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By ELLSIVOKTH DAGGETT

THE Berlin gold quartz mine is situated in Nye county, Nevada, on the west flank of the Shoshone range, about 40 miles south and 30 miles west from the town of Austin, the county-seat of Lander county. The distance from Austin is about 60 miles by stage-road. The outcrop of the vein, at the top of the incline-shaft, is situated just at the base of the mountain proper, almost exactly at the intersection of the mountain-side with the gravelly bench that slopes for about three-quarters of a mile to the flatter sage-brush plain, or desert valley, below. The -vein itself consists almost entirely of quartz, with perhaps 2 per cent. of sulphide of iron, copper, lead, zinc and antimony, and perhaps a trace of some of the compounds of tellurium with gold and silver, although none of the latter have been as yet positively identified. The relative proportion, by weight, of silver and gold in the ores, varies in different parts of the vein, from 12 silver for 1 of gold, to 7 silver for 1 of gold. The quartz vein-filling is usually frozen fast to the walls, and is very hard and compact, seldom showing the friable, fissured, or shelly structure often to be found in quartz veins. Comparatively little evidence of relative motion of one wall of the vein upon the other is to be found-a fact indicating that during the formation of the vein, and prior to the extensive movements herein described, little disturbance had taken place. No evidence whatever of metasomatic origin has been observed. On the other hand, occasional occurrences of comby structure, in which the axes of the quartz crystals are at right angles to the plane of the vein, rather indicate deposition from solution in a pre-existing fissure. Spurs, or branches, and small parallel veins, while not en-\

Mar 1, 1907

By Nico Van Wingen

Experiments performed with distilled water, unconsolidated sand and dead oil for the purpose of determining the influence of oil flow on the water content of sands were described. While results found are not necessarily, therefore, identical with those that would be obtained under natural petroleum reservoir conditions, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. When oil under constant head is flowed through an unconsolidated sand, the amount of water retained in the core is inversely proportional to the specific permeability of the core. This corroborates the view that the degree to which oil displaces water out of the pore space is limited by the size of the pores. 2. For the range investigated, the displacing action of a more viscous oil of higher specific gravity was found to be the same as a less viscous oil, or lower specific gravity. 3. The amount of interstitial water retained in the sand bears an inverse relationship to the pressure head of the displacing liquid. 4. The degree of retained water saturation of the sand appears to approach 100 per cent as the specific permeability approaches zero. 5. For the higher values of specific permeability and for the pressure range investigated the remaining amount of water in the sand occupies approximately 10 per cent of the pore space. This, together with the fact that the limiting oil velocity curve approaches approximately 10 per cent water saturation as an asymptote, indicates that beyond this point removal of water is achieved only by a stripping of the grains requiring considerable pressure drops across the sands; or by a balancing of the molecular forces. 6. As the water saturation of the sand exceeds approximately 15 per cent of the pore volume, the permeability of the sand to oil decreases rapidly. 7. Sands with water saturations as high as 40 per cent were found to produce 100 per cent oil.

Jan 1, 1939

By J. Th. Erb

The total crude oil production of these islands, which in 1928 amounted to nearly 5,000,000 metric tons—about 36,500,000 bb1.—has again increased in 1929. The figures for 1929 are as follows: Metric ToNs† North Sumatra........................................ 369,930 South Sumatra........................................ 1,236,510 Java and Ceram....................................... 678,787 Dutch Borneo (including Tarakan)....................... 2,793,326 Sarawak.............................................. 759,700 Total............................................... 5,838.253 †1 metric tor1 = 7.36 bbl. on the average. This production, as far as the Dutch Islands are concerned, is owned partly by the Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, the producing subsidiary of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Concern, and partly by the Kolon-isle Petroleum Maatschappij (Standard Oil Co. of N. J.), while that of the British Protectorate Sarawak belongs to the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co., Ltd., of London. The increase in 1929 is due partly to more intensive drilling; the rotary system, which enables drilling to be done more quickly and to greater depths than was possible with the percussion system, has come into more general use. Further, considerable extensions have been made to some of the existing fields and several new pools have been discovered, which contributed in no small degree to the increase in production. Of particular interest is the fact that the ('Niam" (Nederlandsche Indische Aardolie Maatschappij), in which the Dutch Government has a large share and which company in 1928 was producing from only two fields in South Sumatra, has discovered a pool in North Sumatra and, moreover, has struck oil on the island of Poeloe Boenjoe near Tarakan (Eastern Borneo). The deepest well still drilling is in one of the fields of the "Niam" and has reached a depth of 2269 meters (7445 feet). Notwithstanding the tropical c1imate and the dense jungle in which most of the fields are situated, the most modern scientific methods are applied in exploration, in drilling, producing and refining.

Jan 1, 1930

By T. J. Woodside

A. E. LEE*—One question of the flue leading to the tube coolers. What gas velocity is maintained to prevent settling of the finely divided fume ? T. J. WOODSIDE (author's reply)— 30 fps. Of course some fume settles out, but is immediately carried away by the screw conveyors. H. R. BIANCO —How effective are the soot blowers ? Do you have to use any hand lancing? T. J. WOODSIDE Only one point, which is right at the top of the economizer and which the soot blowers do not reach, we occasionally hand lance. But everywhere else the soot blowers have been very effective and no hand lancing has been done. L. V. DAVIDSON*—Do you have considerable variation in the lead content of the fume collected if the lead is higher, and is there greater tendency for the fume to stick on the boiler tubes ? T. J. WOODSIDE—There is very little variation in the lead content. From 5 to 7 pct is the widest range variation we have had and we have noticed no difference in the behavior of the fume. C. R. KUZELL—Mr. Woodside has been quite generous with data pertaining to metal and fuel economics. I think he stated that the coal consumption of the furnace was 21/10 21/10 for a pound of zinc recovered. I take it that that is the gross coal input to the furnace. I wonder what the net fuel consumption in terms of coal might be after crediting the fuel equivalent of the waste heat steam recovered? T. J. WOODSIDE—The fuel value of the waste heat steam is approximately 42 pct of the heat input to the furnace. A very large part of the heat, of course, goes out in jacket water—44 pct. A. D. TERRELL*—I would like to know how much lead is in the deleaded material. T. J. WOODSIDE—It is a little less than 2 pct now.

Jan 1, 1950

By Nico Van Wingen

Experiments performed with distilled water, unconsolidated sand and dead oil for the purpose of determining the influence of oil flow on the water content of sands were described. While results found are not necessarily, therefore, identical with those that would be obtained under natural petroleum reservoir conditions, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. When oil under constant head is flowed through an unconsolidated sand, the amount of water retained in the core is inversely proportional to the specific permeability of the core. This corroborates the view that the degree to which oil displaces water out of the pore space is limited by the size of the pores. 2. For the range investigated, the displacing action of a more viscous oil of higher specific gravity was found to be the same as a less viscous oil, or lower specific gravity. 3. The amount of interstitial water retained in the sand bears an inverse relationship to the pressure head of the displacing liquid. 4. The degree of retained water saturation of the sand appears to approach 100 per cent as the specific permeability approaches zero. 5. For the higher values of specific permeability and for the pressure range investigated the remaining amount of water in the sand occupies approximately 10 per cent of the pore space. This, together with the fact that the limiting oil velocity curve approaches approximately 10 per cent water saturation as an asymptote, indicates that beyond this point removal of water is achieved only by a stripping of the grains requiring considerable pressure drops across the sands; or by a balancing of the molecular forces. 6. As the water saturation of the sand exceeds approximately 15 per cent of the pore volume, the permeability of the sand to oil decreases rapidly. 7. Sands with water saturations as high as 40 per cent were found to produce 100 per cent oil.

Jan 1, 1939

By Benjamin Gildersleeve

Uniquely colored, thin-bedded quartzite is quarried between Crossville and Crab Orchard in Cumberland County, Tenn. It is produced in all sizes up to the limits of transportation from beds usually ranging in thickness from less than Vi in. to 6 in. The stone is very resistant to wear and weathering and is marketed throughout the country for many different purposes in exterior and interior construction. The annual production exceeds 36,000 tons, valued at nearly $1,000,000. THE building stone of the Crab Orchard District is a fine-grained, thin-bedded sandstone which is so strongly cemented by silica that it may be classed as quartzite. As used in this paper the term building stone includes dimension stone, rubble, ashlar, flagstone, and rough broken stone. The Crab Orchard District is in the central portion of Cumberland County, Tenn. It is named from the town of Crab Orchard near which the stone was quarried first for industrial use. The heart of the district is an area of some 1200 acres from 1 to 3 miles east of Crossville which is 70 miles west of . Knoxville and 125 miles east of Nashville (fig. 1). At the present time, there are about 15 quarries worked by companies and individuals. Geology: The Crab Orchard District is on the Cumberland Plateau, or Cumberland Mountain as it is called frequently. Most of the area is characterized by a comparatively even surface from 1800 to 2000 ft in elevation and is drained by streams flowing into the Tennessee River. Included in the district are two quarries located 7 miles west of Cross-ville and this area is drained by tributaries of the Cumberland River. Most of the quarries are located near the 1800-ft contour which is just below the general upland surface. The surface rock over most of the district is the Rockcastle sandstone which has a thickness of about 260 ft.1 It is the topmost of the six formations of

Jan 1, 1951

By C. M. Myrick

The following notes are submitted in the belief that they may interest some of the many owners of mall water-power plants, so generally used in mining-work throughout the West. A small and somewhat primitive quartz-mill was taken over by a leasing company, and a 10-stamp battery was installed. Originally, power had been furnished by a Pelton wheel; but, since the supply of water depended on the rate at which snow was melting 011 the mountains, a steam-plant had been added to help out during cold spells. This auxiliary plant was antiquated and expensive to operate, and, soon after starting up the remodeled mill, it broke down completely; so that it became neceseary to get all the power possible out of the Pelton wheel, with its ever-varying water-supply. The pipe-line, about a quarter of a mile long, was made up of assorted sizes, from 7 to 11 in. in, diameter; and, since it was buried deep under snow, there were no data from which to calculate the theoretical size of the nozzle. The stream being at this time at a low stage, it was important to make the most efficient use of the available water. This was done by using a nozzle large enough to pass the whole supply—taking care, however, to limit the size so as not to lower the water-level in the tank at the head of the pipe-line. As the weather became warmer, the nozzles were gradually enlarged to meet the increasing volume of water; but a point was finally reached where further enlargement only gave decreased power. Evidently the loss from friction had more than balanced the gain from the increased flow through the pipe. However, the area of nozzle that developed the maximum power from the pipe-line had been found. This was used; and the surplus water was allowed to run to waste at the head of the line.

Jan 1, 1913

State of Indiana, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology, Indianapolis, Ind. W. N Logan, State Geologist A list of the publications will be sent upon request. A series of yearly reports have been issued, with a few early exceptions, since 1869, up to and including the 41st (1916) Five of these are issued free, 18 are out of print, and the rest may be obtained at a quoted price. Beginning in 1917, the administrative reports of the State Geologist have been published in the Indiana Year Book. In 1919, the Department of Geology and Natural Resources became the Division of Geology in the Department of Conservation and separates of later reports in the Year Book are available, as follows. 3rd Report (1921), Gold in Indiana, 4th (1922), The New Albany shale, peat deposits of Indiana; 5th (1923), Petroleum conserva¬tion, 6th (1924), Conservation of natural gas; 7th (1925), Coal losses of Indiana, 10th (1928), Geological conditions in the Siosi oil field, 11th (1929), The mineral fuel resources of Indiana, 12th (1930), Oil and gas developments in 1930. (Titles of lesser interest are omitted ) The following Special Reports have been printed as publications of the Department of Conservation: Special Report 6, Kaolin of Indiana (1919), free; 21, Handbook of Indiana geology (1922), $5 to nonresidents and $3 to residents, 42, Geologic conditions in the oil fields of southwestern Indiana (1924), 75 cents to non-residents and 50 cents to residents; 55, Geology of the deep wells of Indiana (1926), $1; 75, Geology of the Silurian rocks of northern Indiana (1928), $1, cloth bound, 8125, 78, Indiana oolitic limestone map of Monroe-Owens counties (1928), $1, 79, Indiana oohtic limestone map of Lawrence County (1928), $1; 90, The geologic history of the vertebrates of Indiana (1929), $1, cloth bound, $125, 91, The ceramic materials of Indiana (1929), free, 98, The Borden (Knobstone) rocks of southern Indiana (1931), $1 25, cloth bound, $150, 101, Insoluble residue studies of Mississippian limestones in Indiana (1931), 25 cents

Jan 1, 1933

By Eckley B. Coxe

I wish to call the attention of the Institute to a peculiar variety of anthracite which occurs in the Buck Mountain vein at our collieries at Drifton, and in the same and other veins in different localities in the anthracite coal-fields. It is known among the workmen as iron-gray or cast-iron. It has a dull, greasy appearance, as if a piece of ordinary anthracite had been rubbed with a dirty and greasy rag and allowed to dry. It was formerly considered a very impure coal containing a high percentage of ash, and was picked out of the coal and thrown away. But the following analysis of it and of its ash, made by Mr. J. Blodget Britton, of Philadelphia, shows that such is not the case, the percentage of ash not being much higher than that of the ordinary anthracites as they are prepared for market. ANALYSIS OF COAL. Water,.........4.36 Fixed carbon, by difference,.. 84.90 Volatile combustible matter,. . 3 48 Ash,..........7.26 100.00 The carbon proved to some extent to be of the nature of graphite, and slowly combustible. ANALYSIS OF ASH. Silica,.........25.66 Sulphur,........ .17 Alumina,........27.03 Phosphoric acid,.......21 Ferric oxide,.......42.83 Alkali, undetermined matter and Lime,.........1.56 loss,.........60 Magnesia,........1.83 Manganous oxide,......11 100.00 We recently collected a quantity of the substance and made a fire with it, in an ordinary stove, which was kept up several days. We found that it burned with intense heat, and apparently as freely as our other coal does. Mr. Britton is probably right in his view, that the difference in appearance is not due to impurities in the coal, but to the fact that the carbon is in a more or less graphitic form, as many of the standard coals are no purer. I bring this before the Institute as I know that a large quantity of this valuable fuel is thrown away every year, on account of its supposed impurities.

Jan 1, 1879

Foreword—H. Foster Bain........................ 7 Officers and Committees......................... 9 PAPERS Growth of Metallic Crystals. By C. H. Desch...............13 Aluminum Castings of High Strength. By R. S. Archer and Zay .Teffries (With Discussion).............................35 Constitution of Alloys of Aluminum, Zinc and Tin and Aluminum, Zinc and Cadmium. By V. Jares.......................65 Exudations on Brass and Bronze. By W. B. Price and A. J. Phillips (With Discussion)..................•..........80 Preparation of Metallic Single Crystals and Twinning in Zinc and Zinc Single Crystals. By 0. E. Romig (With Discussion).............90 Plastic Deformation of a Zinc Single Crystal. By S. L. Hoyt (With Discussion) 116 Plastic Deformation of Coarse-grained Zinc. By C. H. Mathewson and A. J. Phillips (With Discussion)......................143 The Solidus Line in the Lead-antimony System. By E. E. Schumacher and F. C. Nix (With Discussion)........................195 Note on the Distribution of Energy in Worked Metals and the Effect of Process Annealing Temperature on the Final Annealing Temperature of Fine Copper Wire. By L. Zickrick and R. S. Dean (With Discussion)........207 Note on the Relation of Annealing Temperature to Conductivity of Copper Wire. Ry J. C. Bradley (With Discussion)..................210 Beryllium-copper Alloys. By W. H. Bassett (With Discussion)........218 Some Comparative Properties of Tough Pitch and Phosphorized Copper. By W. R. Webster, J. L. Christie and R. S. Pratt (With Discussion).....233 A Study of the 470" C. Transition Point in Cast 60:40 Brass. By Frances Hurd Clark (With Discussion).......................253 Strldy of the Heat Treatment, Microstructure and Hardness of 60:40 Brass. By Frances Hurd Clark (With Discussion)...............276 Corrosion and Physical Properties of Some Alloys of Aluminurn, Zinc and Tin. By N. 0. Taylor (With Discussion)..................302 Equilibrium Relations in Al-Mn Alloys of High Purity. By E. H. Dix, Jr., and W. D. Iieith (With Discussion)....................315 Deformation of an Aluminum Alloy by a Constant Load. By C. B. Sadtler and J. L. Gregg (With Discussion)....................336 Still Casting of Metals. By P. H. G. Durville (With Discussion).......343

Jan 1, 1927

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NEW YORK SECTION - The annual meeting of the New York Section was held at the Machinery Club, May 7. While the dinner, at which fifty attended, was in progress, the names of the nominees for next year's officers were posted. The result of the election was as follows: Chairman, E. P. Mathewson; vice-chairmen, William Y. Westervelt, R. M. Atwater, Jr.; treasurer, Wilber Judson; executive committeemen, Lucius W. Mayer, Edwin S. Berry. The subject for the evening was "Organization and Campaign in France of the 27th Engineers." Colonel O. B. Perry described the many difficulties surmounted, for it was necessary to work with untrained men ALLEN H. ROGERS WALTER S. DICKSON CHAIRMAN OF NEW YORK SECTION SECRETARY OF NEW YORK SECTION and shortage in supplies. He described the unusually fine character and physique of his officers, which made it possible to make the untrained men most efficient. He described in some detail the work of building bridges over the Meuse River and the bringing up of supplies to the first army base, in particular at the Argonne-Meuse sector; General Pershing gave a personal commendation of the work undertaken by this regiment. The Colonel described the methods of operating the transportation of ammunition and supplies to the "army dumps," by which at the time of signing the armistice there had been brought up 600,000 tons of equipment for use in the projected campaigns. An interesting item was that 3,600,000 sand bags had been provided, in case the Germans should be able to turn the line of the American troops. Captain Edwin S. Berry described the methods of sending materials to the front lines and gave figures to indicate the huge quantities required, adding that the order of preference was troops, ammunition, food, and engineers' supplies. The speakers then answered several questions given by the members present. WALTER S. DICKSON, Secretary.

Jan 6, 1919

By Benjamin Gildersleeve

Uniquely colored, thin-bedded quartzite is quarried between Crossville and Crab Orchard in Cumberland County, Tenn. It is produced in all sizes up to the limits of transportation from beds usually ranging in thickness from less than Vi in. to 6 in. The stone is very resistant to wear and weathering and is marketed throughout the country for many different purposes in exterior and interior construction. The annual production exceeds 36,000 tons, valued at nearly $1,000,000. THE building stone of the Crab Orchard District is a fine-grained, thin-bedded sandstone which is so strongly cemented by silica that it may be classed as quartzite. As used in this paper the term building stone includes dimension stone, rubble, ashlar, flagstone, and rough broken stone. The Crab Orchard District is in the central portion of Cumberland County, Tenn. It is named from the town of Crab Orchard near which the stone was quarried first for industrial use. The heart of the district is an area of some 1200 acres from 1 to 3 miles east of Crossville which is 70 miles west of . Knoxville and 125 miles east of Nashville (fig. 1). At the present time, there are about 15 quarries worked by companies and individuals. Geology: The Crab Orchard District is on the Cumberland Plateau, or Cumberland Mountain as it is called frequently. Most of the area is characterized by a comparatively even surface from 1800 to 2000 ft in elevation and is drained by streams flowing into the Tennessee River. Included in the district are two quarries located 7 miles west of Cross-ville and this area is drained by tributaries of the Cumberland River. Most of the quarries are located near the 1800-ft contour which is just below the general upland surface. The surface rock over most of the district is the Rockcastle sandstone which has a thickness of about 260 ft.1 It is the topmost of the six formations of

Jan 1, 1951

Bill S.1431 for the creation of a Department of Natural Resources has received a propitious hearing before the Senate Committee on Government Operations. Interior Secretary Rogers C. B. Morton was one of the prominent witnesses who testified in favor. The department had been proposed, Morton said, with "the conviction that the development of all natural resources would be harmonized with the most practicable possible means to protect and preserve the environment, consistent with the social and economic needs of the Nation." Another opinion on the pro side came from Atomic Energy Commissioner Clarence E. Larson, who said that a "total picture" had become essential to the establishment of a policy for developing energy resources in the best public interest. Commissioner James T. Ramey, on the other hand, was one of the AEC dissenters. Ramey said he believed the reorganization of resource responsibilities would hinder efforts to deal with energy-environmental problems and prevent the use of AEC "expertise and facilities" to the greatest advantage. As Arnold Weber, associated director of the Office of Management and Budget, pointed out, however, retiring AEC Chairman Glenn T. Seaborg is in favor of the new department. Another supporter, and one who can cast a vote on the bill, is Sen. Frank E. Moss. Final Standards for emissions from new stationary sources will be published by the Environmental Protection Agency on October 27. The initial proposals, appearing in the Federal Register on August 17, called for limiting emissions per million Btu of heat input (maximum 2-hr average) to 0.2 lb of particulate matter, and, where solid fuel is burned, to 1.2 lb of sulfur dioxide and 0.7 lb of nitrogen dioxide. While the new rules are mainly for new plants, the EPA is also proposing them for "existing plants which are modified in such a way as to increase or alter. . . their emissions."

Jan 1, 1971

By A. H. Daane, W. J. Wunderlin, B. J. Beaudry

In an earlier study at this laboratory,' the authors investigated the solid solubility of holmium in copper, silver, and gold, and also the melting point of the first eutectic on the noble-metal-rich side in these systems. In a more recent study of the solubility of rare-earth metals in gold at this laboratory. Rider, Gschneidner, and McMasters2 noted that the reported eutectic temperature in the Ho-Au system was lower than the corresponding eutectics in systems of dysprosium and erbium with gold. A redetermination of the eutectic temperature in the Ho-Au system with the same alloy used in the original study showed the eutectic temperature to be 810°C instead of 778°C as originally reported. (The eutectic temperatures in the Ho-Ag and Ho-Cu systems were also redetermined and were found to be 795" and 864°C compared to 787° and 868°C, respectively, which were reported originally.) Since this large change in eutectic temperature made the solubility data appear questionable, new alloys were prepared, heat-treated, and examined metallographically. The procedure of sample preparation and heat treatment used in the original work' was followed except longer heat treatments were used ranging from 7 days at 600°C to 6 hr at 900°C. The results obtained are shown in Fig. 1. There is good agreement between the two studies in the maximum solubility of holmium in gold. Since the slope of the solvus is less pronounced in the present study, the extrapolation to 550°C shows a solubility of 1.6 wt pct Ho in gold compared with 1.0 wt pct in the original work. Since additional data were obtained and longer heat treatments were used in the present study, the larger value is believed to be more accurate. The authors wish to express their appreciation to P. Rider and K. A. Gschneidner. Jr., for bringing this discrepancy to their attention, and also to D. Thompson for assisting in the present study.

Jan 1, 1965

By J. B. Mackintosh

THE present note is intended as an addition to my previous communication on the volumetric determination of manganese, read at the Roanoke meeting," it having been suggested that the circumstances under which my experiments had been conducted, were essentially different from those met with in the analysis of irons. The method used in these experiments is the same in all its details as that described in the paper referred to. I have made seven experiments in all: two of these were in duplicate on half a gramme of a sample of spiegel dissolved in hydrochloric acid; one was on the same amount of spiegel with the addition of 25 C.C. of a standard solution of potassium permanganate; one was on the same amount of spiegel with the addition of 35 C.C. permanganate and much organic matter, viz., one drop of castor-oil, two or three drops of coal-tar benzol arid of gasolene (petroleum), about ten of alcohol, portions of starch and of sugar about the size of a small pea, and about half an inch of a common match cut into shavings. This organic matter was added to the manganese solution after the hydrochloric acid had been replaced by nitric, and the solution was heated until the wood-shavings had disappeared. The fifth experiment was made by dissolving half a gramme of spiegel alone in nitric acid; the sixth by dissolving half a gramme of spiegel in nitric acid with the addition of 25 C.C. potassium permanganate, some oxalic acid, half an inch of a match, one filter-paper 7 cm. in diameter, and two drops each of castor-oil and turpentine; and the seventh experiment by dissolving half a gramme of spiegel in hydrochloric acid and adding 35 C.C. permanganate, without however taking the precaution to evaporate off all the excess of hydrochloric acid. Under these circumstances, one would expect that if organic matter exercises any influence on the determination, it would be plainly evident in the results obtained. But the accompanying table of results

Jan 1, 1885

By J. H. Bechtold

Tensile properties of annealed molybdenum were investigated from 1000" to—200°C. In the vicinity of room temperature a well-defined transition in tensile properties occurs. Reduction in area decreases from over 80 pct to 0 pct and, simultaneously, the yield strength increases about 60,000 psi. MOLYBDENUM, tungsten, iron, and many other metals and alloys with the body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures change from ductile to brittle behavior over some relatively narrow temperature range. The temperature at which this transition in ductility occurs depends on chemical composition, microstructure, and method of testing. When fine grained, completely recrystallized molybdenum of commercial purity is tested in uniaxial tension at a slow strain rate, the transition occurs at slightly below room temperature.' Iron2 and tungsten3 tested under similar conditions become brittle at temperatures close to the boiling point of nitrogen, — 195°C and at about 200°C, respectively. A sharp change in ductility is uncommon in metals with the face-centered cubic crystal structure, however, a relatively sharp transi- tion in notched bar impact properties has been observed below room temperature in a face-centered cubic copper-antimony alloy.4 A transition from ductile to brittle behavior is usually explained by the concepts originally developed by Ludwik,5 and discussed and elaborated on by others including Orowan,6 Hollomon and Jaffe,7 and Gensamer8 In brief, there are two aspects to strength, first the resistance to flow and second the resistance to fracture. Both are functions of temperature, strain, strain rate, stress system, composition, and microstructure. With decreased test temperature the flow stress required to initiate plastic deformation increases more rapidly than the fracture strength and brittle fracture occurs at that temperature where the yield strength equals or exceeds a brittle fracture strength. This investigation was conducted to determine the effects of temperature, strain, and rate of straining on the flow and fracture strengths of molybdenum above, through, and below the ductile-to-brittle transition. Other variables were held constant during testing. This information is believed to show

Jan 1, 1954

By John Henry Harden

It appears that in the earlier days of anthracite coal mining, 1824-25, the Lehigh region mined 76 per cent. of all the coal sent to market. During the same period Wyoming sent 12 and 5 per cent. respectively, whilst the Schuylkill sent 11 and 18 per cent., the number of tons marketed being in those days very small indeed. In the year 1828 the Schuylkill region mined over one-half of all the coal sent to market, and continued to do so for thirty years (with the exception of the year 1831), until 1858 ; since that date the production has declined very steadily in comparison with the other regions, until, in 1876, it was only 34 per cent. Wyoming, in the year 1820, was mining 40 per cent., but the production of all the regions was very small; in six years it declined to 5 per cent., increased to 34 per cent. in 1831, declined to 10 per cent. in 1838. Since which time the increase has been gradual, until 1873-75 Wyoming produced over 50 per cent. of all the anthracite coal sent to market. In 1867 the production exceeded that of Schuylkill, and has continued to do so since that time. In the year 1876, during the existence of the "coal combination," Wyoming lost 9 per cent.; during the same time Lehigh gained 7 and Schuylkill 2 per cent. over their relative production of the preceding year, the decrease of Wyoming being two and a half million tons, the increase of the Lehigh one million, the decrease of the Schuylkill nearly three-quarters of a million. The extraordinary production of the Lehigh region at a time of decreased demand and in opposition to an agreement with the other regions to limit the supply to the supposed demand mas the cause of the disagreement which ultimately broke up the combination of the great coal-producing and carrying companies. The Lehigh region produced very steadily, from 1829 to 1854, an average of about 22 per cent. of the whole production. From 1854

By Charles Bohdanowicz

The accompanying tables' show that in 1936 production of crude oil in Poland decreased very slightly (Tables 1 and 5), by about 1 per cent, and that gas production increased by about 11 per cent. As in preceding years, drilling (Tables 1, 2 and 3) was devoted principally to extension of oil fields in the Jaslo district (fields 1, 5 and 7) and, in a lesser degree, of those in the Stanislaw6w district (field 27). Production of crude oil is being sustained in a large measure by the deepening of old wells; besides a total number of 183 new wells completed (Table 3) about 152 wells were deepened, and in a general way the results of deepening were better than those of new wells drilled. Reserves of "proved land" have not increased as far as crude oil is concerned, but a notable extension of gas fieldsZ was attained in Daszawa (field 25) and in the Roztoki area (field 5). In the sub-carpathian zone gas fields have been proved in the vicinity of Kalusz, Kos6wJ and in the northwestern sector of that zone, between Tarnow and Lezajsk. The gas horizons of Daszawa occur in the Upper Tortonian, those of Kos6w in the Lower Tortonian (Middle Miocene). Exploratory drilling has been performed near Kalusz, and has been commenced near Kos6w and in the Tarn6w area. The Kos6w gas approaches the "wet" type. A possible gas reserve with a volume of 4,000,000,000 cu. m. (141,000,-000,000 cu. ft.) has been calculated, for an area of about 5 sq. km. of the Daszawa field, on the basis of production obtained and of decreases in pressure and their distribution. The fields of Roztoki and Strachocina (No. 12) have not yet supplied sufficient data for a calculation of reserves, which might possibly be estimated at 2,000,000,000 cu, m. (70,000,-000,000 cu. ft.).

Jan 1, 1937

By Frank A. Wilder

The most important process in a gypsum mill is calcining the crude mineral. There seems, however, to be little progress or change in calcining methods. This would not be surprising if the industry was not, in other ways, developing. The demand for gypsum in its various forms, however, is growing rapidly. The output has more than doubled in six years, while the value of gypsum products, through the introduction of higher priced. specialties like wall board, has nearly trebled in the same period. In other industries, under somewhat similar conditions, calcining in rotating cylinders, either by direct or indirect heat, has replaced the method that still prevails in gypsum mills. Efforts were made to use rotary calciners in manufacturing plaster of Paris in the early days of the industry in America; 25 years ago rotary calciners were in use in Germany. At that time there was great diversity of opinion in regard to their merit. In 1923, the output of calcined gypsum in the United States was 3,101,378 tons. About nine-tenths of this material was calcined in kettles, the remainder in rotary calciners. The ratio was about the same 10 years ago. During these 10 years, rotary calcining made relatively no gains, and there were no important changes in the construction of kettles. In their manipulation, the only change of consequence was in connection with the length of time that the gypsum is left in the kettle. For wall-plaster purposes, all producers who had not previously done so changed from second-settled to first-settled calcined gypsum, thereby reducing production costs and improving the plasticity and sand-carrying capacity of their plaster. Nevertheless, in the few mills in which they were installed, rotary calciners continue to operate, with possibly one or two exceptions, and to be highly successful. In these 10 years, the Cummer type of rotary calciner has disappeared. All rotaries now used are of the cement-mill type with a diameter of 6 or 7 ft. and length of 80 to 120 feet.

Jan 1, 1925

By R. E. Whippo, B. L. Murowchick

The commercially exploited sedimentary apatites exhibit a number of variable lattice substitutions which affect their chemical composition. Carbonate is a major diluent of phosphorus values in sedimentary apatites. Substantial amounts of water as hydroxyl, hydronium, and tetrahedral hydroxyl ions substitute for fluorine and oxygen, calcium, and phosphate, respectively. Calcium is also replaced by several other divalent and monovalent cations. The structural formula demonstrates the substitutions in the lattice of the sedimentary apatites studied in view of the crystal-chemical relationships which have been postulated for the isomorphous apatite series. The lattice constant a. varies from 9.29 to 9.40 A for the apatites studied. Quantitative relationships between this constant and lattice substitution are complicated by the interaction of multiple substitutions whose influence is non-additive. The mineral apatite, the principal raw material source of phosphorus for agricultural and industrial applications, offers a wide area for investigation. Considerable research effort has been expended in the study of apatite crystal-chemistry by medical, biological, and earth scientists. Few of these studies deal directly with the sedimentary apatites from the major occurrences which are widely exploited for commercial uses. It is the purpose here to present chemical analyses of several sedimentary apatites and discuss their chemical composition in relation to the structural and crystalchemical principles which have been postulated for the apatite isomorphous series. THE STRUCTURE OF FLUORAPATITE The atomic structure of fluorapatite was described, independently, by Ngray-Szabd and Mehmel in 1930 and has been accepted as presented, with only minor changes,4 since that time. The hexaogonal unit cell with dimensions of a = 9.37 0.01 A and c = 6.88 0.01 A contains two molecules of the composition "There are six (PO4) groups in the cell, four calcium ions on the trigonal axes, surrounded prismati-cally by six oxygen ions and six calcium ions surrounded by an irregular polyhedron of a fluorine and five oxygens. Fluorines are at the comers of the reflexion planes, touching three calcium ions each".l7

Jan 1, 1968