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By Edel Moldenke

Burma has long been known for its ruby, tungsten, and tin deposits, and, lately, for having the largest lead-zinc mine in the world, the Bawd-win mine of the Burma Corpn. All the coal used, however, is imported from Calcutta; this is a bituminous coal of about 11,000 B.t.u., 24 per cent. ash, and costs about $8 per ton. Bituminous coal has not, thus far, been found, but many lignite deposits are known. The most promising lignite deposits are in the Namma field, Fig. 1, situated in the Northern Shan States of Upper Burma, about 30 mi. south of Lashio, the terminus of the Burma Railway, 750 mi. north of Rangoon. The

Jan 1, 1922

By M. T. Hepworth, T. P. Papazoglou

Hydrogen diffusion in hcp and bcc titanium in the temperature range 610° to 900°C was measured by reacting cylindrical specimens of high-purity titanium at constant temperature with small constant pressures of hydrogen of the order of a few Torr. In the range 0 to 6.7 at. pct H in hcp titanium, the diffusion coefficient D in sq cm per sec is given by: where T is in °K and R in cal per g-atom OK. Only three measurements of diffusivity in bcc titanium were made: at 900' : the diffusivity in ß titanium was found to be 1.8 x 10-4 sq crn per sec. McQUILLAN1 has studied the constitution of the Ti-H system and reported the concentration of hydrogen as a function of pressure of hydrogen and temperature. He found hydrogen absorption was reversible and rapid at temperatures above 500°C in both crystallographic modifications, the a (hcp) phase and the ß (bcc) phase, with the latter phase stabilized by hydrogen additions. Wasilewski and Kehl 2 measured the diffusivity of hydrogen in hcp and bcc Ti-H alloys. For bcc alloys, they reacted cylindrical specimens of titanium with hydrogen gas at 1 atm pressure. They measured the rate of absorption of hydrogen isothermally on specimens ranging from zero hydrogen content when above the transformation temperature to hydrogen contents sufficient to stabilize the bcc phase when below the transformation temperature. By integrating Fick's second law for a cylindrical geometry, assuming a diffusion coefficient independent of composition, they calculated diffusivities as a function of temperature. In the range 650" to 1000°C their results in bcc titanium yielded the expression: where D is in sq cm per sec, T in OK, and R the gas constant in cal per g-atom-OK. Their studies on the hcp a phase were conducted by exposing long cylindrical titanium specimens to hydrogen at a sufficiently high pressure to establish a surface layer of fl phase 80 to 120 u thick for the duration of an isothermal experiment. Concentration profiles were then determined by hydrogen analysis from chips obtained upon machining quenched specimens. The diffusivity of hydrogen was then calculated yielding the expression: The present investigation was undertaken principally to redetermine the diffusivity data on a titanium by a direct absorption from the gas phase at sufficiently low hydrogen pressures to avoid the presence of a surface bcc phase and also to check the diffusivity data at low hydrogen concentrations in the bcc stmcture. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE High-purity electrolytic sponge titanium (99.9 pct) of BHN 91 was arc-melted, forged, rolled, and machined into cylinders of final hardness, upon annealing, of BHN 92. Cylindrical specimens of two sets of dimensions were used: 1.524 by 2.931 cm and 1.905 by 3.663 cm diam and length, respectively. The experimental apparatus used for annealing specimens and for admitting known amounts of hydrogen at constant pressure is shown in Fig. 1. In a typical experiment, a specimen was lightly abraded with fine-grain silicon carbide, washed with water and detergent, and then thoroughly degreased with reagent-grade tri-chlorethylene and acetone. The specimen was suspended by a Chrome1 wire in the center of a quartz furnace tube, without contact with the tube, and heated to 925°C (as measured by a thermocouple adjacent to the specimen, outside the tube) for a period of at least 4 hr under a vacuum of from 10-6 to -7 Torr as measured by an ionization gage. The furnace temperature was then adjusted to the temperature chosen for the particular diffusion study and the specimen allowed to equilibrate thermally. Hydrogen was then ad-

Jan 1, 1969

US 4,132,758-Leaching of copper sulfide ore using nitrogen dioxide as the oxidant A slurry of ore in sulfuric acid is contacted with a nitrogen dioxide-containing gas at a temperature below 11 5" C and a pressure of from atmospheric to 35 PSI, the slurry agitated, and the resulting nitric oxide from the slurry regenerated to nitrogen dioxide for reuse About 90% of the copper In the ore IS dissolved, and the leach solution is separated for further processing. This procedure is also useful for sulfide ores of silver, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, and zinc T C Franklewicz and R E Lueders, assigned to Kennecott Copper Corp Jan 2, 1979 7 pp (423-27) Filed 1 1-30-77 (855,983) (Drawings below ) US 4,138,231-Wet-cleanlng of gases from the roasting of copper sulfide ore, zinc sulfide ore, pyrite, or arsenopyrite The gases are washed in dilute sulfuric acid circulating in a closed system, the wash water treated to remove arsenic, the washed gas condensed by cooling; and the condensate separated, purified of residual arsenic, and neutralized B G V Hedenas, J E Wiklund, T R H Johansson, and KA Melkersson, assigned to Boliden AB Feb 6, 1979 7 pp (55-71). Filed 3-30-77 (782,908) Priority Sweden, 4-9-76 (76/04,219) (Flow diagram at right ) US 4,148,862-In the acid-leaching of silicate-bearing calcined zinc sulfide ore, finely divided calcine is leached at elevated temperature with sulfuric acid, and additional calcine is added at an optimum rate to precipitate SI~ICIC acid in the same stage In an easily settling, readily filterable form Reactions take place at a silica concentration so low that the solution is not greatly oversaturated An anionic flocculant- may be added to the slurry immediately before the filtration step S. P Fugleberg and J T. I Poijarvi, assigned to Outokumpu Oy Apr. 10, 1979 4 pp (423-106). Filed 10-6-77 (840,041) Priority Finland, 10-8-76 (76/2880)

Jan 1, 1980

By Frank Firmstone

. In the early decades of the past century the method of starting iron blast-furnaces by " scatlolding-down" seems to have been in universal use for coke-furnaces and, at least in this country, for charcoal-furnaces also. It was likewise used at some of the early anthracite-furnaces, as is stated in the important " Reminiscences" printed by the late Samuel Thomas.' It had been generally superseded in Great Britain as early as 1850, by some variations of the plan now used, and was rarely used when Percy wrote.2 On the Continent it was still followed ill the 60's; and was elaborately described by Valerius in 1852. I have never read any statement as to when and by whom " scaffolding " was first dispensed with, but the following extracts from journals of my father seem to fix an authentic date for an instance in this country: " [Pittsburg] July 12, 1838.—Went with Major Wade to his foundry,etc., and he gave me a letter to D. Tyler, Esq., Farrandsville, Agent Boston Coke & Iron Co." " [Lockhaven, Pa.] July 18, 1838.—Heard there was a flat-boat going to take some gentlemen up to Farrandsville. Got on boat and to Farrandsville, 5 or 6 miles, in 1 hr. 30 min. Dined, and then delivered my letter to Ma Tyler, who showed me much attention, and everything belonging to the furnace, and had the water turned on the wheel that I might see the blowing-cylinders at work. There are two cylinders, 6-ft. stroke, -56 in. in diameter, but they find that one makes more than enough blast for the furnace. The furnace has 16-ft. boshes, 7-ft. tunnel-head, and is 47 ft. high, 3 tuyeres, and 3 heating-ovens [hot blast-ovens]. A

Jan 1, 1908

By Eli T. Conner

WITH Thomas G. Fear, chairman of the Coal Di- vision, presiding, the coal miners opened their program Monday morning with a general session at which three papers were presented. The first, "The Classification of Coal for Stationary Steam Generation," was presented by the author, Thomas W. Harris, Jr. In discussion, H. T. Coates inquired if it would not be possible to pick out a geographical coal section, certain seams or a group of mines, which would rank high in a desired feature or features, perhaps giving different -- - local sections or different mines something to designate a rating ("good," "fair," and "poor"). This might be done relative to anti-clinkering, free-burning, ,anti-slagging, smokelessness, friability and grindability. These might be listed or arranged on a map or diagram so that the prospective customer could find a coal that rated particularly high in desired characteristics. C. A. Reed pointed out, in part, that coal producers and sellers have found a bad but necessarily present condition in the country, especially with the smaller user of coal. This is entirely due to the fact that the employer expects his purchasing representative to be a genius and have expert knowledge of everything he buys, coal included, whereas in the larger plants he has and uses expert knowledge from the active organization when necessary. J. B. Morrow said that size rating was important in classifying coal and he emphasized that it was impossible to come to a definite basis on analysis alone.

Jan 1, 1933

By Evan Evans

IT is appropriate to evaluate 1947 in review as a year of a peacetime record production of about 676,000,000 tons of coal (anthracite and bituminous), closely approaching the extraordinary wartime output in 1944. Considering the general price-wage inflation, it is in point to note that the coal industry sustained the highest wages paid to workers in any major industry, but that coal prices at wholesale levels have risen much less percentage wise than the average for all commodities. The sellers' market continues to prevail. In addition to serving our own country's enormous needs, our coal industry is exporting extraordinary tonnages overseas. This unusual export demand is likely to continue for a while. Moreover, the demand in Europe for American coal mining machinery is a real tribute to the management efficiency of our modern mechanized coal industry. Competitively, the petroleum industry is concerned over its long-term supply, and already a synthetic fuels industry is being publicly advocated. In due time coal and lignite are bound to be

Jan 1, 1948

A joint statistical report released by the U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission indicates that business investment in new plants and equipment is expected to total $81.8 billion during 1971. This figure is based on the findings of a survey conducted in late April and May and reflects about a 1 ½ % decrease in investments from the $83.1 billion projected in February. Mining, on the other hand, is still in a bullish mood and is expected to spend $1.99 billion in 1971 compared to $1.89 billion in 1970 and $1.86 billion in 1969. Based on figures quoted above, mining investment in 1971 should show a 5.2% increase over 1970. Carl E. Bagge, president of the National Coal Association, was the dedicatory speaker at the new Milton R. Young Station of the Minnkota Power Cooperative in North Dakota. This new power plant incorporates many innovations which have overcome the problems of using the low-cost lignite abundant in the area. According to Bagge, this development and President Nixon's recent request for an extra $10 million for coal gasification plants is helping the region lead the way in providing for the power needs of the future. He also maintains that gasification of coal can reconcile coal consumption with the demand for cleaner air, and also assure the nation of adequate pipeline gas.

Jan 1, 1971

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. General Committee.-J. F. Lewis, Quinnimont, W. Va. Committee of Reception at Staunton.-Major Jed. Hotchkiss, Chairman ; W. A. Burke, M. E. Miller, R. N. Catlett, W. J. Nelson, J. T. Effinger, D. A. Kayser. Local Committee of Arrangements.-G. T. Wickes, Low Moor, Chairman; G. W. Bramwell, Stone Cliff, Secretary; J. E. Johnson, Longdale; H. Firm¬stone, Longdale; S. F. Morris, Quinnimont; O. A. Randall, Ferrol; William N. Page, Ansted; F. Lyman, Low Moor; S. M. Buck, Coalburgh; E. S. Hutchinson, Cannelton ; M. F. Maury, Saltpetre Cave. THE opening session of the Institute was held at Staunton, on Monday evening, May 30th, in the Opera House. Major Jed. Hotchkiss, Chairman of the Committee of Reception, called the meeting to order and introduced Mayor Balthis, who spoke a few words of welcome to the members present, and then introduced the Hon. A. H. H. Stuart. Mr. Stuart in addressing a formal welcome to the Institute to the " little city of the mountains," spoke of the value of the services of the mining engineer in developing the mineral wealth of Virginia and in solving the problems of her geological history. Mr. Metcalf, President of the Institute, replied on behalf of the Institute to the cordial welcome of the mayor and Mr. Stuart, and then read an inaugural address on Force. At the conclusion of the President's address the following papers were read The Electrolytic Determination of Copper and the Formation and Composition of so-called Allotropic Copper, by J. B. Mackintosh, Hoboken, N. J. Read by Professor Egleston. The New Unpublished Map of Chester County, Pa., by Professor Persifor Frazer, Philadelphia. The second session was held at the Opera House on Tuesday morning. The papers read at this session were: Investigations on the Ore Knob Copper Process, by Professor Thomas Egleston, School of Mines, New York city. A Volumetric Estimation of Manganese in Pig Iron and Steel, by F. H. Williams, Vulcan Steel Works, St. Louis, Mo. Read by the Secretary.

Jan 1, 1882

Jan 1, 1951

By A. O. HAYES

SYSTEMATIC methods of ore-finding are looked to the more as increasing production requires greater supplies of raw materials. Unrelenting search for new sources of supply is necessary, and all the skill of science must be displayed both in methods of discovering and recovering the minerals necessary to the demands of present-day life. To this end most national governments have some sort of a geo- logical survey and there is a growing understanding of the desirability for cooperation between federal and state or provincial organizations and also financial assistance, from state and private universities, mining companies, railroads and manufacturers. Such surveys are now being directed by well trained geologists selected from federal, state and university departments. Large-scale maps are being prepared and better geo- logical interpretation made, more thorough chemical and physical examinations are being made and original search is fostered, with the result that successful prospecting is better directed, new mining regions are more likely to be discovered, and the life of. old camps lengthened.

Jan 1, 1931

By H. J. R. Way

THE work to be described was undertaken at various periods from 1937 to 1939 on the Busia gold field, in the eastern province of Uganda. It was decided to examine the possibility of reef prospection by the resistivity method, for it was not known how far the usually disintegrated nature of most reefs in the ubiquitous laterite near the surface would obscure indications obtained by resistivity traverses. The work at the commencement was therefore largely experimental, but the results obtained thereby were satisfactory, and a survey was started at the Government closed area at Amonikakine. With the limited time and resources at the writer's disposal, it was not possible to complete the survey to his satisfaction or to follow up exhaustively all the geophysical indications, but some of the results of the experimental work and the survey were of sufficient interest to be worth recording; in particular the relation between the width of reef, electrode separation and shape of the curve, and the interference effect of constant separation curves over zones of float are significant and useful. Three new veins were located, but only one contained sufficient gold to warrant detailed prospection. This was called the Geophysical reef, and was uncovered over a strike distance of 1140 ft., and there are indications that it extends over a distance of 1990 ft. These results and the recommendations consequent therefrom were embodied in a special report to the Uganda Geological Survey. HISTORY OF THE FIELD The Busia field is in the southeastern corner of Uganda near the Kenya-Uganda border, and is about 17 miles north of the northeastern corner of Lake Victoria. Gold was first discovered in the area in the stream beds by Davies1,2 in 1932. Subsequently numerous small alluvial claims were worked by prospectors and the area was prospected for reef by a company for periods varying from three to nine months, but was finally abandoned, as the results were considered unfavorable. Further prospecting by the Geological Survey in 1935-1936 under Davies3 and later under the writer4 uncovered three reefs with sufficient gold values to be of economic interest. These were finally taken over by a company known as Borderland Syndicate, which still owns the area, and from September 1937 to the end of 1941 about 13,000 oz. of gold was extracted from reefs of the area proved by the Geological Survey. Opencast mining operations are still proceeding (February 1943). The Amonikakine area lies to the immediate north of that of Borderland Syndicate. A certain amount of prospecting had been done when the writer started work there. As a result of his report, this area was taken over by another syndicate, but little further work was accomplished before it ceased operating because of difficulties of wartime working.

Jan 1, 1944

By Cloyd M. Smith

A FEW years ago, the Ventilation Committee established the practice of presenting one topic each year for discussion at the annual meeting. The practice has met good response on the part of committee members and I suggest that it be continued. The topic chosen for this year, "Underground Anemometry," is a topic which has bothered me for more than 20 years. It seems to me that the coal industry is content to rely on slipshod methods for measuring the rate of flow of air underground, so I prefaced my discussional charge to committee members with the statement that I regard air measurements made in the usual way, with hand held anemometer, as no good. Agreements and disagreements came in from more than a dozen engineers, some of whom are with operating companies, coal and metal; some with manufacturers; others with government agencies.

Jan 1, 1949

By H. M. St. John

MAINTAINING a satisfactory structure in brass and bronze castings has always been a foundry problem of great practical importance. While metallurgists and scientific investigators have not entirely ignored this matter, it has received less of their attention than has been given to iron, steel and the wrought copper and aluminum alloys. Investigation in this field has probably been discouraged to some extent by the complicated nature of the alloys involved. Hundreds of alloys are in more or less common use, most of them containing copper, zinc, lead and tin in-widely varying proportions. They also contain appreciable percentages of iron and antimony as impurities, and often phosphorus, which has been added as a deoxidizer and fluidifier. Small amounts of sulfur are usually present. It is not uncommon to find nickel, sometimes in rather substantial quantities. Traces of other metals are frequently present. So complicated and variable a mixture obviously offers difficulties in. any investigation of the various factors that influence the structure and other properties of the casting.

Jan 1, 1930

By R. B. Woodworth

In the sinking of bore holes, there are but two fundamental operations —drilling and hoisting—which determine in the main the character of drilling mechanism and structures. There are endless ramifications, however, in the execution of these fundamental operations, according to the purposes for which the bore holes are drilled, their maintenance after completion, the protection and convenience of workmen, etc. The three main lines of use for bore holes are in mineral exploration, the sinking of water and salt wells, and the exploitation of pqtroleum and natural gas. This paper has to do more especially with the last. Here again there are many divergences. Wells may be drilled by either the percussive, the hydraulic, or the abrasive method. Finally, each of these methods, as applied by drillers of diverse nationalities, has followed somewhat different lines of development. The American system of cable-tool drilling has perhaps had the widest application; the hydraulic rotary is also in extensive use; but the Canadian system, the Galician system, and the Russian free-fall system all have their points of recognized merit and are preferred by operators accustomed to their use. These differences in drilling procedure, which rest ultimately on essential variations in geological conditions, are reflected in the drilling structures as well as in the drilling mechanism. The purpose of the present paper is to record those stages in the development of the application of steel to the construction of drilling mechanism and structures with which the writer has been intimately associated, and to contribute to the history of the art of drilling other data acquired in the course of his personal investigations. It is necessarily limited by reason of space to American practice, with especial reference, therefore, to the cable-tool system and the hydraulic rotary method of drilling wells for oil and gas.

Jan 1, 1916

By H. I. Smith

THE recently developed potash industry in southeastern New Mexico, though based on a relatively new discovery, marks the latest and perhaps culminating phase of the effort to obtain a domestic source of potash that began with the leaching of wood ashes more than 300 years ago. In the search for mineral potash in America, the Geological Survey has played a conspicuous part and has paved the way for much of the private activity that now bids fair to free the nation of foreign domina¬tion in supplying the nation's potash requirements. HISTORICAL REVIEW A pamphlet published by Thomas Stephen in 1758 pictures the industry in its early struggling condition.1 Just before the Civil War, a deposit of mineral potash had been found in Germany and its value as a fertilizer had been discovered. On this account and because the supply of wood ashes had decreased, the Ameri-can potash industry gradually lost its importance. During the next 50 years, with European potash available with little effort and with satisfactory substitutes on the market for the manufacture of soap, the interest of the American people in American potash declined. In 1910 this interest was suddenly revived by the abrogation of American potash contracts in Europe. Congress passed an act, approved by President Taft March 4, 1911, providing for "researches with a view to determining geological conditions favorable to the presence of deposits of potash salts." Appropriations were made to the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Soils to carry out the provisions of this act. The work of the Survey was directed toward the finding of commercial bodies of natural soluble potash salts; the Bureau of Soils was more concerned with the processes of extracting potash from industrial wastes and organic sources. Private agencies also became interested in the program. The Geological Survey has continued its search throughout the ensuing period of more than 20 years and has studied many types of deposits in many parts of the country.

Jan 1, 1933

By W. Mostowitsch, H. O. Hofman

The mineral gypsum, CaSO4 + 2 H2O, has been used for many years as a sulphurizing and basic flux in several smelting-operations. Thus, in smelting oxide nickel-ore in the blastfurnace, it is commonly added to the charge to furnish the sulphur necessary for collecting the metal in a matte, and a base for slagging the siliceous gangue. In the concentration of lead-copper matte in the reverberatory furnace it has been used for years at Preiberg, Saxony,1 for a similar purpose, and for producing at the same time a copper-matte with less than 0.15 per cent. of Fe. The latest use gypsum has been put to is in the blast-roasting process of Carmichael-Bradford.2 The term " blast-roasting," given by A. S. Dwight3 to the Dwight-Lloyd method of roasting and agglomerating: is a happy generic term which covers the ground better than the " lime-roasting " of Ingalls5 or the " pot-roasting " of Austin: in that it leaves the operation independent of the character of the flux and the form of apparatus, and retains the characteristic feature of this class of processes—namely, that of using forced draft. In the Carmichael-Bradford process the dehydrated material, mixed with galena-concentrate, acts as a diluent and a flux. The process differs in this from the Huntington-Heberlein7 and the Savelsberg8 processes, in both of which limestone is used.

Jan 1, 1909

By Rollin A. Pallanch

THE Midvale mill of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company is situated on a flat site whose elevation is 50 ft above that of the Jordan River. Tailings are impounded in the area between the river and the flat upon which the mill and railroad switchyard are located. The water supply is pumped from the Galena canal which leads from the river at a point some ten miles to the south. The mill has a present capacity of approximately 1700 tons daily. It started out originally in 1926 as a 750 ton three-unit plant. The tonnage was gradually increased to 1200 tons by 1934, and in late 1935 a fourth unit was added. The accompanying flowsheet shows the principal equipment and how it is utilized. The ore is principally sulphide with varying degrees of oxidation, with individual lots ranging widely in both precious and base metal content. In each of the four individual units of the mill there will often be mixtures of as

Jan 1, 1948

By Michael S. Koleda

Less than two years ago, the, Congress, with broad bipartisan support, passed the Energy Security Act of 1980. A decade marked by ten- fold increases in world oil prices and two major interruptions in oil flows from the Middle East had ended. An all-out national commitment to transform America's vast tar sands, oil shale and coal resources into conventional fuels had begun. The national synfuels effort was to be public-private cooperation at a scale unmatched in peace time. Private industry would own and operate the synthetic fuels facilities. Government would reduce market uncertainties to acceptable levels. The potential government commitment was substantial. Up to $88 billion would be available through the Synthetic Fuels Corporation, principally in the form of contingent financing. Billions more would be spent through Department of Energy programs. Additional incentives for alternate energy development were contained in the Energy Tax Act of 1978. The Energy Security Act clearly specified national synthetic fuels production objectives: 500,000 barrels per day by 1987 -- 2 million barrels per day by 1992. Finally, said Congress, Uncle Sam was going to do something about rapidly rising oil prices, uncertainties of energy supply, and the resulting disruption to the U. S. economy. Simply put, the purpose of the Energy Security Act of 1980 was to provide government guarantees sufficient to get synthetic fuels projects off the private sector drawing boards and into commercial production. Because of their huge cost, technological uncertainty, and lengthy pay-out period, these projects were always second place to projects of smaller size, known technology and more rapid pay-out. The Energy Security Act was the legal expression of public policy to bring the free-market synfuels timetable into line with the faster paced political timetable in the interest of national energy security.

Jan 1, 1982

COUNCIL OF SECTION DELEGATES Nicholas A D'Arcy, Jr, Chairman (Southern California Section) Charles Chapman, Vice-Chairman (Florida Section) Ben H Parker, Secretary (Colorado Section) Frontier Refining Co Boston Bldg Denver 2, Colorado

Jan 1, 1956

The following delegates were appointed to the National Conservation Congress on May 2, 3, and 4, 1916, in Washington, D. C. HENRY S.. DRINKER, a GEORGE OTIS SMITH, A. F. Lucas, - W. L. SAUNDERS, VAN H. MANNING. President Ricketts was appointed delegate to the dedication ceremonies of the new buildings of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in June. W. L. Saunders was appointed delegate to the ceremonies in celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the founding of Rutgers College to be held in October. George C. Stone was appointed delegate to the meeting on Standard Screen Scale of the U. S. Bureau of Standards. George D. Barron and Thomas T. Read were appointed delegates to the Second National Exposition of Chemical Industries to be held in New York in September. It was resolved, that the Institute shall pay the transportation of the Secretaries of the Local Sections to and from the Arizona Meeting. It was resolved that certain general topics' should be selected for discussion at the next meeting of the Institute and a session devoted to each.

Jan 6, 1916