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By Z. Hyder, A. Urquidez

"INTRODUCTION The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is located approximately 26 miles southeast of Carlsbad, New Mexico and is the nation’s first underground geologic repository for transuranic (TRU) and TRU-mixed waste (see Figure 1). The WIPP facility was opened for operation in 1999 when the first TRU waste shipment arrived at the WIPP facility for disposal.WIPP facility does not employ typical production aspects of a conventional mine. Instead, the mining focus is on the quality of the excavation to ensure safe disposal of TRU and TRU-mixed waste (Walls, 1991). GEOLOGY WIPP underground repository is mined within a 2,000 feet-thick bedded-halite formation (Salado Formation) (see Figure 2). The WIPP underground repository is located approximately 2,150 feet beneath the surface near the center of the Salado Formation. Geologic criterion and site-selection factors evaluated for the selection of the repository included topography, depth, thickness, lateral extent, lithology, stratigraphy, structure, erosion, dissolution, subsidence, surface water, aquifers, hydrologic transport, climatic fluctuations, manmade penetrations (U.S. Department of Energy, 1980).FACILITY DESIGN Profit did not play a major role in the WIPP’s conception like in a conventional mine. This was due to the extensive amount of additional regulations and safety controls that had to be built into the WIPP facility. Since it is nuclear and hazardous waste disposal facility, it must meet certain federal and state requirements for TRU-mixed waste. One of the major regulatory drivers for the WIPP facility is defined in the WIPP Land Withdrawal Act (LWA). One of the requirements in the WIPP LWA requires the DOE to submit documentation of continued compliance with Title 40 CFR Part 191, Subparts B, and C. These standards are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The DOE must submit documentation of continued compliance (recertification) with these regulations every five years. In addition to the LWA, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is another major regulatory driver for the WIPP facility. Since the WIPP facility is categorized as a “Miscellaneous Unit” under 40 CFR, it must meet extensive environmental performance standards. These standards are defined in the WIPP Hazardous Waste Facility Permit (HWFP). The HWFP defines the terms and conditions that the Secretary of the New Mexico Environment Department has determined necessary to protect human health and the environment (U.S. Department of Energy and Nuclear Waste Partnership LLC, 2015)."

Jan 1, 2017

By M. Rockandel

"Universal Dynamics Ltd. of Vancouver, Canada has developed, patented and commercialized the ""REMERC"" process for the treatment of mercury contaminated sludges and soils. Mercury is extracted into an acidified and oxidizing, sodium chloride brine solution. REMERC was initially developed to treat mercury contaminated EPA listed wastes (K106) generated by the chlor-alkali industry. More recent work has expanded the capability;' of REMERC to include remediation of mercury contaminated sites, equipment and building materials.In the process mercury is currently recovered from solution by cementation on iron powder in an agitated reactor. The process recovers high purity elemental mercury (99.9% purity). Cementation typically recovers about 90-95% of the mercury in 30 minutes. Higher recovery is not necessary because of the recirculation of the leach solution. When treating highly contaminated chloralkali wastes (5-13% mercury content), REMERC will reduce the mercury laden solutions from 400-1,000 mg/L mercury to 50-100 mg/L. In the treatment of less concentrated wastes «1,000 mg/kg mercury) such as those encountered in site remediation, the treated solutions will generally contain 10-20 mg/L mercury. Cementation while being simple and able to achieve the required recovery has the. undesirable properties of; requiring a solid-liquid separation and adding iron to solution which must be precipitated, ultimately increasing the weight of residue to landfill. .The potential advantages of electrolysis were recognized early in the development of REMERC. Mercury electrolysis is well known in gold and chloralkali processing. Initial testwork utilized a liquid mercury cathode and a coated titanium anode both common to chloralkali producers. The mercury cathode appeared susceptible to polarization and solution impurities significantly affected performance. Agitation of the mercury pool improved performance but it was still not possible to achieve the reduction objectives. Current efficiencies were low, near 10%, and it was apparent that a relatively large cathode pool would be required to limit the current density. A number of electrode combinations with and without a membrane were then tested in a vertical electrode' configuration but the desired performance was not obtained."

Jan 1, 1997

It is probably safe to say that, as the economic well-being of the mining industry goes, so goes the fortunes of mineral explorationists. And in 1977 the industry was not well at all. The year-long depression of the copper industry, marked by layoffs, temporary shutdowns, and mine closures, provided an appropriate background for the collapse of the nickel market, passage of a surface mining law that will affect the hard-rock industry in ways that are yet unclear, and the threat of operating under a new set of rules brought on by reform of the Mining Law of 1872.

Jan 5, 1978

By W. G. Miller, J. D. Scott, D. C. Sego

ABSTRACT An overall study was conducted to evaluate the properties and processes influencing the rate and magnitude of consolidation for oil sands fine tailings produced using different extraction processes. As part of the overall study, a comprehensive description of physical and chemical characteristics of fine tailings generated by caustic and non-caustic processes was carried out. Ultimately, the influence of these fundamental properties on the compressibility, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength properties of the fine tailings was assessed. The characteristics of the fine tailings are presented in terms of index properties, mineralogy, specific surface area, water chemistry, liquid limits, particle size distribution and structure. A difference in water chemistry was concluded to be the cause of substantial differences in particle size distributions and degree of dispersion of the comparable caustic and non-caustic fine tailings. The degree of dispersion was consistent with predictions for dispersed clays established by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values for these materials. A linear variation of increasing dispersion with increasing SAR up to a SAR value of about 40 has been suggested, above which fine tailings are completely dispersed. The observed dispersed or flocculated structures (viewed using a scanning electron microscope) supported the predictions based on SAR values.

Jan 1, 2010

By Amy McBrayer, Andrea Brickey

Area mining is a surface mining method that allows for efficient mining and contemporaneous reclamation of tabular or bedded deposits, e.g., coal. Mine planning methods for area mines differ from those of open pit metal mines. Area mines in the Powder River Basin (PRB) use various processes for mine planning at both the strategic and tactical stages. With the ever changing commodity markets, it is becoming increasingly important for mine operators to be able to react quickly to the changing business environment. Tools that allow for the development and rapid comparison of production schedule scenarios are key to ensuring agile mine operations. A survey of mine engineers responsible for mine design and production scheduling at coal operations provides clarity on the current mine design and production scheduling processes in the PRB, as well as a discussion on potential solutions to upcoming challenges. In this article, we describe various mine planning processes used by the coal producers in the Powder River Basin. The survey identifies a clear gap in the ability to create comprehensive schedules associated with limited tools and lack of engineering labor needed to frequently conduct the mine design and scheduling process.

Jul 8, 2023

By D. R. McConnell

The seafloor in the US Pacific OCS and EEZ is enriched to varying degrees in critical and economically important minerals such as nickel, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, REY (rare earth elements plus yttrium), titanium, vanadium, antimony, gold, and silver. These mineral deposits take the form of polymetallic nodules on the seabed, cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts and ridges swept clean of sediment accumulation, and seafloor massive sulfides formed by hydrothermal systems at geologic plate spreading centers and volcanic margins. Each of these mineral deposits form on or near the deep ocean seafloor where water depths are typically 4000 m to 5500 m and on the seamounts and volcanic arcs that rise from these depths. Commercial interest in deep sea mineral deposits and the potential for collecting or mining them began in earnest in the 1970s but has been heightened in the last 20 years as the international framework for developing these minerals in International Waters has matured that has coincided with forecasted rapid rising demand for minerals to supply energy and manufacturing needs for the green economy. Compilation reports published by academia, government, and private companies are reviewed to assemble data and assess the prospects for deep sea marine minerals in the US Pacific OCS and EEZ. Key compilations were made by the Circum-Pacific Council and USGS in the 1980s and 1990s. These, together with recent (2023) efforts by USGS to compile geochemical data from USGS affiliated marine research sampling cruises from the 1980s and 1990s, historical data maintained by NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), and recent publicly disclosed results from ISA contractors are used to inform the known occurrence and prospectivity for polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, and seafloor massive sulfides in the US Pacific OCS and EEZ.

Feb 22, 2026

By J. W. Downey, A. E. Dwight, M. H. Mueller, H. Knott, R. A. Conner

Sixty new ternary equiatomic compounds are reported with a hexagonal crystal structure that is isostructural with or very similar to Fe2P, D3h-P62m. HoNiAl is a typical example, with a, = 6.9893 ± 0.0003Å, C, = 3.8204 ± 0.003Å, and c/a = 0.54 7. Three holmium atoms occupy (g): x,0,1/2 three aluminum atoms occupy (f): x,0,0; one nickel atom occupies (b): 0,0,1/2; and two nickel atoms occupy (c): 4, + , 0. The nonequivalent 1(b) and 2(c) sites give rise to two sets of unequal interatornic distances (i.e., Ho-Ni and Al-NL in the case above), which account for the prevalence of Fe2P-type tertmry compounds and the scarcity of binary examples. Unit-cell constants are presented for the sixty compounds and density measurements on the compounds HoNiAl and UFeGa confirm that three formula weights are present per unit cell. Neutron and X-ray powder diffraction intensity measurements were made on CeNiAl and HoNiAl, respectively. The atomic posiLiotml parameters in CeNiAl were determined from neutron data to be x = 0.580 5 0.001 for cerium and 0.219 5 0.001 for aluminum. An investigation of the quasibinary section between the binary compounds CeNi2 and CeA12 revealed a new ternary compound CeNiAl. The compound has a hexagonal structure and is isostructural with the prototype compound Fe2P. Additional examples discovered or confirmed in this investigation provide a total of sixty ternary compounds that are isostructural with or closely related to Fe2P. Previous investigators1'2 reported the unit-cell constants for the hexagonal compounds UFeA1, UCoAl, UIrA1, ZrNiAl, ZrNiGa, HfNiAl, and HfNiGa and the present investigation has confirmed that the compounds are isostructural with Fe2P. Independently, Steeb and petzow3 reported the same structure type for UCoAl, UIrA1, and UNiA1. However, the present results suggest a different atomic site occupancy for the component atoms in the three compounds. A detailed investigation of the relative positions of the three kinds of atoms in the compounds CeNiAl and HoNiAl will be discussed. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The equiatomic alloys were prepared from elements of 99.9+ pct purity by arc melting under a helium-argon atmosphere. After homogenization at temperatures from 700" to 900' C, a metallographic examination was performed by conventional methods, and density measurements were carried out by the immersion method in CCl4. A powder sample was prepared for diffraction studies by crushing a portion of the annealed button. X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained with a Debye-Scherrer camera, in which the annealed powder was glued to a quartz filament, and indexed with the aid of a Bunn chart. Unit-cell constants were calculated from the computer program of Mueller, Heaton, and Miller4 and d spacings were obtained by the program of Mueller, Meyer, and Simonsen.5 The intensity values were calculated from the relation I, ~ (m)(L.P.)F2 by a computer program written by Busing, Martin, and Levy.6 The absorption and temperature correction factors were neglected. An X-ray study of HoNiAl was carried out to take advantage of: large differences in atomic scattering factors for holmium and aluminum, X-ray patters free of background darkening, negligible oxidation at room temperature, and negligible weight loss in the preparation of this alloy. The neutron diffraction studies were made on a powder sample of CeNiAl contained in a -in. diam V tube and a pattern was obtained with neutrons of wavelength The neutron scattering factors employed (x 10-12 cm). In contrast to the scattering amplitude for X-rays, cesium does not have the largest cross section, however, there is a sufficient difference in the neutron scattering amplitudes to distinguish between the atomic species. The neutron transmission was high, 86 pct; therefore, absorption corrections were not necessary for the cylindrical sample. Most reflections could not be observed individually, because of the relatively large unit cell (a = 6.9756 and c = 4.0206Å) and relatively short neutron wavelength; therefore, the intensity of grouped reflections was considered. The Kennicott modification7 of the Busing-Martin-Levy program6 was employed to determine the identity of the atoms at the various lattice sites and the positional parameters. RESULTS A structure for the prototype compound Fe2P was first reported by Hendricks and Kosting;8 however, the structure was in error. The correct structure, as reported by Rundqvist and Jellinek,9 is as follows. The unit-cell constants and volumes per formula weight (V/M) are given in Table I for the sixty compounds examined in this investigation and classified as Fe2P-type compounds. The structure type was determined initially from a comparison of the unit-cell constants of HoNiAl with other known examples of this structure type1' and from the density of HoNiAl, given in Table 11. The density indicated that three formula weights comprised a unit cell, as in the prototype compound Fe2P. The assignment of the three species to lattice sites was made initially on the basis of atomic size. The large holmium atoms were assigned to the 3(g) sites that have a relatively large interatomic distance to nearest neighbor positions, the small nickel

Jan 1, 1969

By I. Tinto

"IntroductionEnvironmental pollution problems, caused by gases or effluents, by high noise levels or from air borne dust, are placing increasing demands of the operators, from statutory authorities, and from the general public, to adopt more stringent dust control measures. This requires that a successful plant dust control program be an integral part of any plant operation. While a successful environmental program is a key factor in maintaining productivity and good labour relations, anticipation of future environmental regulations during the plant design phase can avoid the high cost of plant upgrading, or dealing with pulmonary conditions in the work force in subsequent years.Particulate removal, conventionally called dust collection, involves the removal of coarse- and fine-particulates from the airstream. Although generally limited to that required for contro!Hng plant generated air emissions, particulate control equipment also has a wide application for air cleaning and filtration inside the plant, as well as for recovery of usable products.In the late 1950s and early 1960s the public became more concerned with the problems of air pollution. This increasing concern was stirred by an awareness of the extremes to which water pollution had progressed in many of the rivers and lakes, by increasing perception of air pollution as detected by visible smog and harsh chemical odors, by the alarming rate of increase of smog plagued cities and communities, and by specific incidents where ill health could be traced to specific episodes of air pollution. Particle size is perhaps the most important single factor affecting particulate control. Large particles (over 5 microns) constitute the major mass fraction of most sources of emission and economical control equipment dqes exist for their efficient control. However, while these larger particles frequently represent the source of soiling and unsightly smoke plumes, they are not a major health problem as they tend to settle relatively quickly, are more easily scrubbed from the atmosphere by rain, and are not able to penetrate the respiratory system. By far the most important form of particulate air pollution is the fine particulate, (below 3 microns) which is harmful to the pulmonary system. The adverse effects caused by this particulate matter on human health are for the most part related to injury to the surfaces of the respiratory system. Particulate material in the respiratory tract may produce injury itself, or it may act in conjunction with gases, altering their sites or their modes of action. A combination of particulates and gases may produce an effect that is greater than the sum of the effects caused by either individually (i.e. synergistic effect)."

Jan 1, 1989

By Jr. Stokowski

Topsoil for revegetation projects is in demand in many urban areas. In this case history, a large aggregate producer manufactured a topsoil from three waste materials. The topsoil was produced in a 200,000 m2 (50-acre) abandoned gravel pit that still had additional gravel under 10 m (30 ft) of overburden uneconomic to strip directly. The topsoil was produced by rotary mixing of sludge, overburden, and a lime admixture; solar drying; and stripping and stockpiling of the product. A major problem was an increase of topsoil drying times for stripping from 40 to over 100 hours when it was rewet by storms. The problem was solved by a research project that evaluated over 50 formulations and over 20 waste materials. . The final formula dried in 15 hours and contained 3-parts sandy mine spoil, 1-part sewage sludge, and 2 % spent-bed, a granular quick-lime produced during power-plant flue-gas desulfurization.

Jan 1, 1988

By Wallace Ernesto Sant Anna Ramos

O Buckman Onsite® é um novo portal web para clientes com interface para um painel de dados, que propicia ao cliente e representante de serviços da Buckman, o acesso a informações essenciais sobre as operações neste cliente. O presente trabalho visa mostrar as vantagens e benefícios de se utilizar esta nova ferramenta manipulando os dados de controladores automatizados, dados de controle manual, ficha de segurança de produtos químicos e outras informações importantes para o processo.

Aug 17, 2017

By Peter D. Lohn

The Bureau of Mines conducted both laboratory and field investigations to study the effectiveness of medium-pressure (up to 30,000 psi) water jets in controlling the generation of airborne respirable dust during the hydraulic fragmentation of coal. Laboratory studies were conducted at the Farmington High Energy Test Site of the Twin Cities Mining Research Center, and field studies were carried out at the Humphrey No. 7 mine, Mount Morris, Pa., in the Pittsburgh coalbed. The water jets were produced by commercially available triplex pumps. The dust samples were collected by midget impinger samplers, and analyzed by electronic and optical counting techniques. Respirable dust concentration for a full-scale production model was projected at below 2 mg/m3, the maximum exposure allowed by the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969.

Jan 1, 1975

By Emilie Lapointe, Fernando Famania

"A reliable determination of the in-placed cement factor, as defined by mass of cement over volume of final element of treated soil, allows the optimization of cement usage to achieve treated soil requirements. Cement determination tests were performed on soil-cement samples, both fresh (as per ASTM D5982) and hardened (as per ASTM C1084). This paper reviews the calibration work required for the D5982 determination of cement content by the heat of hydration method used on soil-cement samples obtained by wet-grabbing. Using the correlation curves in the field provides a rapid assessment of cement content hence optimizing the cement injection rate to match laboratory tests previously conducted. Cement determination tests on hardened soil-cement specimens from wet-grabs and cores were performed using the oxides method. Samples, both cored and wet-grabbed, were tested in a given cement-treated element, and in different soils to inform on the expected variation in cement content from field installation. Results indicate that both cement determination methods are valid for forensically determining cement contents and that they provide better assessment than the conventional field reporting methods. The methods can be used to optimise the cement usage as well as for Quality Assurance, especially when coring quality is poor.INTRODUCTIONThe degree of improvement, and inherent strength, which is attained in a deep-mixed soil is a function of many factors. The binder type, the existing soil, the mixing conditions and the curing conditions are the categories of factors influencing the strength of a given cement-treated soil as agreed by the deep mixing community and as summarized by the Coastal Development of Technology [CDIT] (2012). Given a site with existing soils and conditions requiring soil improvement using a given binder, the designer and/or contractor can control the mixing conditions. Mixing conditions are inclusive of the degree of mixing, mixing duration and the quantity of binder. Once a deep mixing method has been chosen to mix optimally the in-situ soil, the quantity of binder is the only remaining factor to be optimized. The quantity of binder, in the construction industry is commonly referred to as the field binder factor [ar] and defined by the mass of binder over the volume of soil treated with kg/m3 as unit. In research, the quantity of binder is referred to as the binder content [Cc] and expressed as a ratio of the mass of binder over the mass of dry soil mixed."

Jan 1, 2015

By N McKenzie, E Taylor, S V. L Barrett, H Lagger, A Purwodihardjo

This paper discusses the temporary support design methodology for the largest road caverns ever built in Australia—the Lutwyche Caverns—part of the Airport Link project in Brisbane, Australia. The Lutwyche Caverns with a maximum excavated span of 27 m form a key component of this major road project, allowing on and off ramps merging with the underground highway. In addition to the two large span caverns, a 15 m soft ground tunnel with 5 m cover above the caverns and two 24 m deep burial chambers for the 12.4 m tunnel boring machines (TBMs) had to be built in record time at Lutwyche.The temporary support design methodology involved the use of a range of analytical approaches, including empirical methods to provide a starting point for design development, key block models to determine the potential influence of discontinuities on excavation stability and 2/3D continuum and discontinuum models to determine the potential influence of adjacent excavations and the proposed construction staging on the design. In addition, probabilistic analysis of potential kinematic instability using a discrete fracture network (DFN) approach was also undertaken to establish the critical block loads for the temporary lining, while the continuum and discontinuum models were used to design the support for the 1.5 m diameter rock pillar at the north end of the northbound cavern.The numerical modelling was undertaken in close conjunction with the contractor to develop the optimal construction sequence, considering the available construction equipment on-site and the overall project program requirements. Part of the presentation will further show the applicability of the developed design during construction (deformations, monitoring field observations) and lessons learned for future cavern construction in Australia.CITATION:Lagger, H, Purwodihardjo, A, Barrett, S V L, McKenzie, N and Taylor, E, 2014. Temporary support design for the largest road caverns ever built in Australia – the Lutwyche Caverns, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 399–410 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By M Salu

Ventilation control devices (VCD’s) and bulkheads are critical controls used for managing risk in underground coalmines. Following the Moura No. 2 mine explosion in 1994, the Queensland Mines Department required that the design of VCDs be based on live testing (such as in a mine testing explosion gallery) and more recently on numerical modelling using measured seal material properties. While the stipulated methods represent an idealistic solution, they are not practical to implement as solutions to daily challenges presented in underground coalmines.Not all VCD’s and bulkheads are placed in areas which have been mined to standard roadway dimensions. Operationally, VCD’s may be required to be placed close to intersections or require large dimensionally different areas (eg overcasts and pre-driven recovery road shutters) compared to the live testing or numerical modelling originally undertaken.This paper describes the various structural engineering methods utilised to account for the design of VCD’s where the operational requirements are non-standard. Siting and construction of VCD’s near the entry of cut throughs and geological structures requires additional design considerations. While VCDs constructed from a single material (eg sprayed mining plaster) are relatively straightforward to design, the addition of multiple openings (doors) or large pipes will complicate the structuralanalysis significantly.Temporary bulkheads used for the containment of grout such as for the construction of pre-driven recovery roads in coal mining have a significantly different risk profile to VCDs and should be designed accordingly. Recent failures and near-misses in such bulkheads have highlighted this issuefor the authors.The existence of an Australian Standard for Underground Mine VCDs and Bulkheads would go a long way to addressing many of the issues raised in this paper. Without a single, industry-accepted reference for VCD design, individual mines will have to continueto exercise their best judgements using whatever local expertise is available to them.

Oct 12, 2022

By S. Chander

A review of the published literature on the mechanism of depression of sulfide minerals shows that a unified theory is not yet available. The various mechanisms that have been postulated include competition between depressants and collectors to adsorb at the surface sites, creation of thermodynamic conditions nonconducive for formation of a metal collector salt or formation of a hydrophilic coating on the surface. The hydrophilic coating may or matt not effect the adsorption of collectors. In yet another mechanism, the depressant nay participate directly in oxidation/reduction reactions between collectors and sulfide minerals. Examples from the literature are discussed to highlight oxidation/reduction effects in the depression of sulfide minerals.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. V. R. Prasada Rao

India is dependent for 60% of its annual requirement of copper and the entire quantity of nickel and cobalt on imports from outside the country. Land-based resources are either too meager or of too low a concentration for economic exploitation. This has prompted the country to look to deep seabed re- sources for meeting its rising demand for these metals. The Ocean Policy of the Government of India announced in 1982 talks about the need to map and assess the availability of minerals in the deep sea and to develop necessary technologies for exploration and exploitation of seabed minerals. To be self-reliant such technologies would have to be largely developed, tested and operated indigenously. The adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention in 1982 gave a fillip to India's desire to get into the field of deep seabed mining. India applied for recognition as a Pioneer Investor in Ocean Mining in 1983 and received allotment of a mine site of 150,000 km2 in the Central Indian Ocean in August 1987. Simultaneously, the Government has taken up a programme of development of technologies for exploration of the mine site for resource assessment, environmental monitoring also to meet the commitments like relinquishment of 50% of the area to the Preparatory Commission. Technologies for exploitation of these seabed resource like the mining system, transportation and extractive metallurgy have also been taken up for development in various research institutes largely in the government sector. While India's objective in the long term is to meet the shortage of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese by the turn of the century, in the short term, the programme aims at application of the seabed mining technologies to meet the immediate needs of the country such as: a. Exploration for oil and natural gas. b. Exploration and exploitation of placer minerals and other deposits at shallow depth in India's EEZ.

Jan 1, 1994

By Nicole E. Evanek, Anthony T. Iannacchione

"Over the past 36 years, a great deal of information has been presented and discussed at the International Conference on Ground Control in Mining (ICGCM). The topic of surface subsidence engineering has resonated throughout each of the 36 conferences, producing 155 related papers. These papers have come from many countries. The major focus has been underground coal, especially longwall mining, but hard rock mining has also received attention. This impressive collection of reports presents a unique opportunity to reflect on the progress made towards understanding subsidence basin characteristics and developing methods to predict and mitigate its impact.In the initial meetings, the focus was on measuring subsidence and developing prediction methods. As understanding increased, predictive methods were developed and tested, especially in North America, China, Australia, Europe, and India. Efforts were made to understand how structures, aquifers, and surface waters were impacted by the formation of subsidence basins. As time progressed, the number of papers dropped slightly and became more focused on site-specific conditions. Most recently, advanced monitoring techniques have revealed new information, spurring a resurgence in research activity. Another recent focus has been on anomalous horizontal deformations occurring in sites with significant relief. Several reports from Australia and one from the US have brought this issue to light. In closing, all of these surface subsidence engineering papers have chronicled the maturing of this most important topic and, in the process, highlighted the importance of the ICGCM in the evolution of our current state of practice.INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this paper is to examine the role of ICGCM in 1) shaping our understanding of the mining induced subsidence phenomena, 2) developing tools to help predict its impact on the surface, and 3) evaluating controls to mitigate these impacts.This analysis involved the consideration of 155 papers available within the ICGCM conference proceedings and listed under the subsidence topic. Three of the papers where only available as abstracts and were not included in this analysis. Four other reports were focused on topics other than underground coal mining-induced subsidence issues and were also not included. It should also be noted that papers dealing with overburden behavior were not included in this analysis. As a result, 148 papers were reviewed and analyzed (Figure 1)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Alvaro Diaz

Introduction, who is Teck Red Dog and Quebrada Blanca Mines Uniqueness of environment Arctic versus High Altitude Conditions Logistical challenges People and Stakeholders Conclusions

May 1, 2013

By Paul R. Lear

Sustainability continues to be an important aspect of remediation and infrastructure projects. Deep soil mixing (DSM), a common construction and remedial technology, can easily incorporate the following sustainability best management practices (BMPs), including Minimizing Total Energy Use and Maximizing Use of Renewable Energy; Minimizing Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Maximizing Use of Machinery Equipped with Advanced Emission; Minimizing Water Use and Impacts to Water Resources; Beneficial Reuse of Materials/Reduction of Materials and Waste Reduction; Use of Local Labor and Supplies. This paper focuses on the sustainability of DSM treatment and provide carbon footprint calculations at least one completed DSM project which used these sustainability BMPs to demonstrate the environmental impact of the sustainability.

Sep 8, 2021

The 1965 Lignite Symposium, the fourth in a series and the third sponsored by the University of North Dakota and the Bureau of Mines, was held at Bismarck, N. Dak., on April 29-30, 1963. Them 7 symposia provide a forum for those interested in the technology and utilization of solid fuels, especially lignitic coals. As part of the meeting, a 200-mile field trip was taken including inspection of (1) the 200-megawatt, pulverized Lignite-fired Leland Olds plant of Basin Electric Power Cooperative, under construction near Stanton, N. Dak.; (2) the site of the Glenharold mine of the. Truax-Traer Goal Co., Division of Consolidation Coal Co., where a wheel excavator was being assembled; (3) the operating Beulah mine of Knife River Coal Mining Co., subsidiary of Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., near Beulah, N. Dak.; and (4) the 400-megawatt, hydro-electric Garrison Dam powerplant, near Garrison, N. Dak.

Jan 1, 1966