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By John Fritz

THE John Fritz Medal was presented to Ambrose Swasey of Cleveland, Ohio, in the Auditorium of the Engineering Societies Building, in New York, on April 23. Charles F. Rand, Chairman of the Board of Award, presided and, after speaking very briefly of Mr. Swasey, whose friend he has been for a great many years, ,introduced Gen. William Crozier, formerly Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army, who spoke most entertainingly of, Mr. Swasey's accomplishments in designing and manufacturing instruments of precision, particularly for the use of artillery in range finding: Dr. William Wallace Campbell, Director of the Lick Observatory, and President of the University of California, described Mr. Swasey's, contribution to astronomical advancement by his notable development of the largest telescopes in this country.

Jan 1, 1924

By Louis Moyd

In the preparation of illustrations to accompany reports of investigations concerning particle shapes of various natural and manufactured materials proposed for use as fine aggretates in concrete structures, it was found that stereoscopic views of such materials presented the information much more effectively than the usual two-dimensional photographs. With the whole-hearted cooperation of the Photographic Section, a technique was developed in the petrographic laboratory of the Concrete Research Division, U.S. Corps of Engineers, at Clinton, Miss., for simple and rapid preparation of paired stereoscopic photographs and micrographs. The method requires only equipment which is usually part of the general stock of any laboratory, and it is adaptable for all purposes in which three-dimensional views would be found superior to ordinary photographs.

Jan 1, 1949

By Orville R. Lyons

THE Russellton preparation plant of Republic Steel Corp., located north of Pittsburgh, Pa., prepares 3 1/2x0-in. Thick-Freeport coal by means of a 13-ft 6-in. diam Chance cone and 16 No. 7 Deister tables. The plant feed ranges between 370 and 410 tons per hr, of which approximately 31 pct is ¼x0-in. size, and the plant reject ranges between 14 and 16 pct of the feed. The 3½xY4-in. washed coal, the cone product, is dewatered and desanded by a double-deck Parrish-type shaking screen 46 ft long and 7 ft wide. The 1¼x¼-in. portion is further dewatered by two 4x12-ft single-deck vibrating screens. The ¼x0-in. washed coal from the tables is distributed to three 54x70 in. Bird centrifuges. The dewatered centrifuge product is combined with the product of the de-watering screens prior to loading into railroad cars. During the early part of 1951 complaints were received from officials at Republic's coke ovens concerning the moisture content of Russellton washed coal. The records revealed that during the first half of 1951 the shipped washed coal moisture averaged

Jan 1, 1954

Chester Wells Purington was killed at Yokohama on Sept. 1, 1923, in the Japanese earthquake. Mr. Purington was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 27, 1871. He prepared for his entrance to Harvard at the Boston Latin School and graduated from Harvard in the class of '93. He started out soon thereafter investigating gold deposits of the Appalachian system in the South and in 1895, made atrip to Alaska, investigating the gold deposits of that territory. The summer and fall of 1896 found him in the San Juan country of Colorado examining the gold and silver properties in the Telluride and Rico districts and in the La Plata Mountains. In the meantime, he had served on the economic staff of the U. S

Jan 1, 1924

By AIME AIME

FIFTY years ago William Bertolette Plank was born in Pennsylvania, in which state he was also educated, winding up with an E.M. from Penn State in 1909, at the age of 23. ' He remained there as instructor for a year, and then went with the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. as mining engineer for three years. During the next four years he was on the staff of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. In 1916 he turned to Government work, going to Pittsburgh as junior mining engineer for the U. S. Bureau of Mines. He became successively assistant mining engineer there, mining engineer at the Bureau's Urbana, Ill., station, and finally Mr. Plank was appointed district mining engineer for the Bureau at Birmingham, Alabama.

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

FRANK T. SISCO is a native of Lawrence, Kansas. He received his earlier education in Clinton, Iowa and his university training at the University of Illinois. His experience in the steel industry has included service in the chemical, testing, and metallurgical departments of the Illinois Steel Co., of South Chicago; the Hess Steel Corp., of Baltimore; the IJ. S. Naval Ordnance Plant at Charleston, W. Va.; and the American Steel and Wire Co., Waukegan, Ill. He severed for seven years as chief of the metallurgical laboratories of the U. S. Army Air Corps at Wright Field, Dayton, before coming to New York in 1930 to become metallurgist and editor of the Alloys of Iron Research, the position he now holds.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

JOHN ROY THOENEN, supervising engineer of the non-metal mining section of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, was one of the founding fathers of the Industrial Minerals Division. For the first three years of its existence, through 1937, he was its Secretary-Treasurer, and during 1938 serves as its Chairman. Jack was born in Ithaca, Mich., No\,. 8, 1886, attended high school at the Soo, and then spent a year and a half at Michigan State. Apparently this was when the mining bug bit him, for he set out for the Michigan College of Mines. After leaving Houghton in 1907 he tried the motion? picture business for a year and had he stuck to it might have been living in a Hollywood palace by now.

Jan 1, 1938

* A demonstration pipeline for transporting coal will be constructed by Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Co, at the Georgetown strip-mining operation near Cadiz, Ohio, The 12-in., 17,000-ft line, special crushing and preparation equipment, and pumps especially designed for the operation will cost about $550,000. A slurry of fine coal and water will be fed into the line and moved through it under pressure. * Sulphur resources in the U.S. are being rapidly exhausted with no new major deposits being found, This common mineral may become one of the most strategic items during the next five years. Recovery of sulphur from pyrites is being considered in case of an emergency. Already the British have adopted stringent measures to conserve sulphur supplies.

Jan 3, 1951

The Second Annual Safety First Dinner to the Liberty Bell Mine Crew was held on Apr. 7, 1916, in recognition of the second year without fatal accident and with few serious accidents. The address of the evening was given by the Rev. Edward Burns Martin, on "Safety and Citizenship," and was followed by informal talks on safety, health and citizenship.

Jan 6, 1916

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

1. Normal Class (6) Zircon Type 2. Hemimorphic Class (7) Iodusuccinimide Type 3. Pyramidal Class (8) Scheelite Type 4. Pyramidal- Hemimorphic Class (9) Wulfenite Type 5. Sphenoidal Class (10) Chalcopyrite Type 6. Trapezohedral Class (11) Nickel Sulphate Type 7. Tetartohedral Class (12) Mathematical Relations to the Tetragonal System THE TETRAGONAL SYSTEM includes all the forms which are referred to three axes at right angles to each other of which the two horizontal axes are equal to each other in length and interchangeable and the third, the vertical axis, is either shorter or longer. The horizontal axes are designated by the letter a; the vertical axis by c (see Fig. 166). The length of the vertical axis expresses properly the axial ratio of a : c, a being uniformly taken as equal to unity. The axes are orientated and their opposite ends designated by plus and minus signs exactly as in the case of the Isometric System. Seven classes are embraced in this system. Of these the normal class is common and important among minerals; two others have several representatives, and another a single one only. It may be noted that in four of the classes the vertical axis is an axis of tetragonal symmetry; in the remaining three it is an axis of binary symmetry only.

Jan 1, 1922

By R. S. Shoemaker, F. W. McQuiston

EMPEROR GOLD MINES Vatukoula, Fiji 1974 Operating Data to July 1 ORE DESCRIPTION: Ore bodies occur in basalt and associated ash beds overlain by andesite tuffs and sediments. The basalt in much of the ore mined is weathered with alteration of olivine to serpentine and iron oxides, and augite to chorite. The most important host minerals for gold are the tellurides sylvanite and hessite. Next in importance the sulphide s, pyrite, marcasite and arseno-pyrite. A small amount of free gold also occurs. Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, bornite, galena and native tellurium are present in small quantities. TYPE OF MINE: Underground and open pit ORE HAULAGE TO MILL: 3.5 ton bottom dump skips from underground. 7 ton trucks from open pit. CAPACITY IN TONS/24 HRS: 1345 short tons ASSAY HEADS (1973): 0.232 oz Au per ton, 0.357 oz Te per ton PRODUCTS: Gold Bullion (400 oz bars) Metallic Tellurium (1 2 lb bars ) RECOVERIES: AU 86.2% Te 88.0% ORE GRINDABILITY: 9.25 Kwh/T TOTAL POWER: 25.7 Kwh/T WATER: Pumped 112 mile to a 318, 000 gallon head tank. Consumption: 2 140 gal per ton, no reclaimed water used. TAILINGS: Pumped 2 /3 mile through 8" pipe. Uphill sections are steel. Downhill sections are fibro asbestos.

Jan 1, 1975

By N. R. Morrow, C. C. Harris

The experimental points which describe capillary pressure curves are determined at apparent equilibria which are observed after bydrodynamic flow has ceased. For most systems, the time required to obtain equalization of pressure throughout the discontinuous part of a phase is prohibitive. To permit experimental points to be described as equilibria, a model of capillary behavior is proposed where mass transfer is restricted to bulk fluid flow. Model capillary pressure curves follow if the path described by such points is independent of the rate at which the saturation was changed to attain a capillary pressure point. Aemodified suction potential technique is used to study cyclic relationships between capillary pressure and moisture content for a porous mass. The time taken to complete an experiment was greatly reduced by using small samples. INTRODUCTION Capillary retention of liquid by porous materials has been investigated in the fields of hydrology,l soil science,2 oil reservoir engineering,3 chemical engineering," soil mechanics,5 textiles: paper making: and building materials In studies of the immiscible displacement of one fluid by another within a porous bed, drainage columnsl and suction potential techniques2 have been used to obtain relationships between pressure deficiency and saturation (Fig. 1). Except where there is no hysteresis of contact angle and the solid is of simple geometry, such as a tube of uniform cross section, there is hysteresis in the relationship between capillary pressure and saturation.2 The relationship which has received most attention is displacement of fluid from an initially saturated bed (Fig. 1, Curve R2), the final condition being an irreducible minimum fluid saturation Swr. Imbibition (Fig. 1, Curve A), further desaturation (Fig. 1, Curve R), and intermediate scanning curves have been studied to a lesser but increasing extent.2 ,3,9-12 This paper first considers the nature of the experimental points tracing the capillary pressure curves with respect to the modes and rates of mass transfer which are operative during the course of measurement. There are clear indications that the experimental points which describe these curves are obtained at apparent equilibria which are observed when viscous fluid flow has ceased; and any further changes in the fluid distribution are the result of much slower mass transfer processes, such as diffusion. Unless stated otherwise, this discussion applies to a stable packing of equal, smooth, hydrophilic spheres supported by a suction plate5 with water as the wetting phase and air as the nonwetting phase. The discussion can also be applied, in many

Jan 1, 1966

By K. H. Coats, M. H. Terhune

Analysis and example applications have been performed to compare the accuracy and computing speed of alternating-direction explicit and implicit procedures (ADEP and ADIP) in numerical solution of reservoir fluid flow problems. ADIP yields significantly greater accuracy and requires about 60 per cent more computing time than ADEP, not 300 or 500 per cent more as reported elsewhere. l,2 INTRODUCTION Several recent papers 1-3 discuss an alternating-direction explicit difference approximation (ADEP) to the diffusion equation. Example applications of ADEP and ADIP4 were reported to support conclusions that ADEP is comparable in accuracy to ADIP and requires one-fifth to one-third the computing time of ADIP. Applications of ADEP in calculation of two-phase flow in reservoirs was also proposed. 3 This study was performed to compare further the relative merits of ADEP and ADIP in simulation of two-dimensional flow of one and two fluid phases in reservoirs. Since two-phase flow equations are often essentially elliptic rather than parabolic, the efficiency of ADEP in solving the elliptic equation was also examined.

Jan 1, 1967

By David B. Reger

Exploration for new pools of gas in the Oriskany sand and continued exploitation of areas already known to be productive in that sand were the main features of petroleum activity in West Virginia during 1938. To a considerable extent the exploration program resulted in failure, but the extension of former areas was eminently successful. Throughout the state, in general, less drilling was done than in 1937. According to the West Virginia Department of Mines, only 631 permits to drill were issued, as compared to 1034 in 1937. The account of operations, as reported by trade journals and other sources, shows that 766 wells were drilled, resulting in 131 oil wells with 1609 bbl. of daily production; 484 gas wells with 1,232,216,000 cu. ft. of daily open flow; and 151 dry holes. Several discoveries indicate new pools of oil and gas; and several extensions of old gas pools have been made. In spite of a decreased number of total wells, the figures for new gas and oil are both larger than in 1937. The new oil average is 12.3 bbl. per well per day; the gas average is 2,545,900 cu. ft. per well per day, the ratio of dry holes to completions is 19.71 per cent. No general attempt was made to discover new pools of oil. A continued low price, coupled with reduced takings, combined to make drilling unattractive. The principal oil wells completed, by counties are: Boone, 6; Calhoun, 10; Clay, 7; Gilmer, 5; Kanawha, 5; Lincoln, 7; Pleasants, 13; Ritchie, 32; Roane, 6; Tyler, 7; and Wirt, 14. Production for the year, according to the Oil and Gas Journal, was 3,724,750 barrels. The leading counties in gas, with the number of successful wells in each, are: Boone, 16; Braxton, 13; Cabell, 47; Calhoun, 29; Doddridge, 10; Gilmer, 55; Kanawha, 127; Lincoln, 18; Ritchie, 29; Wayne, 19; and Wetzel, 26. Production for the year is estimated as 150,000,000,000 cubic feet. Pipe-line construction, which was extensive in 1937, was insignificant in 1938. Exploration was not as active as in 1937. Field prices of both oil and gas have severely declined.

Jan 1, 1939

By David B. Reger

Exploration for new pools of gas in the Oriskany sand and continued exploitation of areas already known to be productive in that sand were the main features of petroleum activity in West Virginia during 1938. To a considerable extent the exploration program resulted in failure, but the extension of former areas was eminently successful. Throughout the state, in general, less drilling was done than in 1937. According to the West Virginia Department of Mines, only 631 permits to drill were issued, as compared to 1034 in 1937. The account of operations, as reported by trade journals and other sources, shows that 766 wells were drilled, resulting in 131 oil wells with 1609 bbl. of daily production; 484 gas wells with 1,232,216,000 cu. ft. of daily open flow; and 151 dry holes. Several discoveries indicate new pools of oil and gas; and several extensions of old gas pools have been made. In spite of a decreased number of total wells, the figures for new gas and oil are both larger than in 1937. The new oil average is 12.3 bbl. per well per day; the gas average is 2,545,900 cu. ft. per well per day, the ratio of dry holes to completions is 19.71 per cent. No general attempt was made to discover new pools of oil. A continued low price, coupled with reduced takings, combined to make drilling unattractive. The principal oil wells completed, by counties are: Boone, 6; Calhoun, 10; Clay, 7; Gilmer, 5; Kanawha, 5; Lincoln, 7; Pleasants, 13; Ritchie, 32; Roane, 6; Tyler, 7; and Wirt, 14. Production for the year, according to the Oil and Gas Journal, was 3,724,750 barrels. The leading counties in gas, with the number of successful wells in each, are: Boone, 16; Braxton, 13; Cabell, 47; Calhoun, 29; Doddridge, 10; Gilmer, 55; Kanawha, 127; Lincoln, 18; Ritchie, 29; Wayne, 19; and Wetzel, 26. Production for the year is estimated as 150,000,000,000 cubic feet. Pipe-line construction, which was extensive in 1937, was insignificant in 1938. Exploration was not as active as in 1937. Field prices of both oil and gas have severely declined.

Jan 1, 1939

By Albert D. Brokaw

THE accompanying chart was devised to provide a rapid and simple method of correcting for temperature and compressibility (deviation from Boyle's law) of gas under relatively high pressures and temperatures, such as are encountered in many deep reservoirs. The chart was prepared by interpolating for the desired values in the experimental data of Burke and Keyes1 and Kvalnes and Gaddy2 on the compressibility of methane, after adjusting their results from 0°C. to 60°F. and combining the correction factors for compressibility and temperature into a single multiplier, which, applied to the product of pressure and reservoir volume, gives at once the volume at one atmosphere (14.7 lb. per sq. in. abs.) and 60°F. The relationship 0f this multiplier to the compressibility factor Z, as used in most discussions, is simply: [Multiplier = 460° + 60°ZT –] where Z is the compressibility factor and T the absolute temperature (Rankine). Fahrenheit temperatures are shown on the vertical axis and pressures in pounds per square inch absolute on the horizontal axis. Correction factors or multipliers at intervals of 0.05 from 0.55 to 1.40 have been plotted on the chart and are calculated t0 give volume of gas at one atmosphere pressure (14.7 lb.) and 60°F. The operation is as follows: The reservoir volume, times the number of atmospheres pressure, times the multiplier, gives the volume of gas measured at one atmosphere (14.7 lb. per sq. in.) and 60°F. For example, a reservoir is estimated to have a volume of 10,000,000 cu. ft., bottom-hole pressure is 2940 lb. per sq. in. and temperature is 184°F To make the correction for methane, follow the 184° line horizontally to the 2940-lb. pressure line. The intersection lies between the 0.85 and 0.90 correction lines, and by interpolation we may estimate the multiplier at 0.863. The computation is simply: [ ] Using the chart for methane prepared by Prof. G. G. Brown3 and his associates, the multiplier is found to be 0.867. Details 0f computation are as follows: Correction factor to apply to PV to correct for deviation from Boyle's law and adjust to measurement basis of 60°F.: [ ]

Jan 1, 1941

By T. C. M. Pillay, John Chipman

The Si-0 equilibrium in liquid iron was investigated in some detail by Gokcen and Chipman1 who reported equilibrium constants of the following reactions: In each case the thermodynamic equilibrium constant K was obtained by extrapolating K' to infinite dilution. Their results on reaction [I] were consistent with those of earlier observers, and there seems to be little doubt as to the approximate validity of the equilibrium product determined. On the other hand, the results on reactions [2] and [3] indicated unusual curvilinear relationships between the activity coefficients of silicon and of oxygen and the silicon concentration. Since a linear relation is observed in all other similar instances, it was concluded that some source of error had affected the gas-metal equilibrium relationships. Recently the authors undertook a restudy of these equilibria with the view especially to establishing the equilibrium constant of reaction [2]. Their experiments, however, were discontinued before a tbroughly satisfactory answer had been obtained and consequently have remained unpublished until the present time. Quite recently Matoba, Gunji, and Kuwana2 published the results of a very thorough study of these equilibria. It is the purpose of the present note to Compare these three sets of experimental data, a comparison which leads to Confirmation of the results of Matoba and coworkers. The experimental arrangements described by Dutilloy and Chipman were employed. A controlled mixture of Hz, H,0, and argon was led into the induction furnace over the surface of the Fe-Si melt contained in a silica crucible. On account of the slow approach to equilibrium, runs were continued for at least 8 hr and, in some cases, as much as 12 hr. Samples were taken by means of silica tubes at the start and during the final 4-hr period of each run. Out of twelve runs only seven appeared to have approached equilibrium with sufficient certainty to be reported here. The results of these experiments, all at 1600°c, are shown by the triangles in Fig. 1. Equilibrium was approached from both oxidizing and reducing conditions and the direction of approach is indicated by the shape of the triangle. Attempts to extend the study to higher silicon concentrations were unsuccessful on account of the transfer of silica from the metal bath to the upper portions of the crucible by means of a silicon-monoxide mechanism. Matoba, Gunji, and Kuwana used similar methods and approached equilibrium from both sides. Their results at three temperatures are shown by the solid lines of Fig. 1. A line corresponding to 1600 deg is interpolated from their equations and is shown by the dotted line. The results of Gokcen and Chipman at 1600 deg in the range 0.02 to 2.0 pct Si are also shown. At concentrations up to about 0.6 pct Si, these investigators approached equilibrium from both directions, and their results in this range appear to be trustworthy. Above 1 pct Si, however, all of their experiments involved oxidation only, as shown by a decrease in the silicon content of the bath. It now seems certain that they failed to reach equilibrium at these higher silicon concentrations and that the curvilinear relation shown by their results is incorrect. It is evident that their results in the lower silicon range are in good agreement with those of Matoba and coworkers. In fact, a straight line drawn through their results would parallel the dotted line and would differ from it by only 0.05 in log K. The new data also lie close to that line. It may thus be concluded that the three sets of data are in good agreement and that the equations proposed by Matoba and coworkers for reaction [2] are satisfactory . They take the limiting value of log K', at 0 pct Si as log K ,. The slope of each line gives the value

Jan 1, 1962

By R. J. Stokes

S. Floreen (international Nickel Co.)— One fairly simple way to differentiate between em brittle me nt due to surface microcracks or due to a dislocation barrier effect might be to load a brittle rock salt crystal in tension to some stress just below the fracture stress and then immerse the loaded crystal in water. If a surface film is retarding plastic flow then one should observe some plastic deformation of the rock salt as

Jan 1, 1962

By N. A. D. Parlee, I. D. Shah, W. C. Phelps

THIS note reports on a continuation of a program on the thermodynamics of Fe-S-X systems in the "steel-burning" temperature range begun by Bock, Barloga, and parlee.' Small coils of 0.039-in.-diameter pure iron (Ferrovac-E) wire were equilibrated with Fe-S-0 melts in ingot iron crucibles under argon at 1324°C in the assembly shown in Fig. 1, the lower part of which was heated in a large Globar furnace. Fig. 1 shows (R) the coiled iron wire sample, (M) the Fe-S-0 melt prepared from desired proportions of ferrous sulfide and ferric oxide, (K) the iron crucible, (I) a mullite guide tube, (J) an alumina crucible, (L) alundum sand, (N) crushed mullite, (Q) hollow cylinders of K30 brick, (C) a steel rod, (B), (El, (F), (G), (P), and (O), details of brass water-cooled head, and (H) a mullite tube 2-3/4 in. ID and 26 in. long. The rod (C) bearing the sample could be removed at will and be replaced by a tube for sampling the melt, or by a thermocouple for comparing the melt temperature with a control thermocouple not far from the 2-3/4-in. mullite tube. After equilibration the iron coils were treated with acid to remove the outer layer of metal and then they were analyzed for sulfur by a standard combustion method. The melt samples were analyzed for oxygen by a variation of Lander's2 hydrogen-reduction method for mattes, and for sulfur by the ASTM combustion-iodometric method NO. E 30-47. When the results of some forty-two runs were examined it was found that the sulfur and oxygen contents of the equilibrated melts showed good consistency, in that the plotted compositions fell along the smooth curve shown in Fig. 2. The points on this curve represent the experimental compositions of melts in equilibrium with ?-iron (Fe-S-0) solid solutions. These solid solutions are saturated with sulfur and oxygen with respect to the melt and therefore have the same sulfur and oxygen activities as the melt. The curve drawn through the points therefore delineates the ? liquidus. It falls in such a position as to roughly confirm the liquidus curves of Hilty and crafts3 at 1200" and 1300°C which are

Jan 1, 1965

By R. J. Wensley

THE use of small substations for the supplying of 275-volt energy to the locomotive and cutting machines in coal mines is a well-established practice. A few years ago, when labor costs were lower, these substations were located as near to the load as possible, and an operator was provided for each station. This practice has now become so expensive that substations are being located with reference to other mining machinery, such as hoists or pumps, so that one operator can look after both. Some-times the substation is operated by one whose duties make him traverse quite a large area. In such cases the interruption of alternating-current supply may produce a long interruption in the direct current, as the station cannot resume service until this man reaches it. Such interruptions interfere seriously with production and may easily counterbalance the supposed saving gained by such operating methods. The grouping of substations for convenience in operating may also result in excessive copper loss and consequently poor trolley voltage, with its attendant evils of low locomotive speeds and increased locomotive motor maintenance. The speed of the coal-cutting machines will also be reduced. By relieving the substation of its, burden of the operating labor cost, the most economical location, from an electrical standpoint, may be chosen. The matter of machine insurance should also be considered. If an attendant is caring for several kinds of equipment, he cannot watch the machine continually for signs of trouble; therefore, continued overload, phase failure, low alternating-current voltage, bearing trouble, etc. may result. Some partly automatic equipments have been installed; these have protection against low voltage, reverse current, and bearing trouble and are provided with automatic reclosing circuit breakers. This is a step in the right direction but it does not go far enough to give first-class machine insurance.

Jan 9, 1921