Search Documents

By Abel Gastañaga Coll

El carbón es una sustancia fósil de origen vegetal, color negro y estado físico sólido que se encuentra en la corteza terrestre interestratificada entre rocas sedimentarias, de donde es extraída mediante técnicas de minado para su utilización principalmente como combustible, reductor y materia prima para la obtención de productos carboquímicos. Sin embargo, la energía solar "enterrada" deriva del proceso de la fotosíntesis, donde los vegetales del carbón, pueden sintetizar su propio alimento a partir de sustancias símples tales como el agua y el dióxido de carbono que son captadas del suelo y del aire, para transformarla en azúcar, que es una sustancia alimenticia constituida por un hidrato de carbono. En este sentido, el presente texto señala el uso del carbón como energía solar enterrada en el que se busca la generación de electricidad, la licuefacción y gasificación del carbón futuro para compensar el déficit de la disponibilidad del petróleo y el resurgimiento de la carboquímica. En cambio, los incrementos del empleo del carbón en la industria siderúrgica, continuarán con el actual ritmo moderado.

May 1, 1981

By Curtis D. Edgerton

Miami Oölite limestone is the only significant construction mineral in southeastern Florida. Its source area coincides with that of rapid urban expansion. Two-thirds of the existing resource is already unavailable because of development. Land-use conflicts place future availability of limestone in jeopardy. However, a sufficient limestone resource to meet demand for many years is present if its extraction is not restricted. Adverse environmental effects of quarrying Miami Oölite are not severe; land values often increase following quarrying. Future availability depends upon--(l) achieving uniformity of Federal, State, county, and municipality statutory requirements governing quarry operations; (2) setting aside specific land areas for future quarrying; and (3) cooperative planning to provide for land utilization upon completion of quarrying.

Jan 1, 1974

By Richard Rice

TURBO blowers for blast-furnace blowing have now been in use for some years, and a review of the experience gained and the present state of progress may be interesting. FIG. 1.-STEAM TURBINE DIRECT CONNECTED TO AIR COMPRESSOR. The first blast-furnace blowing engine of this type to be installed in America was built by the General Electric Co. and is installed at the oxford Furnace of the Empire Iron & Steel Co. This machine was put into operation March 8, 191.0. A duplicate unit is situated at the furnace of the Northern Iron Co. at Port Henry, N. Y., which unit was put into opera ion June 30, 1910 (Fig. 1).

Jan 5, 1914

By Roney Eduardo Lino, Loyslene Rabelo Fernandes, Gustavo Henrique Sousa, Athos Fernandes Araujo, Wallace Crisólogo Souza Gonçalves

Nos processos de refino dos aços, as ferroligas exercem um papel muito importante. E deve-se conhecer o comportamento do rendimento dessas ligas para que não sejam feitas adições desnecessárias que possam elevar os custos de produção ou até mesmo acarretar em perdas de corridas por composição química fora da faixa de especificação. Nesse trabalho foi utilizado o simulador de refino secundário do Steel University para avaliar o comportamento do rendimento das principais ferroligas em estação de rinsagem com banho metálico desoxidado ao alumínio e em banho não desoxidado. Foi possível avaliar que o comportamento do rendimento das ferroligas tende a ser mais positivo quando se é feita a desoxidação do banho metálico utilizando Alumínio briquetado. Com isso feito um comparativo do custo de produção que mostrou que, quando se conhece o comportamento dos rendimentos, é possível gerar economia para o processo.

Oct 1, 2019

By Mariana Sizenando Lyrio, Weslley Luiz da Silva Assis, Harison da Silva Ventura, Gabriella Maria Silveira de Sá, Paulo Rangel Rios

Nesse trabalho, simulações computacionais de transformações de fase são realizadas para analisar situações em que a nucleação e a velocidade de crescimento não são homogêneas no material. Os resultados foram comparados com modelos analíticos de Rios e Villa. A microestrutura e a cinética microestrutural das transformações são obtidas e analisadas para casos em que há um mesmo gradiente de velocidade e diferentes gradientes de núcleos. O principal resultado é que a cinética de transformação e a microestrutura são afetadas da mesma maneira para as diferentes quantidades de núcleos, embora o gradiente de velocidade seja o mesmo. Na microestrutura foi observado que na parte inferior os grãos são maiores enquanto que na parte superior os grãos são menores, como consequência da densidade de núcleos e da velocidade de crescimento. Todas as simulações computacionais apresentaram um bom acordo com os modelos analíticos.

Nov 4, 2019

By M. Schafer

The 20 foot diameter cast-in-place tunnel lining for Phase 3 of the Mill Creek Tunnel (MCT-3) has been completed. This paper will summarize aspects of liner design and address the construction approach in placing the liner in areas of tunnel that experienced crown overbreak. Tunnel lining production rates, installation procedures and form buoyancies experienced during concrete placement will also be presented.

Jan 1, 2008

By Evandro Armini de Pauli

Os aços inoxidáveis duplex apresentam propriedades superiores, quando comparados aos aços austeníticos e ferríticos, tornando-o bastante competitivo no mercado, inclusive na substituição dos aços AISI 316 e 316L. A soldabilidade dos aços duplex baixa liga, como o UNS S82441, não é tão boa quanto a dos austeníticos, exigindo um controle rígido da composição química do metal de solda e dos ciclos térmicos de soldagem, que afetam a fração volumétrica de austenita na junta soldada. O modo pelo qual o material é transferido no arco determina a estabilidade do processo e afeta fortemente a qualidade/geometria do cordão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o formato do cordão de juntas soldadas do UNS S82441 comparando-o com os tipos de formato de onda da corrente de soldagem. Foram utilizados os processos MIG/MAG convencional, pulsado e curto-circuito controlado na realização de cordões de solda em chapas de dimensões de 100x300x6,1 mm com material de adição de arame tubular de núcleo metálico segundo a norma AWS A5.22 e gás de proteção com 98%Ar + 2%CO2. O metal de base foi caracterizado macroestruturalmente. Nas juntas soldadas foram realizadas macrografias para obtenção das características geométricas. O ataque eletrolítico foi efetuado com ácido oxálico 10%. Os resultados mostraram que a maior penetração e largura do cordão ocorreram para o MIG/MAG pulsado. O valor para a penetração foi de 4,3 mm e da largura 11,2 mm.

Aug 8, 2018

By H. Rozovsky

"AbstractThis paper discusses the methods of handling air in a large asbestos mill presently being completed at the Jeffrey mine of the Canadian Johns-Manville Company in Asbestos, Quebec.The mill, being the largest single asbestos producer in the world and capable of handling over 14,000 tons of ore per day, requires vast quantities of air. A minimum of 2,500.000 c.f.m. is required or about 10 tons of air for each ton of ore milled.Short descriptions of the process and systems requiring this air are given, followed by details of the fans and filters which make up the heart of the mill.This 'draw through' system, located on the top or 12th floor, is an automatically .controlled volume-pressure system creating the required suction to draw .air throughout the mill building and its numerous air systems.The dry mechanical method of milling develops enormous quantities of airborne dust and fibre. A section of this paper is devoted to a description of the multiplicity of dust systems within a system to control, filter, and remove this dust.Finally, the paper describes the method of returning the filtered air to the• working floors or to the outside, with some notes on heat, humidity and dust counts.IntroductionGeneralTHE discussions in this paper deal only with operations where air movement is involved. No attempt is made to delve into production methods.The Jeffrey mine of the Canadian Johns-Manville Company, located about 100 miles east of Montreal, is the largest single asbestos producer in the world, being responsible for over half of Canadian asbestos fibre production."

Jan 1, 1955

By Don K. Smith

The Reclamation Program for the Northern Zone of the Indus Plains in West Pakistan involves the construction of 30,000 irrigation wells to serve 20 million acres with an annual pumpage of nearly 40 million acre-ft. Detailed hydrologic studies indicated that mild steel would be satisfactory for casing; however, within two years after construction, about 10% of the wells began to fail due to encrustation and corrosion of the casing. A search to find a noncor-rosive substitute for the steel casing disclosed that only fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe satisfied all requirements. The results of initial use of fiberglass have been highly satisfactory and have resulted in a lower over-all well cost. Advances in technology pomise further reduction in prices and improvement in performance. The northern zone of the Indus Basin comprises a vast area of essentially level land in West Pakistan which is irrigated by means of a complex system of canals that distribute more water to more land than any other irrigation system in the world. In spite of the development of this extensive irrigation system, production of food and fiber has not met the requirements of the country. The major reasons that crop production has not reached anticipated levels are the lack of adequate irrigation supplies and effective subsurface drainage. As a result, yields per acre are among the lowest in the world for areas where irrigation is practiced, and many thousands of acres of valuable crop land have been removed from production or seriously affected by salinity and waterlogging. To rectify the problems of irrigation supply and drainage the Government of Pakistan has undertaken a program of Salinity Control and Reclamation which is being administered by the Water and Power Development Authority. The Authority retained Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., of Denver, Colo., as engineers for the program in the northern zone of the Indus Basin. This program consists of the construction of about 30,000 irrigation wells to provide drainage for waterlogged lands and full irrigation supplies, including leaching requirements, for all cultivated lands. The program will ultimately ensure the productivity of 20 million acres and involve an annual pumpage from groundwater storage of nearly 40 million acre-ft of

Jan 1, 1970

By C T. Hollick

Conventional processing of heavy mineral deposits containing radioactive rare earth minerals such as monazite and xenotime may cause industrial hygiene problems through atmospheric dust and contamination of product concentrates. An alternative procedure has been developed in which such minerals are removed from bulk heavy mineral concentrates by flotation with little loss of other economic minerals. With fine ores, recoveries of over 95 per cent have been achieved and with coarse ores over 80 per cent, in both cases at high grade. Several flotation regimes have proven effective. The potential for generation of radioactive dust or product contamination is subsequent processing is correspondingly reduced.

Jan 1, 1990

By M. Kumral

A mining system consists of many sub-systems such as drilling, blasting, loading, hauling, ventilation, hoisting and supporting. During mining operation, these sub-systems may experience various problems that stop the operation because of possible environmental equipment and safety issues. In order to ensure delivery contracts in the required quality and safe mining medium, the operation should be, at least, performed in the specified reliability level of the system. If the system reliability decreases below the specified level, there will be safety and financial losses for the mining company. Therefore, the mine should be maintained by a reconstruction procedure to guarantee the operation continuity. Given that each sub-system has a different reliability function and maintenance cost, the determination of reconstruction time will be a complicated decision making problem. In this paper, the determination of reconstruction time is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem and solved by genetic algorithms (GA). A case study was conducted to demonstrate the performance of the approach for an underground operation. The results showed that the approach could be used to determine the best action time. Keywords: mining system; genetic algorithms; reconstruction time; reliability analysis

Jan 1, 2009

By K. Rainer Massarsch

In some parts of the world, vibrators are used extensively for different types of foundation engineering projects. If used correctly and in suitable soils then vibratory pile driving for example is very efficient. However, soil conditions and the installation procedure have great significance for the driving resistance and affect the bearing capacity of vibrated piles. Also the intensity of ground vibrations which are transmitted to the surrounding soil is affected by the vibration process. In spite of the increasing use of vibrators and the rapid development of vibrator technology, many aspects of pile-soil interaction are not yet understood. In order to asses the importance of factors, which govern pile installation (and extraction), it is necessary to consider the entire chain of vibration energy transmission from the vibration source to the pile, the interaction between the vibrating pile and the soil and the wave propagation in the subsoil, Fig. 1. [ ] Fig. 1. Transfer of vibration energy from the vibrator through the pile into the ground In the present paper, some important aspects of vibratory driving and their significance for pile installation and soil compaction will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1995

By Julio Roncal

La actividad minera es el motor de la economía en el país contribuyendo en más del 10% al producto bruto interno del Perú. En la zona sur del país se encuentra el corredor minero sur donde se ubican algunas empresas mineras siendo las principales Las Bambas, Antapaccay y Hudbay, en dicho corredor minero las empresas mineras han llevado a cabo una gran inversión social, pero la presencia de las mismas ha generado conflictos y protestas debido a las altas expectativas económicas de la población y la falta de presencia del Estado. En respuesta a esta situación, Hudbay actualizó y activó su Plan de Manejo de Crisis y Contingencias para proteger a las personas y los activos.

Sep 29, 2023

The latest outcome of science is that aII bodies are composed of vibrating atoms or molecules. In almost all mineral bodies when changing from the gaseous or liquid condition to the solid, if the vibrating molecules are allowed free play, they arrange themselves in a symmetrical manner, and at a definite angle to each other: This angle varies with each system of crystallization. In a great many bodies this process may be brought about artificially, and the growth of the crystal watched. The most common method is to dissolve some substance in water or some other liquid, on slowly evaporating the liquid, the substance dissolved will solidify and the molecules will arrange themselves in their particular crystalline form.The element carbon crystallizes in two forms; as graphite in the form of a short six-sided prism', and in the diamond generally as the octohedron in the cubical system of crystallization. Orystalline bodies, as a rule, have plain faces but what is remarkable in the diamond is that in a great many cases the faces are rounded. Its great beauty as a gem when cut, and the high artificial value placed upon it by fashion, as well as its value as a cutting and boring instrument-it being the hardest body in nature-has caused many attempts to be made to form it artificially. These attempts have met with fair success as a scientific experiment, but as a commercial speculation they have been a complete failure. The most noted of these experIments was carried out by Mr. Hannay, of Glasgow.Paraffin spirit with lithium was submitted td prolonged heating in strong wrought-iron tubes securely welded. In most of the experiments the tubes exploded; but in a few cases the experiments were successful, and on cutting open the tubes small crystals of diamonds were found embedded in a black mass.Despretz produced minute diamonds under the influence of a powerful electric current from coal.

By Michael E. Berndt

Asbestos first became an issue to Minnesota?s iron industry when it was revealed that mineral fibers similar to those in Reserve Mining?s tailings were being found in drinking water for several communities that used Lake Superior as their primary water source. This discovery turned what had largely been an environmental court battle into a case concerning public health. The courts listened to much conflicting and uncertain scientific testimony on the size and distribution of the mineral fibers and on the potential health effects imposed by them. In April 1974, the plant was ordered to shut down by a federal judge but the company quickly appealed the decision. The appeals court granted a stay and ultimately ruled that the plant?s closure could not be justified based on the unknown health effects of the mineral fibers since the consequences of such an action would have immediate and severe social and economic impacts. The plant was allowed to continue operation, but ordered to abate emissions to air around the plant and to switch to a land-based tailings disposal system. Much of the scientific uncertainty and public concern over mineral fibers in Minnesota?s taconite industry remain today. ©2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Minnesota; Iron ore; Taconite; Asbestos; Amphibole; Reserve Mining; Tailings; Mesabi Iron Range

Jan 1, 2007

By V. Rajaram

Rock reinforcement systems are used in open pit and underground mines to stabilize the rock mass in-situ and provide safe working conditions. Significant progress has been made to date in the design and implementation of rock reinforcement systems to accommodate bad rock conditions and larger excavations. However, the rationale for the design of rock reinforcement systems remains essentially the same and can be categorized into three groups, namely 1. to create a beam of competent rock in stratified formations, 2. to resist sliding motion in jointed rock, 3. to passively support the superincumbent loads in highly stressed ground. Case histories of the rock reinforcement sys¬tems that illustrate these design approaches will be presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 1983

By Eder Villarreal, Moisés Ortega, Heo Chul-Ho, Jorge Acosta, Carlos Salazar, Cynthia Yauli, Braulio Zorrilla

Los depósitos minerales del batolito Andahuaylas-Yauri se encuentran en la franja metalogenética de pórfidos y skarn Cu-Mo-Au del Eoceno-Oligoceno. Se puede reconocer un periodo de 16 millones de años de mineralización, donde la fuente de Cu-Mo-Au de Trapiche y Constancia proviene de la corteza superior, mientras que la de Cu-Au en Utupara y Cotabambas deriva de una mezcla de la corteza superior e inferior.

Dec 31, 2018

Jan 1, 1987

By André Luiz Vasconcellos da Costa e Silva

Aços inoxidáveis são empregados em várias indústrias. A resistência à corrosão é um fator crítico na sua seleção. A degradação da resistência à corrosão destes aços é influenciada pela precipitação de Cr23C6, que causa a sensitização e favorece outros mecanismos de corrosão. Muitos autores procuram modelar esta precipitação associando a precipitação às medidas de sensitização. Tais modelos dependem de uma premissa ligada ao nível de precipitação, ou de depleção do cromo na matriz, que resulta na sensitização em testes tecnológicos. Assim, são de difícil validação. Este trabalho apresenta resultados da cinética de precipitação de Cr23C6 através da teoria clássica de nucleação e crescimento (software PRISMA) e modelos de difusão (software DICTRA). Curvas TTT simuladas para M23C6 com PRISMA são comparadas com curvas experimentais. Mostra-se que a energia interfacial tem forte efeito na cinética de precipitação do M23C6. O crescimento foi também modelado com DICTRA e supôs que o carboneto cresce no centro de uma esfera. Em certas condições, o inverso do volume desta esfera estima a densidade de núcleos. Os resultados indicam que o valor da energia interfacial é crítico para a simulação e, portanto, para modelar a sensitização nestes aços.

Aug 7, 2018

By Spooner H. W

The paper describes the search for mineral deposits in an area of 4,500 sq. miles of south-west Tasmania. The area is one of difficult access and the problem of speedy movement and maintenance of field parties was solved by the use of helicopters. The programme has followed a systematic pattern of the aerial photography of the exploration area with the preparation of photQmosaics and topographical base sheets from these mosaics. Geological maps were initially prepared by photogeological interpretation and making use where possible of pre-existing information. The maps produced were later checked by ground traverses. Geophysical maps were obtained by the use of airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric methods. Geophysical and geological anomalies were checked on the ground by a campaign using ground geophysical equipment in the former case and geological and geochemical work in both instances. Audio Frequency Magnetic and Induced Polarization techniques were used in an area which was covered by several hundred feet of Tertiary sediments.The campaign has reached the stage of the drilling of specific targets.INTRODUCTIONThis paper describes the activities of Lyell-E.Z. Explorations (L.E.E.), an organization which was formed in 1956 by the Mt. Lyell Mining and Railway Co. Ltd. and the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia Ltd. to explore for mineral deposits in an area of approximately 4,500 sq. miles in southwest and southern Tasmania. To provide the necessary personnel and equipment for this project the exploration resources of both Companies were pooled and augmented and a headquarters was established in Queenstown. The work was directed by a Committee of four made up of officials from both Companies; a review of this structure has recently been presented by Hall (1959).

Jan 1, 1960