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By Eleanor Abshire

This bibliography is the result of a cooperative project undertaken by the Bureau of Ships and the Bureau of Mines to accumulate literature published to date on zirconium and hafnium and to establish an information center on these metals for the use of any interested research organization or library. This bibliography, which will be supplemented as additional information is accumulated, consists of references, with abstracts, to pertinent literature on the subject published from 1907 to date.

Jan 1, 1957

By O. C. Blade

Sales of diesel fuel in the United States during the post year and a half have increased greatly. In 1955 over 174 million barrels were sold of which 80 million (or 46 percent), were used by the railroads, and over 44 million barrels (25 ½ percent) of the fuel were used in trucks, busses, tractors, and heavy moving equipment. Vessels (12 percent), industry (9 ½ ), the military forces (4 ½ ), power plants (2), and oil companies (1/2 percent) account for the remainder. 2/ Dally deliveries of diesel type fuel from refineries averaged over 16,750 barrels during the first six months of 1956 in comparison with 15, 250 barrels during the corresponding period of 1955. 3/ Information on the properties of diesel fuel is very important to the petroleum industry, engine manufacturers, and consumers. To supply such information the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, under cooperative agreement, are conducting annual surveys of diesel fuel oil produced in refineries in this country.

Jan 1, 1957

By Wilmer McInnis

MOLYBDENUM, one of the more versatile alloying elements in modern metallurgy, was first isolated by Hjelm in 1782. The pure metal is silvery white and softer than steel. It melts at a higher temperature than all other metals except rhenium, tungsten, and tantalum. Molybdenum, a member of group V of the periodic table, chemically exhibits valences in stable compounds of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. It is a strong carbide-forming element, and much of its alloying effect in steel is imparted through the formation of carbides. Molybdenum occurs in nature only in combination with other elements. The most common occurence is molybdenite (MoS2), which is widely distributed throughout the world; the few known commercial deposits are the major sources of molybdenun1. The other commercially important mineral, wulfenite (PbMo04), was a major source of molybdenum in the United States during the early part of the 20th century, but with exploration and development of the world-famous Climax molybdenite deposit during the World War of 1914-18, molybdenite soon became the world's major source of molybdenum. In recent years, virtually no wulfenite has been mined. Many copper deposits contain minute percentages of molybdenite; and, since the inauguration during the early 1930's of the recovery of molybdenite as a byproduct of these deposits, they have been an important source of molybdenum.

Jan 1, 1957

By Jesse A. Miller

ALTHOUGH the element titanium was discovered by William Gregor in 1790, over a hundred years passed before it was put to commercial use. The first commercial application of titanium was as an alloy additive to iron and steel, and the first ferroalloys were produced domestically in 1906. Titanium pigments were developed somewhat later and have been produced in the United States since 1918. The use of titaniferous material in welding-rod coatings first gained acceptance ill the mid-30's. The metal titanium has only had commercial importance since 1948; domestic production for that year was 10 tons. The relative importance of these major uses of titanium in various forms may he gaged by the consumption of titanium dioxide (Ti02) for these purposes in 1954. Of a total of 440,000 short tons of Ti02 consumed in 1954, 95 percent of the total was consumed for pigments; 2 percent for welding-rod coatings; 1 percent for non-titanium-base alloys and carbide; and 2 percent for miscellaneous uses. The titanium-metal industry is in its infancy, but it has more than doubled its output every year from 1948 to 1954, reaching 5,370 short tons in 1954.

Jan 1, 1957

By R. B. Bauder

In connection with a Bureau of Mines research program on utilization of Cuban lateritic ores, a comprehensive review was made of the chemical literature on nickel and cobalt. Initially, the review had as its objective the selection, from the voluminous literature dealing with the chemistry of these two metals, of only those references to reactions that were especially pertinent, or at least closely related, to the field of extractive metallurgy. Later, the coverage was extended to include references to the techniques and plant applications of extractive metallurgical procedures for the recovery of nickel and cobalt. In this report, the period from January 1929 to July 1955 has been covered, as it seemed logical that recent literature should be of greatest value. This cutoff date was established in order that the bibiliography could be issued at an early date, inasmuch as currently much work is in progress on the lateritic ores. Later, a supplement will be prepared extending the coverage to about 1900.

Jan 1, 1957

By W. L. Dare

This information circular is one of a series the Bureau of Mines plans to publish describing the methods and costs of mining uranium on the Colorado Plateau. The Temple Mountain mining district is unique among the uranium-producing areas on the plateau. This relatively isolated mining district is in Emery County, Utah, on the eastern flank of the San Rafael Swell, about 35 miles southwest of the town of Green River. The district lies just within the eastern escarpment of the San Rafel Reef - a rampart of rugged and tilted sandstone cliffs that encircles the highly eroded core known as the Sinbad Country. The presence of petroleum matter found associated with the ore deposits, the occurrence of uranium in various formations, and the structural deformation caused by collapsed features have aroused a great deal of geologic interest. Mine development on Calyx Flat is distinctive, in that the ore deposits are worked through 36-inch calyx-drill holes.

Jan 1, 1957

By E. P. Carman

1. CARMAN, EVERETT P., OPPERMAN, MARTHA, NISHIYANA, SALLY, AND RACOOSIN, LEE. Bibliography of Bureau of Mines Investigations of Coal and Its Products, 1945 to 1950. B. 528, 1954, 60 pp. 40 cents. 2. ROSE, HAROLD J. Industry-Sponsored Coal Research in the United States. Chap. in Proceedings: Fifth International Conference of Directors of Mine Safety Research. B. 489, 1950, pp. 9-12. $1.25. Minerals Yearbook 3. STRINER, HERBERT E., CARMAN, E. P., AND GOODING, RICHARD M. Review of the Mineral-Fuel Industries in 1952. Minerals Yearbook 1952, Fuels, vol. 2 (pub. 1954), pp. 1-28.

Jan 1, 1958

By Eleanor Abshire

This bibliography is the second in a series that covers the current technical literature relating to the metallurgy of zirconium. The rapid advance in zirconium technology makes it mandatory that abstracts be prepared and compiled as soon as possible to have maximum value; therefore, the information in this volume is not arranged chronologically. As a service to research and production groups, succeeding bibliographies will be issued as new acquisitions accumulate in the Zirconium Information Center sponsored by the Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ships and the Bureau of Mines at the Bureau's Northwest Electrodevelopment Laboratory, Albany, Oreg. The initial volume, Information Circular 7771, Bibliography of Zirconium, covering 969 abstracted reports and 645 United States and foreign patents, was published in April 1957.

Jan 1, 1958

By A. C. Johnson

The T. L. shaft of the Eureka Corp., Ltd., near Adams Hill, Eureka, Nev., was sunk in 1954 and 1955 to permit exploration and development of the lead-zinc-silver ore that had been indicated by drilling. This paper describes the sinking of the 4-compartment, vertical shaft to a depth of 1,127 feet and includes pertinent details of equipment, methods, and costs. A shaft crew of 10 men, supplemented by 13 hoistmen, topmen, carpenter, and shop crewmen, sank and timbered the 1,127 feet of shaft in 630 workdays. Total labor per foot of shaft was 107.95 man-hours. Supplies per foot of shaft included 20 pounds of explosives, 1.61 pounds of drill steel, and 200 board-feet of timber. Power consumption, including that required for pumping, averaged 3,726 kw.-hr. per foot.

Jan 1, 1958

By W. R. Hardwick

This paper describes mining methods and practices of the Chino Mines Division, Kennecott Copper Corp., Grant County, N. Mex. It is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. A similar program was conducted from 1928 to 1939, which helped to improve the efficiency of mining operations. The primary purpose of the program is to promote development and conservation of our mineral resources by disseminating technologic information on methods, practices, and related features in mining mineral deposits. It is expected that the program will: (1) Promote efficiency in operating mines; (2) assist operators and engineers in evaluating and developing new mineral deposits; (3) provide data for engineering curriculums in mining schools; and (4) furnish performance and cost data for revising engineering handbooks and for inclusion in engineering textbooks.

Jan 1, 1958

By Alvin Kaufman

Increased exploration in Alaska has resulted in many requests to the Bureau of Mines for facts about the mineral resources and mining conditions in the Territory. This report presents information about the minerals of Southeastern Alaska and the factors that affect development of a mining industry in that area. Southeastern Alaska is a narrow coastal strip of rugged mountains and many islands. The climate is mild, with an average annual temperature of 40° and heavy rainfall. Geologically, the region is favorable for deposition of ore; geographic-ally, it is difficult to prospect and to develop, except along areas immediately adjacent to the coastline.

Jan 1, 1958

The method of using large-diameter augers to recover coal was introduced to the mining industry about the end of World War II, and production of bituminous coal with augers has increased steadily to an estimated 7 million tons, or approximately 1.4 percent of the total mined in 1956. Although auger mining has proved to be a reliable and economical method of mining coal, a number of unfortunate fatal accidents have been experienced; consequently the need for these recommended safety standards is indicated for this comparatively new method of coal mining. As mining methods and equipment change from time to time and new hazards are introduced, these standards will be revised; therefore, questions or suggestions from the coal-mining industry will be welcomed and carefully considered.

Jan 1, 1958

By R. O. Pynnonen

Tunnel-driving is recognized as a hazardous occupation; adequate support of roof and sides for preventing accidents from falling material is usually one of the most important safety problems. Where extraordinary conditions of sand and water are found, this problem becomes even more difficult. Tunneling at the Tioga No.2 mine was stopped when a 22-foot bed of water-saturated, fine gray sand was encountered. The tunnel, designed to house an ore-conveyor belt, was being driven from both ends. Driving was extremely difficult at both the upper and lower faces when the sand horizon was reached. A distance of 178 feet remained between the faces. Heavy pressures deformed the steel-supporting rings at the upper face, and there was an inrush of mud and sand at the lower face.

Jan 1, 1958

By Sidney Katell

This report is the fourth in the series, Bibliography of Investment and Operating Costs for Chemical and Petroleum Plants. The initial work, Bureau of Mines In- formation Circular 7516, was published in October 1949 in conjunction with the synthetic liquid fuels program authorized by Public Law 290, 78th Congress. It included references to and abstracts of publications appearing from 1930 to September 1948 on all processes in general use in the petroleum refining and chemical industries. A supplemental bibliography, Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7705, was published in January 1955 to cover the period September 1948 through June 1952; and Supplement 2, Information Circular 7751, published in September 1956, covered the period June 1952 through June 1954. The present supplement covers the period July 1954 through December 1956.21 The information in this paper was obtained from the following sources: 1. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 2. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 3. Chemical Engineering. 4. Chemical Engineering Progress. 5. Chemical Engineering Costs Quarterly (Cost Engineering).

Jan 1, 1958

By H. F. Weaver

The 17th National First-Aid and Mine Rescue Contest was held in the Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center, Louisville, Ky., October 2, 3, and 4, 1957. The meet was under the auspices of the Federal Bureau of Mines and the Joseph A. Holmes Safety Association, in cooperation with the National Coal Association, United Mine Workers of America, State mining departments, local mining institutes, and coal operators' associations. The Arrangements Committee, as authorized by the General Committee, made all the necessary arrangements for conducting the 1957 contest. Members of the Arrangements Committee were: Harry Gandy, Jr. (chairman), National Coal Association; James B. Benson, Southern Coal Producers' Association; Charles Ferguson, United Mine Workers of America; George C. Trevorrow, Bituminous Coal Operators' Association; and James Westfield, Federal Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1958

By L. Nahai

In two decades Turkey has emerged from the debacle of the Ottoman Empire to become one of the most modern nations in the Middle East. The numerous achievements of this period were remarkable in that they affected human and social, as well as economic, fields. Most of this progress was achieved by Turkey's unaided efforts and the utilization of domestic resources; however, since 1948 various United States aid programs3/ have made significant contributions to increased agricultural and industrial output. Turkey's singleness of purpose in favor of a strong, independent, and prosperous republic has evoked universal admiration and encouraged the hope of stability in the Middle East. Much of the development of the Turkish economy to date has been fostered by the State; however, with growing strength the leaders in 1950 considered the time appro¬priate to relax the nationalistic economic policy and permit private enterprise to play a larger role in increasing domestic output and raising the tempo of industrialization. In pursuance! Of this policy, laws encouraging investment of foreign capital in Turkey and others stimulating development of mining and petroleum enterprises were enacted in 1954. This new legislation, plus the cooperative attitude of the Turkish Government, have encouraged wide interest in the mineral resources of the country.

Jan 1, 1958

By Robert Alfred

This paper is one of a aeries being published by the Federal Bureau of Mines on methods and practices used in mining and preparing crushed stone for market. Performance, in terms of units of work or tons produced per machine and per operator man-hour, is given whenever that information can be obtained. Direct operating costs are useful for comparing different methods and are included if available. In addition to descriptions of equipment and methods used the Bureau considered it desirable to discuss the engineering reasons for the choices that have been made, This paper is particularly concerned with the operation of the Liberty quarry and plant of the Campbell Limestone Co, The plant is in Pickens County, adjacent to the main line of the Southern Railway, and is about 18 miles west of Greenville, S, C. Access also is available by United States Highway No, 123, The company's main offices are at Knoxville, Tenn.

Jan 1, 1958

By E. W. Parsons

Permanent support of the back is an important economic factor in maintaining a tunnel or other underground opening in condition to render the service for which it was driven. Timber has been most commonly used for support in tunneling and drifting because of its strength and ease of installation. Even when treated for decay, however, timber is subject to deterioration and, over a long period of time, should not be considered a permanent support. Concrete support or lining is permanent and has been used in tunnels of every size for many years but has been almost exclusively cast in place, a difficult, costly process. This report deals with the design and installation of precast concrete supports to combine the best features of both methods.

Jan 1, 1958

By S. H. Lorain

Tin mining on Seward Peninsula, Alaska, has been intermittently active since the early 1900's. Most of the recorded production (over 2,200 short tons of metallic tin) has been obtained from placer deposits, but recent production also has resulted from development of lode deposits associated with intrusive rocks occurring in the western part of the peninsula. Generally, the lode deposits containing tin minerals (principally cassiterite) are found in dikes, in granite masses, and in silicate zones in limestone overlying the granite. Both the placer and lode deposits have been of considerable strategic interest to the Government because of the almost total absence of a domestic supply of tin. The most important tin-lode deposit discovered to date is in the Cassiterite dike at the Lost River mine, on Cassiterite Creek about 85 miles northwest of Nome. This highly altered, rhyolite porphyry dike averages 12 feet in thickness, strikes N. 75° to 85° E., and dips steeply to the south; it can be traced on the surface for about 8,000 feet. Throughout its explored length of about 2,200 feet the dike everywhere contains some tin and tungsten in veinlets and disseminations; economic concentration of the are minerals, however, is confined to definite shoots. The ore minerals include cassiterite, stannite, hulsite, paigeite, wolframite, scheelite, and base-metal sulfides; gangue minerals include fluorite, boron silicates, and lithium-bearing minerals. Some ore minerals also occur in the numerous other dikes and in the granite and intruded limestone in and adjacent to the mine.

Jan 1, 1958

By Norman A. Pace

This paper is one of a series being published by the Federal Bureau of Mines on methods and practices used in mining and preparing crushed stone for market. Performance, in terms of units of work or tons produced per machine and per operator man-hour, is given whenever that information can be obtained. Direct operating costs are useful for comparing different methods and are included, if available. In addition to describing equipment and methods used} the Bureau considered it desirable to discuss the engineering reasons for the choices that have been made. This paper is particularly concerned with operation of the Camak quarry and plant of the Weston-Brooker Co. The quarry and plant are near Cedar Rock, north of State Highway No. 80 and east of Middle Creek in Warren County, Ga., and about 40 miles west of Augusta. Rail access is by a spur line of the Georgia Railroad from Camak, 5 miles southwest. The main office of the company is at Cayce, S. C.

Jan 1, 1959