Search Documents

By R. W. Raymond

EDWARD COOPER, was born in New York City, October 26, 1824. His father, Peter Cooper, to say nothing of manifold reasons for fame as an inventor and philanthropist, deserves to be remembered as a pioneer in the establishment of public schools; and it is not surprising that he sent his son to one of the democratic institutions in which he was himself so ardently interested. From the public school Edward Cooper went to Columbia. College, where he made the acquaintance of Abram S. Hewitt, who was first his tutor, afterwards his traveling companion, brother-in-law, business partner and life-long friend.* For twenty years I was the consulting engineer of the firm of Cooper & Hewitt, and also connected with the work of the Cooper Union, in which they were both deeply interested and faithfully active. On the basis of the intimate knowledge thus gained, I venture an estimate of Edward Cooper's character and career which, if not fully comprehensive, may facilitate a juster estimate than would be reached by the strident of those data which the modesty of the man permitted to be placed upon public record. Edward Cooper's mind was one of the most active, accurate and subtle with which I have ever come into contact: He had inherited from his father a sunny, benevolent temperament, and' the irresistible impulse to attack all new problems which challenged his attention. His thorough education had 'indeed made him wiser than his father, both in philanthropy and in technical inventions. He could condemn and reject a proposition which Peter Cooper would have embraced, in a splendid, though ignorant, faith that nothing was impossible to an. American, and that the word ? impossible " was simply a label,

Jul 1, 1906

By Heinrich Ries

I. INTRODUCTION. THE facts is presented in this paper, based chiefly on recon¬naissance made, during the summer of 1903, by myself and my assistant, Mr. R.. C. Brooks, cover practically all that portion of Texas lying east of the 99th meridian. The work was undertaken for the University of Texas Mineral Survey, and was to have been extended over the entire State, but the sudden termination of the survey prevented even the official publication of the results already obtained. Most of the mineral resources of Texas were fully treated by the First Geological Survey, but the clay-industry was tit that time little developed, so that only a few scattered notes concerning it are to be found in the Survey reports. The extensive exploitation of the clay-deposits, however, has emphasized their commercial importance, and has also made accessible many facts of exceptional interest concerning their geologic conditions. The erection of new plants for the utilization of clay-products is usually preceded by more or less prospecting, which, by reason of the scarcity of outcrops, and the geologic and topographic conditions of eastern and southeastern Texas, is often slow and difficult work. This is especially true in the Tertiary and Pleistocene areas, where the structural conditions much resemble those of the Atlantic coastal plain, the deposits being mostly lenticular in form, and surrounded by beds of sand. II. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE CLAY-DEPOSITS. The accompanying sketch-map, Fig. 1, shows the location of nearly all the deposits examined, their relation to the geology of the State, and the type of clay found in each. The geology is based on the published work of Hill, Cummins, Tail, Adams, Hayes and Kennedy, but the boundaries have unfortunately not been determined over the entire region covered by the map, and, in many areas, are only approximate. It will be seen that the clay-deposits range from Carboniferous to Pleistocene in age, the older deposits being found in the northwestern part of the area, while those of Cretaceous and Tertiary age lie to the east, southeast and south. The Pleistocene clays are found in part in a belt along the coast, and in part along many of the larger rivers, where they often underlie extensive terraces.

Sep 1, 1906

COUNCIL OF EDUCATION OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Industry Education Division) Established as a Division January 15, 1932 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 John C Calhoun, Jr, Chairman 0 Cutler Shepard, Vice-Chairman Thomas A Read, Secretary-Treasurer Dept of Mining & Metallurgical Engrg University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois COUNCIL OF ECONOMICS OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Economics Division) Established as a Division December 15, 1948 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 Louis C Raymond, Chairman Lorin A Cranson, Vice-Chairman Henry T Mudd, Vice-Chairman Adam K Stricker, Jr, Vice-Chairman Paul F Yopes, Secretary-Treasurer U S Bureau of Mines Albany, Oregon

Jan 1, 1957

By A. J. WADHAMS

THE relative importance of things is a fascinating subject for thought. As we look about us we realize the Creator of all things has provided the metals for our use, each in the quantity needed-iron in vast quantities gold in small quantities. Had gold been given us in the quantities of iron, the mechanical age mould Eave been very different. You may find some pleasure in running over in your mind this question of the quantity available of an element and man's need of it in the scheme of things. Nickel in this sense is a middle group element. It was not essential to man's early development. Its usefulness dates back only about one hundred years. The quantity available to man has increased as his needs in- creased. On two occasions more nickel became available than was needed and on both of these occasions the ex- cess was soon absorbed by new and useful developments.

Jan 1, 1929

By William B. Plank

IN this paper are presented the results of a complete statistical survey of the enrolment, courses and degrees, and the employment situation of recent graduates in all of the 46 institutions in the United States, including Alaska, and four of the six schools in Canada that grant degrees in mineral technology. The data were collected by the writer by means of a questionnaire in December, 1933, to which all the institutions, except one, replied. Included also are data of a similar study made by the writer in May, 1933, for the S. P. E. E. summer session of mining and metallurgical teachers at the University of Wisconsin and published in the Journal of Engineering Education for December. 1933. Some of the data of a paper of the writer's entitled, "The Trend of Mineral Engineering Student Enrolment in the United States," read at the A. I. M. E. meeting on Feb. 16. 1931, are given for comparison. Acknowledgment is made to all the administrative officers of the institutions who took the time from their busy lives to supply the in- formation asked for. Their fine cooperation has alone made possible these two surveys with a completeness of detail never before attempted

Jan 1, 1934

By Dorsey Lyon

I. INTRODUCTION. In presenting, this paper the writers wish to call attention first of all to the fact that the electric furnace was not developed as a competitor of the combustion furnace, but: 1. For the purpose of doing high-temperature work which it is not possible to do in the combustion furnace; and 2. For the treatment of ores from deposits which. are located in regions where fuel is scarce and costly, and where hydro-electric power is comparatively cheap, as is the case in Chili, in Canada, in certain parts of this country and Mexico.. This paper is not presented with the idea of trying to. prove that the electric furnace should replace the reverberatory or the blast furnace as used at present in the smelting of copper ores, but that it may be substituted for their in those localities which are not favorable to them,) and where either of the two following conditions may exist: (a) A district remote from railway transportation. facilities, and where there is a deposit, or deposits, containing sufficient values to warrant their being worked, but which, due to the cost of getting coke in for operating a smelter and of getting ore out to a smelter, have to remain unworked.. And where, on the other hand, there is plenty of water power which call he developed at reasonable cost for the production of electric power, by the use of which for. smelting the ores in an electric furnace, with subsequent Bessermerization if necessary, a concentrated product may be obtained, which can easily stand the necessary transportation charges. (b) Or,. comparatively speaking, the transportation facilities may be all right, but the cost of fuel be too great to permit of the ordinary methods of smelting, whereas,- on the other hand, hydro-electric power can he developed: in the district at a, low cost,, and the ores could be smelted by the electric furnace at a cost. that would make their treatment possible. With these possibilities in mind we have attempted to make a brief comparative study of the problem for the purpose of aiding those interested in the subject, in determining whether it would be possible metallurgically, and feasible commercially; to use the electric furnace-in those localities where, by reason: of excessive fuel costs, the cost, of operating the furnaces for smelting copper-ores. is either excessive or prohibitive. Although the smelting of copper ores in the electric furnace has received considerable attention and more or less experimental work has been done, so far as: we lire: aware there ate no electric furnaces in the United States which are' being worked on copper ores. In Norway, however, trial smeltings of copper ores with an electric furnace of 1,000 h. p. and an estimated producing' capacity of 2,000 tons per annum, have been

Jan 8, 1913

By Lawrence H. Van Vlack, Alfred S. Keh

The distribution of sulfur in iron was found to be dependent upon the time and temperature of the treatment as well as the chemical composition of the sulfide. With higher temperatures, the sulfide phase spreads more extensively between the iron grains. A complete network, however, does not form until approximately 1300°C (2372°F), ot which temperature the dihedral angle approaches zero. Silicon has little effect on this change. Aluminum, oxygen, and manganese all modify the temperature of sulfide network formation to a higher value. The microstructures which result and have significance in relation to hot-shortness are discussed. SULFIDE inclusions in steel were recognized by metallurgists before the turn of the century. Considerable attention has been paid to them, and numerous studies have been made on the working properties of steel as affected by them. It has been suggested that ho t-shortness of steel is due to the presence of an enveloping liquid sulfide film at the grain boundaries of the steel in the range of the hot-working temperatures. However, several facts have been observed in commercial steels which do not seem to be completely consistent with this explanation: 1) the frequent absence of continuous films of sulfide as observed under the microscope, 2) the absence of hot-shortness in some high sulfur and resulfurized steels, and 3) the limitation of hot-shortness to a definite temperature range. The role that manganese plays in steel to eliminate hot-shortness is well known, but the theory behind it is still under question. Moreover, the effect of de-oxidizers such as aluminum and silicon, and the effect of oxygen are still not clearly known. In this study, the effect of heat treatments and of additions of manganese, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen upon the distribution of sulfide inclusions in iron was investigated. Both the as-cast and the heat treated structures were studied, using microscopic and autoradiographic techniques. Part of the results were interpreted in terms of Smith's' concept of microstructure. Review of Literature Metallurgists used to consider sulfide inclusions as suspended particles. It was Wohrman' who first pointed out that sulfide inclusions are soluble in liquid iron. Many observed facts may be understood on the basis of this concept of solubility. Wohrman found that small castings contain small inclusions. and larger castings contain larger ones. Also, inclusion sizes are smaller near the chilled surface. For the same size ingot, the average inclusion size in a given heat of steel depends upon the rate of solidification. That is, with slow solidification, enough time for precipitation and agglomeration of these

Jan 1, 1957

By FRABK HERVEY PETTINGELL

THE stock exchange and its functions is about as well understood by the average individual as the fourth dimension. What is a stock exchange? Divested of the rules and regulations by which it is governed, and the facilities it provides for the convenient handling of securities, it would be in its nude state nothing more or less than a meeting place for brokers. The stock exchange in America dates back to 1752, when a group of merchants of New York established a meeting place at the foot of Broad Street for the purpose of dealing in meal and slaves. The first definite orgarization, however, had its beginning in 1792 when 24 New York brokers signed an agreement not to buy or sell public stock for less than one quarter per cent. commission. From this small group has grown by gradual degrees, the greatest organized security market in the world, namely, the New York Stock Exchange. At the present time there are 27 stock exchanges in the United States and 5 in Canada. Based on the volume of business transacted, the Los Angeles Stock Exchange ranks 6th among them. This is attributable to the fact that strictly speaking Los Angeles has never been a stock exchange town, like some other large cities. Take for instance San Francisco, which supported one stock exchange from 1862 to .1882 and has since supported two. No city, by the way, should tolerate two stock exchanges at the same time. It is an economic folly and a senseless duplication that can be compared with rival telephone companies or competing street railway systems, paralleling each other's lines and always leads to trouble and confusion, and sooner or later one or the other falls by the wayside. While Los Angeles has had stock exchanges of one kind or another since 1896, none of them attracted much attention until 1899 when the present exchange was organized and it did not get well under way until along in 1906.

Jan 1, 1925

By D. H. Trollope

In engineering in general, close agreement between theoretical predictions and structural performance is rare—this is particularly true in rock slopes. Since the complexity of natural arrangements makes exact theoretical solutions of associated structural problems almost impossible, the role of theory should be that of developing guides or markers to which observations and experience can be related. The author in this paper has outlined the results of a theoretical study of highly idealized models which represent both granular materials and jointed rock. Some important practical considerations result—especially in regard to horizontal stresses—when theory is compared with full-scale experience. In the field of engineering activity, specific examples of close agreement between theoretical prediction and structural performance are rare. Particularly is this so for the case of rock slopes, where, owing to the complexity of the natural arrangements, it is quixotic to expect exact theoretical solutions to the associated structural problems. The role of theory is rather that of developing signposts or guide rails to which observations and experience can be related. It is with this in mind that the present paper has been prepared; the author's aim has been to set out briefly the results of a theoretical study of highly idealized models which represent both granular materials and jointed rock. Despite the idealization of the problem, it will be seen that the theoretical conclusions are in accord with full-scale experience, particularly as far as horizontal stresses are concerned, and they point to some important practical considerations. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK SLOPES At the risk of over-simplification, an attempt has been made to classify the problem of rock slopes into three broad categories with respect to internal stress systems. These are illustrated in Fig. 1. It is tacitly assumed in this classification that the strength of individual particles is very much greater than the interparticle strength whether the particles are the crystals of an igneous rock (Case I) or the blocks of Cases 2 and 3. The Homogeneous Monolith: This case is representative of uniform unjointed rock. Under relatively low stress conditions the internal stress system may approximate to that of an elastic body as given by Terzaghi.' It is more usual, however, for overall stability, to consider the material as a rigid plastic which yields in shear when S =C + c tan 4> where S is the shear yield stress, o is the normal stress on the surface of failure, and C and d are empirical constants according to the Mohr-Coulomb criterion of failure. Sokolovsky has recently developed, for the first time, a series of mathematical solutions to problems involvinga C, mass subject to self-weight. He demonstrates that for such a case a semi-arch (Fig. 2) is stable. A corollary of this argument is that for a true C, d material a curved overhanging slope is possible and such an observation may well aid field identification of these materials. The shape of the curved slope face is however directly dependent on the C-value, and from the long-term point of view this is a most difficult value to establish with any degree of confidence. It is customary to measure C and 0 in some form of shear test—usually a triaxial compression test—on core specimens sampled from the rock, and as far as the author is aware the present case is the only one in which, as far as overall stability is concerned, such tests are

Jan 1, 1961

By DR. SAMUEL B. CHRISTY

? THE man is always greater than his work.? The training of the men who are to develop the mineral resources of the world is the most important problem connected with mining engineering. It becomes ever more important to civilization as the mineral wealth of the earth approaches exhaustion. I have therefore decided to consider a few of the more important problems arising in the training of the mining engineer, and especially those arising in America. THE PECULIAR NATURE OF MINERAL WEALTH. Mining and Agriculture are the two fundamental arts. Without the latter our existence would be precarious; without the former, our civilization impossible. Agriculture furnishes that regular supply of food and raiment which leads to the growth of large communities in which cultivated leisure first becomes possible; while raining furnishes the metallic thread from which is woven that complex fabric we call civilization. But in these two arts the conditions for success are widely different. Most of the crops that the farmer reaps may be harvested year after year, and the proper fertilizers being added, he may continue the annual harvest indefinitely, while, as a result of cultivation, his farm becomes yearly more valuable. But the crop the miner reaps can be harvested but once in the history of the race. Our mineral wealth has taken unknown ages to mature in the bosom of the earth. The ripened fruit can be plucked but once. There are no fertilizers for worked out mines. It never pays to work over a mine that has been

Sep 1, 1905

By O. G. Lellep

Modern shaft kilns in Europe are fully mechanized and burn cement of acceptable quality at 700,000 Btu per bbl and lime at 3.2 million Btu per net ton. Rotary kilns for cement have increased in thermal efficiency by using exit gas heat for preheating incoming raw material and by recovering heat from outgoing clinker in air-quench coolers. The dry process Lepol or ACL kiln has the lowest fuel consumption, 580,000 to 630,000 Btu per bbl, and very low dust loss, about 1 pct weight of clinker. The Holdebank-Gygi system reaches 720,000 Btu per bbl. The calcinator kiln for the wet process consumes 1.1 million Btu per bbl. IN every country economic circumstances prescribe the method used to produce a commodity at lowest cost. In Pennsvlvania a man's wages for working 4 hr buys a ton of coal wholesale; in Germany a laborer must work 40 hr, or ten times as long. In western Europe, therefore, conservation of fuel is of primary importance, and recent practices of burning lime and cement differ from those employed in the United States. 'This Paper presents data collected during a trip through western Europe in 1953. Considered uneconomical, shaft kilns for burning

Jan 1, 1955

By Roger C. Malan

The Monument Valley and White Canyon districts are in northeastern Arizona and southeastern Utah. Exploration and mining for uranium has been conducted in these districts since the late 1940's. In July 1965, ore reserves plus ore production at 174 properties were approximately 3.3 million tons of ore containing about 19 million pounds U3O8, of which about 10 per cent remained in reserves. The two largest mines, Monument No. 2 and Happy Jack, together account for about 45 per cent of the sum of production and reserves. Approximately half the deposits in these districts contain less than 1000 tons of ore. Nearly 5000 feet of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic sedimentary rocks, mainly continental in origin, are exposed in these districts. All the important uranium deposits are in the Shinarump, the basal member of the Chinle Formation of Triassic age. The Shinarump lies on a widespread unconformity. It is composed of fluvial sediments, generally less than 100 feet thick, that were deposited by streams flowing from a source to the south. Most of the deposits are in an arcuate belt, convex to the west. This belt, 3 to 12 miles wide, extends from Monument Valley northward nearly 130 miles. It is along the western flank of the ancient Monument Valley-Monticello upland, an area that was slightly uplifted at the beginning and again at the end of deposition of the Shinarump. Erosion and subsequent reworking of the Shinarump sediments in the vicinity of this upland are postulated to have made possible the transportation, in solution, of the uranium contained in these sediments. The soluble uranium probably was carried by migrating ground water into sites favorable for precipitation in Shinarump beds bordering the upland. Thus, the original very small amounts of dispersed uranium in the early Shinarump sediments were accreted in the favorable belt where the accumulations of carbonaceous plant remains and their decay products provided a persistent reducing environment.

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

COMMITTEES. CENTRAL GENERAL COMMITTEE.-Wm. Fleet Robertson, Chairman; Win. M. Brewer,. Secretary. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF NELSON, B. C.-A. S. Farwell, Chairman; W. C. Bayly, Secretary; William Blakemore, M. S. Davys, S. S. Fowler, R. R. Hedley, Leslie Hill, A. H. Telly; W. C E. Koch, J. J. Campbell. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF ROSSLAND, B. C.-His Worship Mayor Hamilton, Chairman; AV. H. Aldridge, Charles Biesel, H. H. Claudet, F. W. Guernsey, R. Marsh, J. W. Astley, R. W. Brock, A. A. Cole, A. G. Larsen, R. H. Stewart. Also the Rossland Board of Trade, Robert Hunter, President; K. E. Mackenzie, Vice-President; A. B. Mackenzie, Secretary. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF GRAND FORKS, B. C.-His Worship Mayor Hammor, Chairman ; A. W. B. Hodges, A. L. White, G. M. Fripp, L. A. Manley, W. T. Spier, G. W. Wooster. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF VICTORIA, B. C.-Wm. Fleet Robertson, Chairman; William Al. Brewer, Secretary; Harold Grant, Thomas Kiddie, Clermont Livingston, E. C. Musgrave, W. J. Sutton, Francis A. Thomson. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF VANCOUVER, B. C.-C. F. Jackson, Chairman; His Worship Mayor F. Buscombe, J. J. Banfield, A. Bethune, John Boyd, H. C. Clarke, A. B. Erskine, E. P. Gilman, William Godfrey, W. D. Haywood, R. K. Houlgate, H. T. Lockyer, J. I. McAdam, H. M. McDowell, C. W. McMeekin, W. H. Malkin, F. Richards, T. J. Smith, George A. Walkem, G. Slieldon Williams. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF WHITE HORSE, Y. T.-Robert Lowe, Chairman.; T. W. Jackson, Secretary; George -Armstrong, A. L. Bindley, Rev. Father Corbeil, L. De Gex, A. E. Fisher, W. P. Grainger, P. D. McMillan, Rev. Mr. Main, George C. Mallot, Alfred Parre, George Pulham, George Reid, William Robinson, J. P. Scharschmidt, J. C. Schraeder, Major A. E. Snyder, Rev. Mr. Stringer, Judge George L. Taylor, William Taylor, H. Wheeler, E. J. White, J. P. Whitney;' ; LOCAL COMMITTEE OF DAWSON, Y. T.-Hon. W.W. B. McInnes, Commissioner of the Yukon Territory, Honorary Chairman; Major Z. T, Wood, Assistant Commissioner of the Yukon Territory, Honorary Chairman; J. B. Tyrrell, Chairman; J. Moore Elmer, Vice-Chairman; George Black, Secretary; Hon. Mr. Justice Dugas, Hon. Mr. Justice Macaulay, Hon. Mr. Justice Craig, Dr. Alfred Thompson, D. A. Cameron,. E. W. Griffin. The first session, held in the ministers' room of the Parliament Building, 3 p.m., Saturday, July 1st, was presided over by Past-President Robert W. Hunt. His Excellency the Lieut.-

Nov 1, 1905

Claims of 16 gold mining companies seeking damages from L-208 will be heard in Court of Claims starting Jan. 26. Earlier this year, judges ruled that 3 gold mining companies could sue for damages from the wartime order closing their mines. Congress later waived the statute of limitations thus permitting other gold miners to get in their claims. Despite power shortages third quarter production of aluminum exceeded that of the previous period by 2.2 pct. However, September production was 16 million lb less than in August. Hewitt-Robbins, Inc. dedicated a new $1 million addition to the company's Buffalo, N. Y. belt conveyor plant. New equipment, including a $220,000 press, will make belts up to 70 in, wide, compared with the former limit of 60 in. Charges of a tin cartel in Malaya are not backed up in the latest U. S. Government report according to the Malayan Tin Bureau. The U. S. mission reported that it "did not discover any evidence of curtailment of tin output by the mining and smelting industries." It noted that guerilla activity had halted exploration and expansion attempts by producers.

Jan 1, 1952

Edward Keller, Baltimore, Md. (communicatioin to the Secretary*):—It is pleasing to note the increasing amount of work on metallurgical problems that is being carried on by exact scientific methods, and the results of such labor issued by the laboratories of our universities. Without doubt, Mr. Bolles's paper will be welcomed by all progressive practitioners. Many of the results which Mr. Bolles presents to as are new; and I take exceptioil to a few minor points only. The first of his concluding remarks is as follows: "Mattes are not homogeneous, but are composed of distinct mineral entitier, and may be likened to igneous rocks, in which the mineral constituents fall out upon the lowering of the temperature and ensuing solidification." He quotes an introductory remark to a paper1 of mine, as follows: "The true chemical character of copper-mattes does not yet seem to have been definitely determined, i.e, it is still more or less of an open question whether they are true chemical compounds, or mixtures, such as igneous rocks." This quotation, taken alone, would convey the impression that Mr. Bolles's conclusion is entirely new. Had he quoted also another paragraph from my paper in question, it would be clear that he was, to a certain extent at least, anticipated. I take the liberty, therefore, to state the substance of my own work. In the paper referred to, I showed the existence of the phenomenon of liquation in mattes, and, continuing, said: " A more direct method to test whether a matte is a compound sulphide or a mixture of individual sulphides was attempted by applying hydraulic separation. A clean piece of matte was selected containing practically no magnetic oxide and of the following composition: Cu, 37.96; S, 24.45; Fe, 33.63; Zn, 1.25; Pb, 1.02 ; Sb, 0.26 ; As, 0.065 ; insoluble, 1.15 per cent. ; Ag, 26.7 ; Au, 0.04 oz. per ton. For such a test it is essential to select a chemically uniform piece, other-

Jan 1, 1905

By Henry M. Howe

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) Manuscript received Aug. 20, 1912. PROFESSOR RUFF'S most illuminating paper' describing his extremely valuable investigation of the carbon-iron equilibrium diagram assigns definite temperatures to certain very important lines in the diagram, viz.: the eutectic temperature EB (Fig. 1) and the " near-eutectic " temperature E'B', but without indicating clearly enough the reasoning which warrants these assignments. These temperatures are of such primary importance that it is well to indicate the apparent gaps in the reasoning, in the hope that they may be filled in. In his diagram, Fig. 1, the point X and the lines B'D'HI represent the experimental results reached by Ruff and Goecke; 2 AB, AEB, and SE represent the liquidus, the solidus, and the solubility of the carbon in solid austenite in the absence of graphite according to Gutowsky,3 AB being also in accordance with Spiecker's data;4 ,S'E' the solubility of carbon in solid austenite in the presence of graphite according to Ruer and Iljin; 5 GS the line A3 after Goerens and Meyer;6 I and EBC the true eutectic line as inferred by Prof. Ruff from Gutowsky's data. B'D' is the carbon content found in cast-iron which had apparently saturated itself with carbon in the presence of the graphite of the enclosing graphite crucibles in which the determinations were made. From its straightness and its sharp inflection near 6.67 per cent. of carbon, the carbon content of * Professor of Metallurgy in Columbia University. 1 Metallurgie, vol. viii., pp. 456 to 464 and 497 to 508 (1911). 2 Idem, vol. viii., pp. 417 to 421 (1911). 3 Idem, vol. vi., pp. 731 to 743 (1909). 4 Idem, vol. vi., p. 524 (Wüst) (1909). 5 Idem, vol. viii., pp. 97 to 101 (1911). 6 Idem, vol. vii., pp. 307 to 312 (1910).

Nov 1, 1912

Q: It is May 1961 at Bill Wrather's Washington house. Bill, think back to your first job after college. Wrather: Perhaps I ought to go back a little bit further than my first job. I entered the University of Chicago with the idea of studying law. My intention was to take a 4-yr liberal arts course and superimpose a law degree on that. But during my undergraduate work I fell under the influence of R. D. Salsbury. He decided I had some talent as a geologist and influenced me to take a geological course. Nevertheless, I did not give up the idea of law. While in school I took a spell of typhoid fever and almost died. The doctor recommended outdoor exercise, so a geological job seemed logical. W. H. Emmons was a graduate student in the University and he interceded with Dr. Hayes of the USGS. I went on the payroll as assistant packer at $60 a month. I had one of the most glorious summers I ever spent in my life. That fall and the following year I took law courses and became thoroughly convinced that I was cut out for a geologist rather than a lawyer. I finished up my law work in 1908 while waiting for a job with Bill Emmons, who was doing a careful study of Goldfield and Tonopah.

Jan 4, 1964

By A. Lucian Walker

SILVER is not only of paramount importance to millions of people as a medium of savings and to other millions as a medium of exchange, but it is also valuable and useful in industry. Mexico continues to be the largest producer of this metal, followed by the United States, Canada, and Peru. The largest consumers are China and India, which normally absorb about two-thirds of the world's mine production, hoarding it as savings. The imports by these countries exert a powerful influence upon the price, yet neither country is on the silver standard. China having abandoned it in 1935 and India in 1893, when the rupee was definitely linked to the pound sterling. Other nations such as Persia, Ethiopia, Mexico, and many of the South American countries either have been on the silver standard or have used silver as their chief circulating medium, and most large nations use it for subsidiary coins, this use accounting for 20 to 30 million ounces annually. The arts and industries have consumed 35 to 40 million ounces each year.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. W. Parsons

The over-all apparent single-phase permeability of fracture-rock systems was studied using two different two-dimensional models. In a strict sense the results are applicable only to these models, yet may give some insight into real reseruoir behavior. The regular fracture-matrix model can have any number of regular fracture sets. All fractures within each set have the same orientation, width and spacing. The gross behavior is amlytically equivalent to that of an anisotropic permeable medium. In the heterogeneous fracture systems, individual fracture conductivities vary within a two-dinensioml network pattern. A computer program calculates the overall permeability after the conductivities are randomly placed in the network. The calculated permeability depends upon the distribution of these conductivities and the particular fracture pattern into which they are placed. Although detailed information on actual reseruoir fracture systems is not available, this study shows how some of the possible variables may affect obserued gross reservoir characteristics. INTRODUCTION Characteristics of reservoir rocks are determined by direct (core analysis) or indirect (logging and production tests) examination. Both methods, singly and together, are widely used in reservoir evaluations. For fractured reservoirs a problem exists in relating characteristics of cores to the in situ reservoir properties. Knowing fracture characteristics can be of value in determining production mechanisms. Because of the limitations of observation, the intimate details of a fractured rock system will never be known. One approach in analyzing fractures is to study the behavior of some conceptually simple models. The two models analyzed contain features which may be realistic, yet are mathematically tractable. Flow is considered in two dimensions only, with the plane of interest at right angles with the fractures. This concept represents the horizontal flow in a reservoir system with the fractures oriented vertically. Only single-phase, laminar flow is considered. The regular fracture-rock system permeability is calculable from a simple analytical expression. The heterogeneous system requires a computer program for calculating overall permeability.

Jan 1, 1967

By AIME AIME

GENERAL COMMITTEES. SAN FRANCISCO:-ExECUTIVE, Hon. William C. Ralston, Chairman; RECEPTION, Prow. Samuel B. Christy, Chairman; SESSIONS, Frederic W. Bradley, Chairman; PRESS, H. Foster Bain, Chairman; FINANCE, Mark L. Requa, Chairman; EXCURSIONS AND ENTERTAINMENTS, Edward H. Benjamin, Chairman. Assisted by Harry P. Stow, C. W.Merrill, F. W. Griffin, Gelasio Caetani, Albert Burch, Newton Cleaveland, Corey C. Brayton and R. E. Cranston. Los ANGELES :-EXECUTIVE, Theo. B. Comstock, Chairman; R. W. Hadden, Secretary; H. R. Simpson, Treasurer. Institute Headquarters at Hotel St. Francis. The first and opening session, held Tuesday afternoon, Oct. 10,. in the Reception-Hall of the St. Francis, was called to order by State Senator William C. Ralston, Chairman of the Executive Committee, who in a few well-chosen words welcomed the visiting members and guests of the Institute to San Francisco. He said it was twelve years since the last meeting on the Pacific Coast and that it was here that the greatest feats. of mining had been accomplished in the history of the country. He told of the work that had been done on the continent and of the new methods introduced by the mining engineers for the betterment of the nation. He then introduced Capt. Robert W. Hunt, twice past President of the Institute, and present Acting President for the San Francisco meeting and the subsequent visit to Japan, who responded cordially to Mr. Ralston's welcoming address. By unanimous vote, the Secretary was instructed to send a telegram to President Charles Kirchhoff expressing regret for his absence, and hoping for a rapid improvement in the health of his mother. The following papers were presented in brief oral abstract by the authors: . * Electrolytic Refining at the U. S. Mint, San Francisco, Cal., by Edward B. Durham, San Francisco, Cal. The Parral Tank System of Agitating Slime-Pulp, by Bernard MacDonald, Guanajuato, Mexico. * The Newport Iron-Mine, Ironwood, Mich., by B. W. Vallat, Ironwood, Mich. (illustrated by lantern-slides). * Distributed in pamphlet worm.

Nov 1, 1911