 6-9‰, -2.4‰ ± 0.6‰, et 1.5‰ ± 0.5‰ respectivement, reflétant des conditions intermédiaires entre des compositions métamorphiques et magmatiques. Il n’est donc pas possible d’identifier une source unique pour ces fluides à partir de ces données. Les données pétrographiques et géochimiques du gîte Boston sont similaires à celles d’autres gîtes d’or filoniens ailleurs dans le monde, ce qui implique que le gîte Boston s’est formé dans un environnement similaire à partir des mêmes types de fluides. Ces résultats suggèrent que la ceinture volcanique de Hope"

Jan 1, 2006

By W. A. Roliff

The renewed interest of the past few years in the Appalachian and Michigan oil provinces has not, as yet, created any marked increase in activity in Southwestern Ontario. During 1960 development drilling in-creased somewhat over 1959, but exploratory drilling decreased slightly. More attention was devoted to the deeper horizons, but lake drilling de-creased considerably. Oil production reached a new peak and gas production increased slightly. During 1960 an interesting oil and gas discovery was made in the Cambrian and gas discoveries six miles off-shore in the eastern part of Lake Erie were made in the Clinton-Cataract zone of the Silurian. This paper reviews activities during 1960, summarizes the discoveries made to-date and the pertinent exploration data relating to the prospects of the region and discusses some of the economic aspects of exploration and development. D URING the last few years there has •been a marked renewal of interest in the old petroleum

Jan 1, 1961

By Chris M. Healey

"Abstract- The Jasper Gold mine in northern Saskatchewan produced a total mill feed of 140 127 tonnes at an average grade of 19.0 g/t Au. Both diamond drilling and chip samples from under­ ground workings returned extremely high values, up to 12 851 g/t (375 oz/I) Au over 0.10 meter from a chip sample. In the presence of such extremely high grades, the accurate estimation of reserves is a major problem.ln the first part of this study, production data from the mine were used to evaluate the results of a variety of reserve estimation techniques in this environment. In two out of three cases studied, indicator kriging with assays cut to 342.9 g/t (10 oz/I) gave extremely good results. In the third case, however , indicator kriging gave unacceptable results. Instead, lognormal kriging of uncut data gave the best results.Secondly, from the same database, a number of drill-hole spacings were simulated, and reserves estimated from the simulations. As may be expected, the results of this analysis show increasingly better results with tighter drill-hole spacing. However, even with a 5 m by 5 m spacing the variation from actual grade was quite large. This is not a systematic under- or over-estimation of grade, rather a random scatter of results .The results of this study show very clearly the problems of deriving good estimates of reserves when extremely high-grade samples are encountered. There is a high degree of randomness to this database, so reserve estimation in this situation will remain a high-risk operation."

Jan 1, 1993

By T. L. McCall

A short description of mining practice in the Sydney coal field in general is followed by a discussion of the operations in the No. 12 colliery of the Dominion Coal Company, Limited, as being typical of the trend in operating methods obtaining throughout the field. Development of longwall mining to the present system of three walls in line is outlined, together with a summary of the cycle of operations involved in systematic operation.

Jan 1, 1944

By A. Bois-Brochu, G. Morin, G. Marin, M. C. Parr, J. Carignan

The presence of an alpha case on titanium parts produced by investment casting is problematic and has to be eliminated. The traditional techniques for the evaluation of its thickness are metallographic measurements and micro-hardness profiles. To obtain a better understanding of how the alpha case is formed with the underlying objective of limiting its depth, the present study proposes to characterize the microstructure and the chemical composition of the alpha case. Electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA) linescans were used to quantify the oxygen and substitutional elements that come from the mould and promote the alpha case formation. The chemical profiles were correlated with metallographic and microhardness measurements. For microstructure, optical microscopy (etched and polarized light analysis) was used. For phase analysis, samples were mechanically polished step by step and analysed using X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Furthermore, surface analysis techniques such as XPS and Auger Microscopy were evaluated but results were found to be inconclusive because the formation of the oxide layer was faster than its ablation and the matrix could thus not be analysed. The alpha case was observed on a Ti-6Al-4V step block casting.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Staley, W. J. Cashwell, M. S. Moats

In the 1990’s, Técnicas Reunidas developed the Modified ZINCEX® Process to recover zinc from ores and secondary materials. The heart of this process was the use of solvent extraction to produce purified zinc electrolyte instead of traditional zinc dust cementation. This development was commercialized by Reunion Mining and Anglo American for primary ore at the Skorpion mine in Namibia with the first SHG zinc produced in May 2003. Horsehead Corporation through Horsehead Metal Products, Inc., its wholly owned subsidiary, is presently commercializing the MZP for the treatment of Waelz oxide. This paper will review open source information about the lessons learned and process modifications that have occurred at Skorpion over the past decade. It will also provide an update on Horsehead’s facility being constructed in Rutherford County, North Carolina.

Jan 1, 2014

Bahuerachi Project Characteristics Why it?s nicer at Bahuerachi Mexico is a mining country Low political, regulatory and trade risk Low social/permitting risk Proximity to infrastructure Road Power grid (8 km) Rail line (25 km) High grade zones (skarns), CRD and near surface oxide component are sweet spots to the overall system. Size of low grade system points to potential long mine life?and numerous new targets developing. Timelines-2006? 90 to 100 combined RC and core holes to go! MAIN ZONE Drilling ? Goat ?Finish Mid April ? Main Zone, going North, depth of testing dependent, estimated for May ? North Lobe-May ? Commission independent resource estimate by May 06 for results of first pass drilling to date ?tonnesand grades ?Main Zone Milestone. ? Continue infill or expanded drilling to July (minimum) ? 1stpass RC scheduled until September OTHER Targets ? Begin drill testing North Skarn target Mid-April, minimum 5 drill holes, 1,000 meters. Ongoing expansion of target with surface work (mapping) ? Road to Colome(Skarnin north of Main Zone) as part of porphyry program ? Tule(southern) porphyry and skarn system-soils and mapping OUTSTANDING events Metallurgical report on floating and leaching tests (Sulphide/oxides).

May 1, 2006

"Geological investigation in the Appalachian region of Canada began more than 150 years ago. The distribution of rock formations, and their ages and regional structure are today reasonably well known in most parts of the region to 1-or 2-mile scale. Most Newfoundland geology is known only to 4-mile scale. About 200 earth scientists carry out research in the region, of whom about 25 per cent are government employees, 50 per cent university staff and graduate students, and 25 per cent industry employees.Increased activity is needed toward both regional analyses and problem studies through the efforts of multi-disciplinary teams. The ultimate objectives of earth science must be the discovery and development of mineral re•-sources and the use and conservation of natural material in the environment, all for the benefit of the local in-habitants. To accomplish this, the scientific community must carry out an array of research projects ranging from the technical products of geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys through to the research products de-signed to renew theories and hypotheses bearing on natural processes. Some scientific sub-objectives are listed.Recommended is the increase and broadening of communication among Appalachian scientists, specifically those resident in the Atlantic Provinces. It is proposed that an Appalachian Division of the Geological Association of Canada be formed to provide a forum for discussion of Appalachian topics. In addition, a committee or council of university, industry and government earth scientists should be formed to examine the state of the science in the region, to identify programs of investigation and individual projects of research, and to recommend methods of approach. If the committee succeeds and the scientific community acts upon the recommendations, the quantity, quality and pertinence of research will increase, and earth science will better serve Appalachian society."

Jan 1, 1970

By William Petruk

Image analysis studies were performed on mill products from pilot-plant and laboratory tests that had been conducted to determine the effect of grinding media on the selective flotation of two zinc-lead-copper ores. It was found that, when the ores had been ground to the same degree of fineness with flint pebbles, ceramic pebbles or ore fragments (autogenous grinding) as with steel balls, there generally was increased sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena liberation in the flotation feeds, depending on the textures of the minerals. The increased sphalerite liberation fully accounted for the improved zinc recoveries that were obtained when steel balls were replaced by either pebbles or ore fragments. The increased chalcopyrite and galena liberation accounted for part of the changed technical efficiency of concentration, but other factors, probably changes in oxidation and reduction of iron and in consumption of oxygen, also contributed.

Jan 1, 1977

By S. F. Featherby

"This paper traces briefly the historical development of coal handling systems to meet the needs of a rapidly developing thermal power generation technology. The wide range of operating requirements is demonstrated by comparing and contrasting the Wabamun GS of Calgary Power Ltd. and a typical modern Ontario-Hydro thermal plant. The problems of safe storage of large tonnages of coal in stockpiles are discussed, together with recommendations for stockpile management. The development of coal bunkers and their management is discussed in detail, together with future trends in the industry."

Jan 1, 1966

By Robert D. Brown

"The Conservative Government 's budget proposals brought forward on December 11, 1979 have been withdrawn, but they are far from dead. On the contrary, a number of those budget proposals, especially the ones which would close loopholes and result in other technical changes being made to the Income Tax Act, should be considered to be alive and well.It is not unreasonable to expect the next government, of whatever political persuasion, to reintroduce many of these technical changes in the next federal budget. For that reason, last December's budget may have offered an interesting preview of what the mining industry and other taxpayers can expect in 1980. It is quite possible that some of these changes may be effective as of the original dates announced in the withdrawn budget proposals.This month, ""Tax Notes"" reviews the main pro visions of Mr. Crosbie's December, 1979 budget, with a primary focus on the changes that would have affected the resource sector.It must be emphasized that all of the budget proposals discussed herein have been withdrawn, that none of them are law and that any actual changes in our tax rules will have to be dealt with by the new Parliament that will be assembled following the February 18 election. December 1979budget withdrawnThe federal budget proposals brought forward by Finance Minister John Crosbie on December II, 1979 were withdrawn as a result of the defeat of the Conservative Government on a motion of non-confidence in the House of Commons on December 13. However, it appears quite possible that at least some of the proposals may be introduced into Parliament at a future date, possibly with retroactive effect.In a press release issued by the Department of Finance, Finance Minister John Crosbie stated that if the Conservative Government is returned to power, it will reintroduce all of the measures contained in his December II budget.Mr. Crosbie stated that all of the income tax measures contained in the budget would be reintroduced, effective on the dates indicated in the Notice of Ways and Means Motion tabled on December II. Some of the more important measures in December II budget, and their effective dates as indicated in the Notice of Ways and Means Motion, are discussed below.The December budget had also introduced or increased excise taxes or duties on gasoline, wines, cosmetics and photofinishing. If the Conservative party is re-elected, these measures will be reintroduced with prospective effect (i.e . effective as of new dates to be announced in the new budget)."

Jan 1, 1980