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By Federico Pagliacci, Marco Chiarabelli, Salvatore Miranda

The paper describes the adopted technologies and performance controls related to a special geotechnical engineering solution provided within the scope of the Galataport Project, in Istanbul, Turkey. The scheme is the one applied to the new quay of Salipazari, which is a combination of retaining structure and ground improvement, formed by a combi-wall, a reinforced concrete diaphragm wall and a soil improvement by deep soil mixing (Turbojet). The paper highlights the importance of employing cutting-edge technologies within the foundation engineering field and state-of-the-art electronic control devices, in parallel with the essential human expertise, in order to obtain the desired results in this high profile Project. The results of the in-situ and laboratory tests carried out on the improved soil are also presented. Main discussed points are: • History of Galataport and main Project details. • Design principle and soil condition for the new quay of Salipazari. • Difficulties encountered during execution of DSM. • Preliminary field trial tests conducted to establish the operational parameters, with relevant in-situ and laboratory tests executed. • Preliminary tests on material used for DSM (seawater and CEM IV SR). • Electronic equipment mounted on the rig, which allows the automatic execution of DSM columns. • Final QA/QC tests conducted to verify the performance of DSM, mainly consisting in: coring with relevant laboratory tests on samples (UCS + Es), seismic refraction tomography and seismic cross hole tomography. Correlations between UCS and Es, and between Es and Edyn are also presented. • A cross section of the executed treatment could be inspected on site during excavation. Photos and considerations are also presented.

Jan 1, 2018

By Marcelo Ferreira Martins, Breno Totti Maia, Sandro Luís Zahner, Leandro Martins Perreira, Paulo Roberto Ogliari Hopperdizel, Geraldo Vieira da Silva

O reator EOF foi desenvolvido no Brasil nos anos 80 com características únicas. O pré-aquecedor de sucata e a distribuição dos pontos de injeção de gases oxidantes e combustíveis conferem estas características. Um reator dinâmico e versátil capaz de adequar-se a grandes variações de carregamento de gusa e sucata, porém com equipamentos de injeção calcados ainda nos princípios da concepção da tecnologia. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a etapa 1 de uma seqüência planejada de 3 etapas os desenvolvimentos que visam o aumento de produtividade do EOF. Nessa etapa 1 são apresentadas os ganhos relativos a modificação do número de pontos de injeção de oxigênio e a adequação desses pontos para condição supersônica de sopro.

Oct 1, 2019

By Lucas Beirão do Valle

Este artigo visa estudar polímeros como quitosana, amido entre outros com elevada disponibilidade como agentes aglomerantes no processo de pelotização de minério de ferro e discutir sobre o impacto da sua utilização. Os polímeros foram testados preliminarmente no teste de bancada (teste em pneu), para medir qualitativamente a tendência de aglomeração. Os polímeros com melhores resultados foram testados em escala piloto, que simula o processo industrial. Nos testes preliminares, o amido gelificado apresentou os melhores resultados de resistência física de pelotas verdes e secas. Entretanto, no teste piloto o amido não foi capaz de controlar a umidade superficial. Os outros polímeros não foram considerados promissores, principalmente devido ao controle da umidade superficial.

Aug 1, 2018

The design/optimization of the pump and cyclones to maximize grinding circuit efficiency first requires a concise understanding of, and clearly defined specifications for, desired grinding circuit performance. Subsequently, the pump and cyclone performances that provide the desired grinding circuit performance can be defined. Once the performance requirements of each process unit are determined, selection of physical equipment parameters that will deliver those performances can be carried out. The Functional Performance Equation shows that there are two distinct efficiencies in closed circuit ball milling. One of these, ?Circuit Classification System Efficiency? (CSE), is the fraction of ?coarse? material inside the ball mill upon which grinding energy is deliberately expended, versus the remaining fraction of ?fines? or finished size material inside the mill, upon which grinding energy is wasted (on over-grinding). The role of the pump and cyclones is to maximize CSE, which is the desired grinding circuit performance. The obtainable, target CSE for any given circuit can be estimated, for example by referring to a plant data base of CSE?s. Design/optimization guidelines then allow us to specify the pump and cyclone performances that will achieve the target CSE. This paper outlines the step-by-step, systematic method of pump and cyclone selection which maximizes CSE. Numerous examples of its successful application are provided.

Jan 1, 2011

By Shachar Magali

This article describes two new concepts regarding the CFA (Auger Cast) piles. The first one, MALI Effect, is an approach to control the casting phase, while the second one, NETA Shear, is a technique which converts the drilling rig into a geo-mechanical tool. We look upon the system of the auger and the ground as a piston inside a cylinder. When concrete (grout) is pumped into that system, an up lift force is generated (We call that force MALI Effect). That up lift force reduces the needed tension in the pull up cable. By analyzing the tension force in the cable we detect the up lift force of the concrete. That pushup force is the product of the real concrete pressure at the bottom of the auger by the area of that bottom. As the area is known, the real pressure is accurately calculated. A control loop which is based on MALI Effect is very sensitive, precise, objective, reliable and easy to be used. All the process is based on pure real physical measurements. The system has no assumptions, no comparisons, no parameters, no zeroing and no adjustments. When we penetrate into the ground like a theoretical screw, for about a meter in depth, and then brake the main cable while rotating the auger, a set of forces generates. As the auger tends to keep penetration, but the cable holds it - a tension force develops (We call that force NETA Shear). Analysis of that tension force shows that it relates to the ultimate shearing capacity of the ground.

Jan 1, 2000

By David Jurich, Joseph N. McDivitt

INTRODUCTION South Coast Water District (SCWD) operates the Beach Interceptor Sewer Tunnel(BIST) in South Laguna, Orange County, California between Monarch Beach and Aliso Beach (Figure 1). The 10,200-foot long BIST houses a 24-inch gravity Techite sewer pipeline critical to the SCWD Sanitary Sewer Collection System. The original tunnel and sewer pipeline were constructed in 1954 and the sewer line was replaced in 1974.Periodic inspections by sewer pipeline maintenance crews documented deterioration of specific intervals of the tunnel. Rotting timber supports and rock falls in the tunnel as a result of the deterioration were endangering the sewer pipeline and a 731-foot section of tunnel located at Thousand Steps Beach was determined to be in immediate need of repairs. SCWD and consultants Hatch Mott MacDonald (HMM) and Tetra Tec prepared a Work Plan for emergency tunnel stabilization and pipe protection measures that was implemented in January 2007. Normal access to the beach and the section of tunnel requiring repairs was limited to public stairs referred to as Thousand Steps and, therefore, all materials and equipment needed for the work were transported to the beach by ocean-going landing craft. Additionally, the emergency repairs had to be completed without taking the pipeline out of service. Numerous environmental, logistical and operational requirements had to be overcome to complete the challenging emergency repairs. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Laguna Beach area is located in the Peninsular Ranges of Southern California. The project area is located on the southwest flank of Niguel Hill along marine wave-cut cliffs and slopes. The tunnel was excavated in the San Onofre Formation, a marine deposit, characterized by abrupt lateral and vertical changes in lithologies that vary from boulder to cobble and gravel size breccias to medium coarse sandstones with gravel, sandy claystone and siltstone. The interval of the tunnel that required repairs is located within the San Onofre breccia, a moderately-to-well cemented, poorly bedded to massive unit with angular to subangular boulder and cobble sized clasts of schist. The sandy silt matrix of the breccia is composed of quartz, feldspar and schist grains (Figure 2). GENERAL TUNNEL DESCRIPTION The approximately 6-feet high by 6-feet wide 10,200-foot-long BIST was hand mined in 1954 at the base of the coastal cliffs. Primary access is through twenty-one access adits from public and private beaches. The tunnel is located in an easement that extends beneath private property with residential structures situated 50 to 80 feet above and horizontally in close proximity to the tunnel alignment. Most of the tunnel is horse-shoe shaped and unsupported, but approximately 3,000 feet is supported by timber

Jan 1, 2007

By Tiago Seixas Bittencourt

A carga metálica do Forno Elétrico a Arco (FEA) representa bem mais que a matéria prima da rota semi integrada, representa o ponto de equilíbrio financeiro de uma operação siderúrgica sustentável. O fiel da balança econômica de uma operação baseada em um FEA baseia-se no custo do emprego metálico. Deste modo é razoável pensar que, escolher a combinação de sucatas que irá compor o mix de metálicos que abastecerá o FEA é uma tarefa que vai além das limitações técnicas do fenômeno de fusão e refino primário no referido reator. O emprego de resíduos metálicos diversos representa uma medida de sustentabilidade para a indústria siderúrgica, tanto sob a ótica ambiental, dado o reaproveitamento do resíduo, como na perspectiva econômica, haja vista a redução substancial nos custos de transformação. Testes realizados no FEA da CSN UPV possibilitaram avaliar os aspectos positivos e negativos do emprego de um resíduo metálico descartado durante a produção de cimentos. Os resultados encontrados demostram que, sob a perspectiva técnica, os aspectos positivos sobressaem aos negativos e, portanto, O FEA representa uma ótima alternativa para o consumo sustentável do referido resíduo. Uma avaliação econômica aponta uma redução de custo do emprego metálico da ordem de 17%.

Aug 15, 2017

By G. Ahnell

Throughout portions of four (4) heavily mined Appalachian states subdivided by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) as: District 3 -Northern West Virginia and Maryland; District'" -Southern West Virginia; District 5 -Virginia; and District 6 -Eastern Kentucky, active coal mine waste embankments associated with mechanical and/or chemical coal processing facilities of various levels of coal preparation were inventoried. For each site plant specifications, disposal techniques, embankments' characteristics, and coal source data were accumulated. Mapping at 1: 24, 000 and 1: 250,000 scale and Disposal Site Characterization forms were developed to present the findings. Associated abandoned surface and underground openings near each site were also indicated as well as locational data for each site and the areas environmental conditions - temperature, precipitation and vegetation types. A state-of-the-art review of coal preparation, waste disposal, and alternative uses of coal waste is also included.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. P. Ducarme

Numerous fatal/nonfatal accidents involving underground workers struck by powered machinery occur yearly, with continuous miners and roof bolters involved in the majority of these accidents. In an attempt to reduce these accidents, researchers at the the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pittsburgh Research Laboratory conducted studies of operator interactions with the motions of continuous mining machines and roof bolter boom arms. These operators generally perform their tasks in close proximity to the equipment in confined workspaces, often employing awkward postures. Since experiments with human subjects using the actual equipment were not feasible due to safety concerns, researchers opted to conduct controlled experiments in laboratory settings. Utilizing motion capture technologies and computer simulations, the studies collected data on equipment and operator movement in a range of seam heights and working postures. This article details the results of these studies to examine operating speeds based on usage and seam height.

Jan 3, 2010

The 8 ft by 91/2 ft drive which joined No. 7 Shaft with Browne Shaft on the 1,480 ft level was extended from both ends and met at a point approximately 12,000 ft from No. 7 (2,000 ft from Browne).The surveying required for this 2 1/2 mile haulage drive called for greater accuracy than was obtainable from South Mine standard methods. Procedures and devices from published information were tried and modified as required to suit local conditions. Several new methods were applied and improved as the drive advanced. The control of angular, linear and level measurements was perhaps considerably in excess of the requirements, but this was offset by abnormally large discrepancies resulting from shaft plumbing. The accuracy of the final breakthrough, although not to the standard desired, was sufficient to complete the connection without inconvenience and added cost.INTRODUCTIONThe acquisition of the Browne Shaft leases in January 1962 presented the management of Broken Hill South Limited with the problem of transporting ore from these leases to its mill. It was eventually decided that diesel locomotivehaulage through a 2t mile drive on the 1,480 ft level between the two mines was the best solution. The drive was advanced from both ends after Browne Shaft was deepened by 80 ft to reach the 1,480 ft level horizon. Each end advancedabout 15 ft/day with the miners working three 7 hr shifts. Blasting was restricted to the end of the shift.The survey work involved five shaft plumbings and 78 theodolite stations in a traverse, underground and surface,of more than 5 miles. Because of the exceptional length of the drive, an unusually high degree of reliability was required.The aim was for a maximum error at breakthrough of 1 ft 1 in 30,000, and to secure this, precise methods of linear measurement were necessary. Shaft plumbing in particular posed special difficulties.

Jan 1, 1965

By Maria Veronilda Macedo Souto

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese do carbeto de nióbio e cobre Cu-NbC nanoestruturados e análise por DRX e refinamento Rietveld. A síntese foi realizada através de reação heterogênea a baixa temperatura (1.000°C) e curto tempo de reação (2 horas). O carbeto de nióbio foi produzido com 5% de cobre. O material obtido foi caracterizados através dos ensaios de Difração de Raios- X (DRX) e Refinamento Rietveld. A partir das análises de DRX e do refinamento Reitiveld, observou-se a formação do carbeto de nióbio e cobre puro com estrutura cúbica e tamanho de cristalito de 34,97 nm para o Cu-NbC, concluindo que o composto é nanomêtrico.

Aug 7, 2018

For small particles of niekel flotation eoncentrate (av. size 50 pm) the predominant heat transfer mechanism under suspension smelting conditions, prior to ignition, is conduction from the gas and not radiation from nearby hot bodies. Results of laboratory tests using gas temperatures 380-700°C and furnace wall temperatures 380-1100°C were in accord with heat transfer theory. In practieal flash smelters earlier ignition, and hence better utilization of the space in the shaft, would result from introduetion at the top of the shaft of gases hotter than the ignition temperature of 500-600°C.

Jan 1, 1979

By K. Blaski

his paper reports an investigation aimed at optimizing the compaction of granulated hard-metal powder for the production of cutting tool inserts. The optimal compaction is that which yields optimal shrinkage during sintering, i.e. minimum porosity in the sintered part. Extensive compaction tests on 23 different hard-metal powders have been carried out and have shown that the ideal ?green density? of a hard-metal compact, i.e. the density after compaction, increases linearly with the apparent density of the powder. On the basis of this result, an equation has been derived, which allows one to predict the optimal shrinkage that a hard-metal compact undergoes during sintering once the following data are known: the required sintered density, the volatile content of the powder and the apparent density of the powder. Since these data are available to the tooling designer, this equation allows one to design tooling for the compaction of hard-metal, which leads to optimal shrinkage

Jan 1, 2007

By Bruno Rodrigues Henriques

O entendimento, controle e otimização do rendimento de aço líquido, em uma aciaria LD, é uma tarefa complexa e desafiadora. Qualquer projeto que se disponha a otimizar o rendimento de aço líquido irá se deparar com enormes dificuldades técnicas e operacionais. A despeito de todas as dificuldades e em função da importância do rendimento de aço líquido, uma vez que o mesmo tem forte impacto no custo de produção, toda aciaria procura manter essa variável de processo sob estrito controle. Esse trabalho se propõe a mostrar todas as etapas da condução de um projeto, desenvolvido e implantado em 2014, que tinha como foco entender, controlar e otimizar o rendimento de aço liquido. Durante o desenvolvimento do projeto, foi encontrado um total de 19 desvios e foram implementadas 23 ações corretivas. O valor do rendimento, que antes do projeto estava em torno de 91,6%, evoluiu para uma média de 93,5% em 2015 e 2016. Esse aumento de 1,9%, em média, no valor do rendimento de aço líquido, proporcionou uma expressiva redução no custo de produção na aciaria.

Aug 17, 2017

By Amilton de Sousa Lins Junior

O presente trabalho faz parte de um amplo programa de pesquisas que envolvem o desenvolvimento de procedimentos de soldagem para componentes de sistemas de ancoragem de plataformas de petróleo. Particularmente, realiza-se um estudo das propriedades mecânicas de um metal de solda de alta resistência obtido pelo processo de soldagem GMAW para atendimento dos requisitos necessários para a soldagem de aços da classe IACS W22 Grau R4. Foram soldadas juntas multipasses pelo processo GMAW, com preaquecimento de 150°C, corrente contínua, posição plana e aporte térmico médio de 1,0 kJ/mm. Após a soldagem, realizaram-se ensaios mecânicos e metalográficos em corpos-de-prova retirados integralmente do metal de solda depositado, tanto na condição de como soldado quanto após tratamento térmico pós-soldagem a 600°C por 1 hora. Os resultados mostraram que foi possível obter propriedades mecânicas que atendem os requisitos de aços da classe Grau R4 em todas as condições analisadas. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que o tratamento térmico pós-soldagem propiciou uma melhoria na tenacidade ao impacto devido ao revenimento da microestrutura do metal de solda.

Aug 8, 2018

By A Parbhakar-Fox, B G. Lottermoser

Management of solid mine wastes, particularly waste rock, requires careful planning to reduce the likelihood of sulfide oxidation, and generation of acid rock drainage (ARD). Waste management strategies must focus on obtaining a thorough understanding of the environmental characteristics of future waste rock materials. In this study, a waste management strategy for characterising underground waste rock was developed at a polymetallic underground mine in western Tasmania to determine which materials were appropriate for surficial placement. The criteria for surficial placement set by the regulator were that materials had to be non-acid forming and non-metalliferous. A range of cost-effective field-based tools, mineralogical assessments and mineral chemistry techniques were used on a suite of representative drill core material to determine an appropriate waste management strategy. Ultimately, a modified geochemistry–mineralogy–texture–geometallurgy (GMTG) approach was designed, whereby geoenvironmental focused logging and simple prescreening tools such as paste pH and sulfur analyses were used at stage-one; routine acid base accounting and leachate tests at stage-two; and validation tools including X-ray diffractometry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) at stage-three. This approach should be considered for other mine sites at early and operational life-of-mine stages with similar deposit characteristics, to ensure correct screening and placement of potentially hazardous waste materials in suitable above-ground waste repositories or mined-out mine sections.CITATION:Parbhakar-Fox, A and Lottermoser, B G, 2017. Effectively linking mining geology with waste management – a case study from western Tasmania, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 117–126 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

By Phil Keele

Canadian Natural ??Business Approach Efficiency and Execution ?Drive to be the low cost producer ?Focus on exploitation ?Augment exploitation with strategic acquisitions ?Maintain Discipline and Strength while Delivering on the Defined Plan ?Maintain flexibility and control allocation of capital ?Strive for balance (asset portfolio) ?Maintain financial strength

May 1, 2010

By Kevin Landey, Eric Gerst

Expanding blast patterns to near the limit of an explosives’ ability to do the necessary amount of work is a common practice to reduce drilling and blasting costs. Choosing less expensive explosives such as ANFO vs. emulsion, bulk product versus packaged product, etc. are also common cost savers. Both practices are only effective as long as the pattern geometries are accurately drilled. However, will pushing the limits on pattern sizes and explosive products produce consistent results at the face, minimize oversize, produce superior fragmentation, and improve crusher throughput? Sometimes, but no amount of explosives can overcome a poorly drilled pattern. Knowing the probable outcome of any changes in drilling and blasting is valuable in achieving success.

Jan 1, 2018

By Guilherme Filipe de França Vieira

Os aços inoxidáveis ferríticos apresentam menor custo que os austeníticos, pois praticamente não possuem níquel em sua composição, e seu custo está diretamente ligado ao preço do níquel que possui alta volatilidade. Devido a sua capacidade de resistência à corrosão, estruturas são construídas a partir deste material e descartam a necessidade de revestimento contra corrosão. O trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar o comportamento mecânico da liga de aço inoxidável ferrítico, UNS S43932. Metalografia e dureza foram realizadas para caracterizar o material e sua microestrutura. Por meio de ensaios mecânicos de tração, no equipamento MTS 250 kN, analisando sete corpos de prova, obtiveram-se propriedades como: módulo de elasticidade, tensão de escoamento, tensão limite de resistência à tração, tensão de ruptura, alongamento, redução de área, coeficiente de resistência e expoente de encruamento, através da curva monotônica. Pode-se observar que as propriedades mecânicas identificadas estão coerentes com aquelas fornecidas pelo fabricante, o que validou os ensaios e possibilitou a adicional obtenção de propriedades mecânicas referentes ao comportamento da parcela plástica.

Aug 16, 2017

By Luis Velásquez

El shotcrete reforzado con fibras de acero es un conjunto discreto discontinuo de fibras de acero contenidas en el concreto, los cuales son proyectados neumáticamente a altas velocidades sobre una superficie. En este sentido, el presente texto describe la importancia de dicha materia prima -en tanto otorga resistencia a la rotura y es un esfuerzo estructural del shotcrete en las operaciones mineras. Al tiempo que reduce el empleo y tiempo de la mano de obra, así como contribuye la seguridad del personal minero.

Sep 14, 2009