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By C. M. Diaz, P. J. Mackey

Since its inception, in 1987, the Copper-Cobre series of conferences has established itself as the prime world forum for discussing advances in copper process metallurgy, in particular copper sulfide smelting, copper recovery by leaching and electrowinning and copper electrorefining. All copper producing countries have actively participated in the pyrometallurgy symposia held in the framework of these conferences. In 1999 and 2003, the close to 100 pyrometallurgy papers that were presented had to be accommodated in two volumes. In the present paper, the authors firstly provide a brief historical sketch of the Copper-Cobre conferences and then focus on providing a retrospective look at the dramatic changes that have taken place in copper smelting in the last few decades, primarily as discussed in the Copper-Cobre and precursor conferences pyrometallurgy proceedings. Topics include: the development of autogenous, increasingly more intensive, environmentally sound and energy efficient smelting processes; significant improvements in Peirce-Smith converting practice and at the same time the commercialization of alternative continuous converting routes; the consequent expansion and modernization of smelters; the increasing compliance with strict government environmental regulations in most copper producing regions of the world; the realignment of the copper smelting industry throughout the world; and trends in copper smelting R&D. A look at the future closes these reflections on the contribution of the Copper-Cobre conferences to the advancement of copper smelting technology.

Jan 1, 2007

By Pritii Tam Wai Yin, Tony Leong, Neetu Bansal, James Vaughan, Amiel Boullemant

Mercury is a toxic element that is associated with many industrial activities including the Bayer process. Mercury is known to enter the Bayer process with the bauxite feed material and has the potential to accumulate as the process solution is recycled. This paper explores the speciation of mercury in Bayer process streams. The process parameters considered are the oxidising-reducing potential, basicity and temperature. The results of a refinery circuit survey are presented and compared with the thermodynamic predictions. Electrochemical measurements on relevant synthetic systems are also included.

Jan 1, 2014

By H. T. Fargey

This paper considers the social, economic and political factors and their influence on future production and marketing of Western Canadian minerals. Among the subjects discussed are inflation, taxation, anti-combines legislation, unstable international currency relationships, economic nationalism and protectionism, the European Common Market and environmentalism.

Jan 1, 1973

By T. H. Janes

"IntroductionSULPHUR is a constituent of many industrial products. It is part •of almost anything we eat, wear, or use. In fact, sulphur is so important that there has been an increasing tendency in recent years to measure industrial growth in terms of sulphur consumption.The uncertainty of obtaining adequate supplies •of elemental sulphur from the Frasch-mined domes. of Texas and Louisiana in the United States led all countries in 1950 to seek alternative sources of supply of this necessary element.Canadian industry has been supplied, for many years, with most of its sulphur requirements by United States Frasch-mined sulphur. World demand for this sulphur has necessitated the imposition of controls on its distribution, as production has not kept pace with demand. Until the third quarter of 1950, Canadian manufacturers of pulp and paper, heavy chemicals, explosives, and textiles •experienced little difficulty in obtaining their needs of elemental sulphur from the United States. However, at that time, low producers' stocks and declining reserves threatened to reduce shipments from producers, with the prospect of a continuing shortage for some time. These conditions, together with higher prices, stimulated the search for alternative sources of supply in Canada."

Jan 1, 1952

By Peter Cunningham

Teck Facts and Figures ? Employ more than 14,000 around the world, includes: ? Over 8,600 in Canada (close to 7,800 in British Columbia) ? Close to 2,000 in Chile ? Over 2,700 in Peru ? Approximately 600 in U.S. ? Hundreds more in exploration around the world ? Total capital expenditures ? $1.8 billion for 2012

Aug 1, 2013

By J. C. Underwood

"The wear performance of grinding balls under conditions of impact and abrasion is affected by their chemical composition and structure. The selection of appropriate analyses and heat treatments that will provide both abrasion and impact resistance takes into account the effects of certain elements on structure and harden-ability, as well as the over-all effect of composition and hardness penetration on the residual stress pattern developed through heat treatment. Direct quenching from forging temperatures substantially increases hardenability over that obtained in reheat-quench practices, and can be done without undue risk of damage to the ball provided that the harden-ability bears the correct relationship to ball diameter.Average volumetric hardness and percent hardened volume are convenient parameters for quantitatively expressing the response to heat treatment and indicating anticipated wear properties. A number of factors which can lead to reduced wear life as a result of material or processing problems are reviewed and illustrated."

Jan 1, 1959

By Sydney H. Ball

It is a peculiar anomaly that while the world uses the term "rich as a gold mine" as the superlative figure of speech descriptive of wealth, the shares of gold mines are not as popular investments in America as certain of them should be. One of the most able of Manhattan's bankers is a director in an investment trust with a portfolio the value of which has gone the way of other such portfolios. Luckily a couple of years ago a few hundred shares of Homestake were purchased, and since then the trust has not only received therefrom satisfactory dividends but has benefitted from a large appreciation in their value. At each directors' meeting, however, the banker in question, Cato-like, suggests the sale of these shares, gold shares being, in his opinion, too speculative to be included in the portfolio of any trust. A short time ago the financial pages of one of our great metropolitan papers featured an article listing the corporations still paying dividends at the 1929 rate. Gold-mining shares were, the article stated, excluded, although in reality every gold mine on the New York Stock Exchange paid higher dividends in 1932 than in 1929. This 'Alice in Wonderland' treatment of the gold-mining shares is admittedly a bit confusing to those of us who believe that the shares of certain gold-mining companies have a rightful place in any well diversified portfolio. It should, however, here be recorded that whereas, fifty years ago, in America, gold-mining shares were considered by the public as instruments of nefarious gambling, now shares of the better gold mines are sought by astute investors. In England for well over a generation their value as sound investments has been widely recognized.

Jan 1, 1933

By John G. Kelly

"In 1982 an extensive study was carried out to determine the best means of size reduction for the ore to be hoisted through the borehole hoisting system at Sherritt Gordon's Fox Mine.The study examined three alternatives:1. a jaw crusher,2. pneumatic rockbreaker(s) at a grizzly, and3. hydraulic rockbreaker(s) at a grizzly.The final decision was a compromise between alternatives 2 and 3. Two rockbreakers, one pneumatic and one hydraulic, were installed over a single grizzly. Some modifications have been made to the system, but over-all it has operated at acceptable levels since its installation in July 1983.As all the ore passes through a jaw crusher before being hoisted to surface, an evaluation of the relative performance and cost-effectiveness of the jaw crusher and the two types of rockbreakers is possible. This paper outlines the initial study, and compares the three breaking systems in operation at Fox Mine.IntroductionThe Fox Mine of Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. is located 800 kilometres north of Winnipeg near Lynn Lake in Northern Manitoba. Production at the copper-zinc orebody began in 1970 at a rate of 3,000 tons per day. Over 12.5 million tons will have been hoisted from the underground mine when the ore reserves are depleted in October 1985.The mining method at Fox Mine is sub-level open stoping with delayed backfilling are from the upper level stopes, above the 2000 level, is mucked on the main levels established at 400-ft elevation intervals, and is fed through a central orepass to the crusher located on 2100 level. Production in the lower levels commenced in 1975, and ore from the 2200 and 2400 level stopes was hauled up a 15010 ramp by 26-ton trucks to the 2000 level orepass dump. Projected production rates from the 2600 and 2800 levels using the trucking system were too low, and therefore, in 1983 a borehole hoisting system was commissioned to hoist that ore'!'. One thousand tons per day of ore are skipped through an 8-ft diameter borehole from the 2650 level loading pocket and dumped on the 2000 level. The ore is transferred by LHD to the main orepass for crushing before being conveyed to the main shaft for hoisting to surface (Fig. 1)."

Jan 1, 1986

By The Staff

The San Anconio mine, owned by San Antonio Gold Mines, Limited, is located on the north shore of Rice lake, thirty miles east of lake Winnipeg, and about one hundred miles northeast of the city of Winnipeg. The three claims which formed the original San Antonio group were staked in 1911. Subsequent additions to the Company's property have in-creased their holdings co thirteen claims. Preliminary development of the property took place between 1925 and 1930. The major ore discovery during this period was the 16 vein. The mine was closed in September, 1930, but re-opened in April, 1932, since which rime it has been in continuous operation. In 1933, a development of special importance was that of the 26 vein. The mill capacity, originally designed for 150 tons, was increased to-wards the end of 1933 to 170 tons. With highly satisfactory mine development, mill enlargement to approximately 300 tons was made possible. The Company has financed the additions and improvements from mine production. Iris of interest to note that San Antonio is the first gold mine in Manitoba to pay a dividend. The first dividend was paid to the shareholders in March, 1934, and the fourth was recently declared. Electric power is transmitted to the property from the Great Falls plant of the Manitoba Power Company over a 66,000-volt transmission line approximately 62 miles long. The old camps, which had been in use since work on the property was started, in 1927, were demolished in the spring of 1934, and new camps were built on the Ross dam. Lumber for these buildings was out at the Company's saw-mill on Gold creek, eight miles from the mine. Two bunk-houses with a capacity of 72 men each were constructed, also a dining room co accommodate 144 men, a store, staff house, hospital, burcher shop, and warehouse. The camp buildings are all steam-heated from an electric boiler. They are all insulated on walls, roofs, and floors with a heavy building board, and are covered on the outside walls with asbestos siding, and on the roofs with corrugated iron. A community of about 800 persons has grown up around the mine, at Bissert. Attention has been given co their social interests, and the management of the mine has assisted its employees co build a community hall, which is used for dances, picture shows, and other entertainments and amusements. A two-room school, with an attendance of 50 pupils, is supported by Company employees. In addition, picnics, boxing contests, and hockey games are encouraged among the employees.

Jan 1, 1936

By Andrew Dobson, Cheryl Allen, Enrique Acuña

"Totten Mine return air raise was designed with two parallel fans equipped with silencers to reduce the noise emitted from the outlets into the environment. As development and production of the mine progressed through the past years, the silencer system needed to be upgraded, and additional maintenance strategies have been necessary to meet the regulatory noise limits enforced by the province of Ontario. The current mine plan will require the fans to reach the upper limit of their capacity by Q1 2019. To achieve this operational target, additional silencing capability has been required and Totten Mine has explored alternatives to further extend the noise silencing capacity available considering the current constraints at the mine site. The alternatives included a new silencer baffle design and a new layout that have allowed doubling the length of the silencer system. Using acoustic measurement data collected on several occasions, this paper presents and discusses the performance of the various silencing systems which have been installed on the return air fans at Totten Mine.INTRODUCTION Vale Canada Limited’s Totten Mine is a base metal, underground mine extracting nickel and copper, situated in the Sudbury Basin of Ontario. The mine initiated operations at the end of 2013, and is equipped with two main return air fans and two main fresh air fans located on surface. Both fresh air and return air fans are set in a parallel arrangement to operate as integrated units and are equipped with variable frequency drives (VFDs) to allow for the remote modification of their operating set point, usually between 600 to 880 rpm, depending on the mine’s requirements. The main return air raise (RAR) fans are also equipped with dissipative baffle silencers to attenuate the noise emitted to the environment. Approximately four years ago, acoustical measurements conducted to verify compliance with the applicable regulatory criteria, and respond to noise concerns from neighboring residents, concluded that the sound emissions of the main return air raise exceeded the noise design parameters. The acoustic tones of the fans were audible offsite, at a residential location, approximately 9 km northeast of the mine site. The elevated sound levels and offsite audibility was due to degradation of the original discharge silencers from moisture and particulate being drawn from underground workings and passing through the silencer baffles. The audibility was also due to an outlet directivity pattern which directed noise towards the residential location."

Jan 1, 2019

By A. Roy MacLean

"In the Maritimes, there are twelve coal areas. From east to west, these include the Sydney coal field, the St. Rose - Chimney Corner, Inverness, Mabou, Port Hood, Pictou, Colchester - Debert, Springhill, Joggins - Chignecto, Beersville, Lake Stream, and Minto. The first eight are in Nova Scotia while the remaining four are in New Brunswick.In all these areas, the coal was formed during the Carboniferous period, which existed some 300 million years ago. However, within this period not all coal formation took place during the same time. There were three main intervals, which occurred at the time that the Riversdale, Cumberland and Pictou groups were laid down (Hacquebard, 1970). The oldest coals are those of the Riversdale Group. These coals were of rather limited extent, and only a few mineable seams are present, particularly at St. Rose -Chimney Corner and Port Hood. From these two areas only 2 M tons have been extracted, and 'measured' resources of 7 and 9 M tons respectively remain. The Cumberland Group coals are confined to Cumberland County and include the coals of Springhill and Joggins River Herbert -Chignecto. Some 43 M tons have been removed and only 7 M tons of 'measured' coal remain, with an addit10nal 39 M tons of 'inferred' resources. However, there are additional resources at Springhill, which will be discussed in more detail in a later section. The coals of the Pictou Group are the youngest and the most abundant, both in actual number of seams and in regional distnbution. These coals were formed during the Westphalian C and D, a time during which the main coal deposition in Europe also took place. Here belong the coals of the Sydney, Inverness, Mabou, Pictou, Debert, Beersville, Lake Stream and Minto fields. Their total production amounted to 469 M tons or 91 % of the Maritime total of 514 M tons. The remaining resources of all Pictou Group coals have been calculated at 254 M tons of 'measured' coal and 949 M tons of 'inferred' coal. As can readily be seen, the bulk of both past production and remaining resources occur in the Sydney coal field. The Sydney figures represent 73% of total production, and 87% of total 'demonstrated' resources in the Maritime Provinces. Next to Sydney, the Pictou coal field has been the greatest producer, with 59 M tons; it also has the second largest 'measured' resources, amounting to 25 M tons. However in terms of 'inferred' coal resources, the Mabou coal field, ~ith 140 M tons, ranks second to Sydney."

Jan 1, 1985

By M. Abouhamad

According to the Canadian Urban Transit Association (CUTA), 140 Billion CAD is required to maintain, rehabilitate, and replace subway infrastructure between 2010 and 2014. The current practice adopted by transit authorities for prioritizing subway stations for rehabilitation is based on the station structural needs. While this classification is reflective of station condition, other factors, such as station size, location and passenger capacity, play an important role. The criticality of a station is an index that represents the functional importance of a station depending upon a set of identified factors. The system criticality is based on several attributes, such as station location, size, and nature of use. This paper presents a novel method of clustering subway stations for rehabilitation priority based on their criticality level. The different stations in a subway network are rated according to their relative importance against predefined attributes. The weights and scores of the attributes are computed with the help of experts and current subway network data. The analysis is done using the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) to accommodate the subjectivity of human judgment as being expressed in natural language which entails ?fuzziness? in real-life problems and account for the interdependency between the selected attributes. The output of the model is a criticality based clustering of subway stations. The proposed framework helps authorities prioritize stations for rehabilitation and highlight stations with more criticality for a more robust asset analysis.

Aug 1, 2013

By V. “Ram” Ramachandran

"In view of the increasing number of environmental regulations that have been promulgated all over the world in the last thirty years, non-ferrous smelters and refineries have had to learn and adapt to treating process bleed waste streams containing heavy metals. The result of such treatment invariably yields a gypsum-saturated solution containing salts such as alkali metal sulfates, chlorides and fluorides. Presence of anions such as sulfates, chlorides and fluorides in the discharge streams – presently not a major problem- are coming under increasing scrutiny and will have to be addressed in the near future. It is envisaged that discharge limits for sulfate ions will be in place in the near future. Treatment of brackish water to produce drinking water also results in brine streams containing alkali salts that have to be addressed for proper disposal. This paper reviews treatment options for such streams containing high levels of total dissolved solids with emphasis on sulfate removal. Areas covered would be: a) chemical treatment for removal of various constituents that make up the total dissolved solids b) processes for sulfate removal processes –thermal and non-thermal-to recover and reuse of treated water and c) brine use and treatment options.INTRODUCTIONThe rising cost of water and meeting the ever-changing stringent environmental discharge regulations make water recycling and reuse essential. The metallurgical industry has used water as a medium for dissolving and/or rejecting metals and chemicals in addition to removing thermal energy. Any excess process effluent is collected and sent to end-of-pipeline treatment and ultimately discharged to surface water for disposal under a permit. The conventional- and probably the cheapest way -of treating metal-bearing process effluent streams is lime neutralization followed by sulfide polishing for elimination of heavy metals to produce a stream that meets NPDES discharge limits. This results in a stream containing dissolved solids.These dissolved solids normally comprises of inorganic salts. The possible constituents are cations calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The anions are sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, carbonate and bicarbonate. In addition to these constituents, the treated effluent streams contain very small amounts of heavy metals, oxyanions such as arsenites, arsenates, selenites and selenates. Process streams from gold operations contain residual cyanide. Small amounts of ammonium ions are also present in these streams based on the pH of the solution."

Jan 1, 2012

By T. H. Janes

THE POSSIBILITY of producing pig iron from iron ores of British Columbia for a west coast primary iron and steel industry has been investigated by the provincial government and by commercial interests on sever.al -occasions. The latest study is that currently under way by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. The Company is studying the possibility of making pig iron from the oxide calcine resulting from the roasting of pyrrhotite. tailings used in making sulphuric acid for fertilizer production at Kimberley. A comprehensive report on the subject .of establishing a primary iron and steel works in the Province, based on local iron ores, was prepared by Arthur G. Mc-Kee and Company of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1942 for the B.C. Minister of Mines and is available to interested parties. A detailed survey on the subject was also pre-pared in 1954 by Dr. G. P. Con-tractor, then .of the British Columbia Research Council. Considerable information is there-fore available on most aspects of an integrated primary iron and steel industry in British Columbia to supply the needs of the western provinces. To date, however, no basic iron industry has been established despite the .occurrence of high-grade iron ore deposits on the offshore islands and the high freight charges on iron and steel products brought into the area from Eastern Canada and overseas producers. The chief deterrent has always been the relatively small and highly diversified market available to a local steel producer. Other major fact-ors have been the lack of sufficient proven reserves of iron ore, and the difficulty of making pig iron, suit-able for steel manufacture, economically on a small scale. Technical and economic conditions have changed considerably since World War II and the establishment of a primary industry based on electric furnace production of pig iron or on one of the direct reduction processes, coupled with electric furnace steel production, may now be economically feasible.

Jan 1, 1958

The Silvermines area of north County Tipperary in Ireland has experienced mining activity for over a thousand years, with lead, zinc, copper, barite and sulphur being extracted from a series of Carboniferous limestones. The last mine to operate in the area was closed in 1993. A legacy of contamination and derelict surface structures remain. Following the death of cattle in the vicinity in 1999, a governmental Inter-Agency Group was established to conduct an investigation. The ?Silvermines Rehabilitation Project? resulted, and included a proposal for the development of a Mine Waste Management Facility (MWMF) to act as a repository for waste materials from problematic sites across the area. The nature of the setting supported an effective solution from both a cost and performance perspective; and with limited maintenance requirements. Locating the MWMF where most wastes were identified would help minimise handling and relocation of materials. This position coincided with an area of artesian groundwater pressures. The resulting MWMF design consisted of a perimeter engineered embankment with the crest elevation designed to just exceed the groundwater piezometric surface. The base would remain unlined and groundwater permitted to rise up into and saturate the contained in-situ tailings deposits and imported mine wastes. The proposed system thus benefited from the ?wet cover? approach to minimising further oxidation of wastes and metal leaching, but without the usual accompanying outward hydraulic gradient and leachate management issues. A sub cap drainage layer with downstream outlet was incorporated to prevent any possibility of hydraulic rupture following an unexpected rise in groundwater heads. Leakage rates from the MWMF were deemed to essentially be driven by surface infiltration rates alone (characteristic of a ?dry cover? approach), with the proposed composite capping system simulated to perform at an infiltration rate of less than 1 mm per year. A toe drain was incorporated with the perimeter containment system, and this collection together with diverted neighbouring drainage was directed under gravity to a dedicated Passive Treatment System (PTS). Overall, effluent water quality from the PTS has been predicted to reflect an annual mass metals removal in the order of 95% below baseline.

Aug 1, 2013

By Ian R. Morrison

"Abstract - The Izok Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit is located 265 km south of Kugluktuk (Coppermine), Nunavut Territory, Canada, in the west-central Slave structural province. The Izok deposit is owned 100% by Inmet Mining Corporation and represents one of the largest undeveloped zinc-copper resources in North America. The Izok deposit is hosted within and near the top of a thick sequence of predominantly felsic pyroclastic rocks of late Archean age. The hanging-wall stratigraphy includes additional felsic volcaniclastic rocks, andesitic and basaltic flows, thin sulfide-rich iron formations, and turbiditic sedimentary rocks. The felsic volcanic rocks are intruded by intermediate dikes and sills, followed by gabbroic dikes and sills. Both intrusive suites are interpreted to be volcanic feeders to the overlying flows. All lithologies are subsequently cut by younger, irregular, granitic pegmatite and diabase dikes. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks are regionally metamorphosed to pyroxene hornfels grade. The massive sulfides occur within a large (kilometer-scale) Na-depleted sericitic alteration zone. The immediate footwall and hanging-wall rocks to the deposit are characterized by zones of muscovite- biotite-sillimanite, lesser chlorite-biotite-cordierite, and locally intense silicification and sodium metasomatism. All lithologies have been affected by younger Ca-metasomatism. As currently defined, the Izok deposit comprises a cluster of five complexly zoned composite lenses: the Northwest, North, Central West, Central East, and Inukshuk lenses. The first four lenses are amenable to open-pit mining, whereas the Inukshuk lens will require underground development. The total indicated mineral resource presently stands at 16.5 million tonnes with a grade of 2.2% Cu, 11.4% Zn, 1.1% Pb, and 60 g/t Ag. Inmet Mining Corporation is presently reviewing the economic feasibility of developing the property."

Jan 1, 2004

By R. Agius, A. Nacu

"Cyanide destruction technologies are implemented at gold and silver operations to comply with the International Cyanide Management Code and meet ever more stringent discharge limits. Currently, the most common chemical cyanide destruction processes used in industry are sulfur dioxide/oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and Caro’s acid. The cyanide destruction process used at an operation must reliably generate streams of acceptable quality at all times, and depends on numerous factors, including permit discharge requirements, tailings chemistry, location, site-specific climatic conditions and size of the operation. Selecting the most appropriate cyanide destruction process and determining the process design criteria requires accurate laboratory testing. This paper presents and discusses the results of a number of cyanide destruction evaluations that have been conducted to reduce cyanide concentration in process solutions or cyanidation tails. Laboratory testing provides important insights into reagent consumption and other factors required to achieve the target residual weak acid dissociable cyanide (CNWAD) levels.INTRODUCTION Process solutions associated with the extraction of gold and silver contain several forms of cyanide. The most toxic form of cyanide is free cyanide, which can be present as a dissociated cyanide anion (CN-) or gaseous or aqueous HCN. Weak or moderately stable cyanide complexes such as those of zinc, copper and nickel are classified as weak acid dissociable (CNWAD). Although less toxic than free cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide complexes are considered “ecologically sensitive” forms of cyanide and are regulated in most jurisdictions. In practice, reported WAD cyanide values comprises both free cyanide and weak acid dissociable cyanide complexes. Cyanide complexes with gold, mercury, cobalt and iron are referred to as strong acid dissociable complexes (CNSAD) and are much more stable, even under mildly acidic conditions. Another term commonly used in cyanide chemistry is total cyanide, which represents all cyanide compounds present in solution. Total cyanide levels in solutions are always equal to or higher than WAD cyanide values and the difference between the two usually indicates the presence of iron-cyanide compounds. Typically in Canada, CNTOTAL levels cannot exceed 1 mg/L in solutions discharged to the environment."

Jan 1, 2017

By Marvin E. Lane

Viburnum, located in the foothills of the Ozarks in south-east Missouri, is the site of a modern lead mining and milling operation. Two mines are currently producing a total of 5,000 tons per day and a third mine is in the final development stage, with full production scheduled for late this year (1964). These mines will supply the tonnage required to keep the Viburnum mill operating at a full capacity of 7,000 tons per day for many years. The efficient underground mining operation is completely trackless. Drill jumbos are used to break the ore in a room and pillar method of mining. Transloaders, or St. Joe shovels, and trucks do the loading and hauling. The Viburnum mill has a world-wide reputation as a most efficient operation. This is due to the extensive use of automatic process controls, and labour saving materials handling facilities. Introduction THE St. Joseph Lead Co., has operated lead mines in southeast Missouri for 100 years. These operations have been confined largely to the area called the

Jan 1, 1964

By John D. Godfrey

A brief account of economic developments in and around northeastern Alberta is presented and mention is made of mining and industrial developments currently of interest in the area. Planned and projected operations are briefly discussed for this region. The history of geological surveys and mining activities in the Shield area of Alberta and the adjoining parts of Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan is traced. Reassessment of the presently-known economic picture of northwestern Canada in conjunction with some recent information on Precambrian structures of northeastern Alberta points to some interesting mining possibilities, particularly in and around that province.

Jan 1, 1960

By G. M. Ritcey

The recovery of copper from low-grade solutions res ulting from dump leaching is well known, whereas the recovery from highly concentrated copper solutions has not been practiced. This paper discusses the use of Ashland Chemical's Kelex 100, a substituted quinoline, for the recovery of copper from solutions resulting from leaching copper-nickel concentrates. A flow sheet is described, and an economic comparison shows Kelex 100 to be superior to either the LIX 64N or LIX 70 reagents of General Mills for the recovery of copper.

Jan 1, 1973