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By Malcolm Scobie

"This paper reviews the evolution of Canadian surface and underground mining automation, principally relating to: advances in communications, initial development of machine teleoperation from line-of-sight remote control, and islands of automation. The eventual role of teleroboties and minewide robotic mining remains to be resolved. The progress and approaches adopted have tended to vary within each sector of the mining industry. Recent information technology advances have made possible the Digital Mine; in which information associated with all mining processes, however dispersed, would be integrated with support systems using new communications technology. The Digital Mine will provide the information infrastructure to serve as the foundation for minewide automation. This paper concludes by reviewing the issues likely to govern implementation success, relating to: mining process design, machine design, machine intelligence, and mine planning and control.IntroductionSignificant advances have recently been made in underground hardrock mine communications and teleoperation. Subsequent R&D efforts are mainly focussing on control systems for various types of machines. In underground potash mining, the realization of automated continuous mining systems appears to be imminent. Recent advances in surface mine dispatching, machine monitoring and global positioning systems (GPS) have tended to reactivate some of the initial R&D enthusiasm developed in the '70s for surface mine automation. Mines at large are approaching a major milestone: the implementation of comprehensive communications infrastructure which proves to be sufficiently reliable and economical to support the automation of routine mine production, either using teleoperated or autonomous machines. This then should motivate a deeper commitment to real time monitoring and management. The communications advances make possible the Digital Mine; in which information associated with all mining processes, however dispersed, would be integrated with support systems using information engineering. The Digital Mine will provide the information infrastructure to serve as the likely foundation for a wide range of automation scenarios. This paper surveys the status and directions of automation development in both surface and underground Canadian mines, pointing to what are seen to represent key technology development issues."

Jan 1, 1995

By F. Parada

During copper smelting and converting processes, slag generated is pyrometallurgically cleaned and then disposed, containing around 1 % of this metal. However, important amount of molybdenum initially contained in concentrates also goes to the slag phase. Research on molybdenum recovery from water granulated slags using acid leaching at low temperatures was conducted to find an efficient way for molybdenum extraction with lower magnetite in the slag. However because of the high fayalite content high acid consumption was found. Molybdenum can be recovered from solution using ionic exchange resins, but high silica content interferes with extraction. Some studies addressed to minimize silica extraction as well as alternatives of selective silica precipitation in order to develop a technically feasible process.

Jan 1, 2007

By W. G. McBride

The mining industry has already become highly technical in all its branches and this has brought about specialization in mining engineering. Increasing demand for mineral products, exhaustion of high-grade or easily worked deposits, and narrowing of the fields for exploration and development, are forcing mines to greater depth and to working material of lower grade and more complex composition. The Robinson Deep at its Turf shaft has reached a depth of 7,640 feet and expects to go to 8,500 feet; Miami Copper, under normal market conditions, profitably mines ore running only 16 pounds of copper to the ton; Alaska Juneau is making a profit on ore running about $1.15 per ton in gold; and many mines are handling ores of an extremely complex nature. In each case, the success of these operations has depended upon the application of sound scientific principles and good business methods to the problems involved. It may be safely assumed that mining at great depth and the exploitation of low-grade, or complex, ores will become more and more important as time goes on, and this means that greater and greater demands will be made upon the technical skill and business ability of the mining engineer. To meet this condition, the more or less haphazard methods of training the young engineer that have prevailed in the past will have to be replaced by a careful and well-ordered system of engineer-training. Upon the industry and the older mining engineer falls the duty of providing means to assist the deserving student to prepare himself properly to meet the increased demands that are falling upon his profession. Consideration of the training of the mining engineer involves a decision as to what constitutes his field of usefulness. Technical control of methods and processes obviously falls upon the engineer, but there are still many who doubt his usefulness in the executive field, particularly in positions involving close contact with the men and work. Many engineers have failed as shift-boss or foreman, but this has been generally due to fault in the management in using men who were temperamentally unfit to lead others or who lacked the necessary preliminary training.

Jan 1, 1932

By T. L. Tanton

Introduction Sturgeon River area, on the east side of lake Nipigon, Ontario, was the scene of a gold rush in 1934. According to press reports, the active staking during the latter part of the summer spread out rapidly from the early holdings until it embraced practically all of the lower basin of Sturgeon river in a belt up to ten miles wide extending west from Kinghorn for 35 miles to lake Nipigon. And, before winter set in, active prospecting and claim staking reached beyond lake Nipigon to areas where belts of ancient schists were known, notably west of Obonga lake. The writer's familiarity in past years with the areas to which attention has been directed admits of some observations on means of access in the field, the general geology, and the progress that has been made in identifying formations favourable for the occurrence of gold. Canoe Routes From the writer's observations in Sturgeon River area in 1917 and in the Obonga Lake area in 1933, it is recalled that there is, locally, a striking dif~ ference in the accessibility of the two areas by travel along canoe routes. Sturgeon River area is easily accessible from Kinghorn or Jellicoe stations on the Canadian National railways. Many small lakes, commonly of the linear type and with elongations east and west, occur among the forested rocky ridges near Jellicoe (Figure 1) and to the east and west along, or adjacent to, Sturgeon river. This stream has long stretches with gentle current between the falls and rapids. The drainage system provides excellent canoe routes (Figure 2), and the interruptions to travel (Figure 3) are remembered .as scenic features that were passed by portages with firm footing. West of Obonga lake, the streams flowing easterly to lake Nipigon may be followed through scenic canyons to a plateau of law relief characterized by extensive muskegs and shallow, brown-water lakes; and along small streams, where beaver dams have been destroyed, there are muck ponds where the usual alternatives of paddling or portaging can be dismissed in favour of the 'moosing' method of progress with the canoe (Figure 4).

Jan 1, 1935

By H. Saari, D. Y. Seo, J. Beddoes, T. R. Bieler

Prior work on effects of lamellar orientation on creep rates and other mechanical properties have shown that having lamellae parallel to the tensile axis provides optimal creep resistance and good strength. Consequently, a directional solidification system was used to examine the effect of solidification rate on the development of crystals with lamellae parallel to the growth direction. The nominal chemical composition of TiAl ingots was Ti-46A1-2Mo-2Nb (at%) and the ingots were 20 mm in diameter and 180 mm long. The master alloy bars were placed in a high purity yttria mold on a copper chill plate and raised into the hot zone of a Bridgman furnace. The alloys were melted and then directionally solidified at withdrawal rates of 4, 8, and 12 mm/min. As-cast specimens were sectioned at positions of 4, 22, 66, 111, and 155 mm from the bottom of the ingot to evaluate microstructure and crystallographic texture as a function of distance from the bottom of the ingot. The directionally solidified microstructure consists of continuous columnar grains with fully lamellar structure, a network morphology of primary 13, yttria particles, and interlocked columnar boundaries. For all three ingots, the texture at 4 mm shows many peaks, with isolated strong peaks, and a slight tendency toward <111> plane normals within about 20° of the cylindrical axis. At 155 mm, all specimens showed substantially stronger clustering of <111> orientations near the cylinder axis, with the strongest clustering of poles occurring for the 8 and 12 mm/min specimens. Analysis of diffraction peaks indicates that strongly compressive residual stresses in the radial direction are present in the casting. The combined microscopy and texture analysis provides more complete understanding of the processes of directional solidification of TiAl alloys.

Jan 1, 2004

By A. Mykytiuk, I. E. Puddington, W. D. Macleod, F. W. Meadus

"A laboratory-scale continuous procedure for the up-grading of naturally occurring tin ores, based on the principle of spherical agglomeration, is described. High recoveries are indicated. A proposed second stage suggests useful fractionation steps.IntroductionA LABORATORY-SCALE batch process for the upgrading of a tin ore using the principles of spherical agglomeration has already been described (1). This procedure consisted of milling, for about an hour, a precrushed ore with at least 200 per cent water, 0.2 per cent of a reagent such as tall oil (to render the de-sired ore particles hydrophobic) and about 3 per cent of a viscous petroleum oil. The feed material passed an 8-mesh Tyler sieve, and the percentages of re-agents are based on the dry weight of the feed. Du-ring the grinding, the hydrophobic particles transfer into the oil phase to produce coherent semi-solid bodies while the gangue stays preferentially in the aqueous phase. The concentrate can be separated from the gangue easily by a mechanical operation. Using an ore containing about 0.3 -0.5 per cent tin, grades of from 1.5 to 7.0 per cent were obtained by varying the pH of the system. Recoveries fell from about 80 per cent to as low as 50 per cent as the grade in-creased."

Jan 1, 1966

By M. Pötsch, W. Schubert

"The kinematic analysis of rock blocks is one part of a block stability assessment. It provides information about a block’s movability, i.e. if a block can detach from the adjacent rock mass and move towards the free space. This paper introduces an analytical method for the analysis of pure rotations of arbitrary finite polyhedral blocks. It enables the engineer to judge a block’s rotatability about a corner or an edge. The method is presented using a graphical and computational method. The application of the method is illustrated with an example. INTRODUCTIONThe kinematic analysis of rock blocks deals with the determination of the movability of blocks. Established methods typically cover: (a) translational motion (John 1968, Markland 1972, Londe et al. 1969, 1970, Goodman & Shi 1985, Warburton 1981) and (b) the specific rotational cases Toppling (Goodman & Bray 1977) and Slumping (Kieffer 1998). Mauldon & Goodman (1990, 1996) and Tonon (1998) introduced rotational kinematic analyses for three-joint pyramids and tetrahedral blocks extending Goodman & Shi’s block theory.All mentioned methods are subject to assumptions that limit the applicability to engineering problems. For example, the kinematic test of daylighting joints or intersections inherently assumes a finite block, which only can be proved by the finiteness theorem (Goodman & Shi 1985). Daylighting of an intersection or plane is not a sufficient condition for removability. Goodman & Shi’s and Warburton’s methods are limited to translational block motion. The methods for block rotations so far address tetrahedral blocks only. They also address only pure rotational modes and neglect the general motion of a rigid body. This paper introduces an analytical method for the analysis of the kinematic rotatability of finite rock blocks. It extends Mauldon's and Tonon's theory of rotatability of tetrahedra to arbitrary polyhedral blocks. A graphical method using the stereographic projection and a computational method are presented."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. -P. Tshibangu, M. Ramos da Silva, F. Descamps, C. Schroeder, J. -C. Verbrugge

"The mechanical behaviour of rock materials is largely influenced by the stress state and pore pressure; this needs to be considered in many applications, such as petroleum engineering, tunnelling or stability of underground excavations.Conventional triaxial tests (d2 = d 3) are generally used to assess the influence of confining and pore pressure. In this work, those tests are performed on a porous rock named Sorcy limestone, along with more advanced stress paths like triaxial extension (d 2 = d 1) and purely deviatoric tests with independent pore pressure control. Those tests are combined to a true triaxial study on the dry rock in order to investigate the effect of true triaxial stresses and, hence, build three-dimensional limiting envelopes accounting for the influence of pore pressure.Three-dimensional limiting envelopes of dry Sorcy limestone are built in meridian and octahedral planes. The shape of the octahedral sections changes with the mean stress from triangular to hexagonal and then quasi circular. At even higher mean stresses, the evolution continues towards a triangle with apexes oriented in the direction of triaxial extension stress states. In meridian sections, the deviatoric stress first increases with the mean stress. The transition between this deviatoric mechanism and the cap surface occurs at different mean pressures depending on the Lode angle.Terzaghi’s effective stress is found to govern the yield and plastic behaviour of saturated Sorcy limestone. Triaxial tests show that the limiting envelope does not depend on the loading path (conventional compression and purely deviatoric stress paths). In triaxial extension, the brittle-ductile transition is observed for a higher mean pressure than in triaxial compression, as previously found for true triaxial tests on the dry rock.Finally, it is shown that upon appropriate normalisation, the dry and saturated yield envelopes come very close one to each other. This suggests that only the size of the yield envelope changes between dry and saturated state (pore pressure = 5 MPa); its shape does not seem to evolve."

Jan 1, 2015

By George J. Thompson

This pa per deals with the internal characteristics of steel and its response under cold northern temperatures. General maintenance procedures and specific repair techniques are covered.

Jan 1, 1973

By I. C. Edwards, D. C. Smith

THE milling plant of Bicroft Uranium Mines Limited at Ban-croft, Ontario, was one of the first in Canada to employ ion excl1ange for the selecti1•e recovery of uranium from acid leach liquors. The ion ex-change circuit started operating early in November, 1956, and by June 1 I959, had handled more than two million tons of pregnant solution containing I,830,000 pounds of U3Os. Each column had been saturated and eluted about 430 times. The ion exchange columns are the conventional fixed bed type. Uranium is eluted from the resin with a sodium chloride-sulphuric acid solution and is precipitated continuous-ly with magnesia. After filtering and drying, the precipitate, or "yellow cake," is packaged in drums for shipment to the refinery.

Jan 1, 1962

By C. Okay Aksoy

In Turkey, the increasing demand for lignite has necessitated an increased emphasis on both lignite production and recovery. This emphasis has resulted in a gradual increase in the application of the retreat longwall mining method for both its product recovery and productivity benefits. Also, in order to maximize the recovery of the natural resources and to increase total production, it is necessary to take advantage of underground reserve before abandoning the mine. This means that at the end of the life of the mine, the main drift safety pillar and the shaft pillar will generally be extracted. This investigation a preliminary study of the stability of the main drift and the shaft at the Hustas Mine as the safety pillars are extracted. In this study, field surveys belonging to the underground colliery of Hustas Co. in Soma have been investigated with the help of LAMODEL working under the Laminated Displacement Discontinuity principle for the models calibrated as a results of physical model and finite element analyses. The convenience of Laminated Displacement Discontinuity Analysis has been researched in such studies. The results out of the models have been coherent with the previous studies.

May 1, 2004

By Vic Casaletto

"IntroductionThe Canadian mining industry is under immense pressure to compete with foreign mine operations. The very survival of the Canadian mining industry is threatened by lower ore grades, environmental pressures, high cost of labour, unfriendly tax laws toward exploration and the increasing cost of new technology. In order to compete in the world market, Canadian producers and their suppliers are rethinking age old customer-supplier relationships in favour of preferred supplier relationships which can improve the profitability and enhance the competitive position of both partners.This paper attempts to redefine partnerships with suppliers in the context of a ""win-win"" objective. It will outline the measurable benefits to both partners through a representative product which highlights the keynote structure of any successful supplier partnership The Status Quo...Mines all over North America are plagued with the same recurring questions, ""Who has the best product for my operation at the lowest price... How do we know a product will perform to a supplier&apos;s projections after the sale...What do we do if the product fails to perform as expected?"" These questions have been asked by underground mining operators for decades but rarely have long-term solutions with measurable results been achieved.The LHD industry is one example of the status quo where partnerships will provide large gains toward technological advancement, reducing mobile equipment costs. The underground mining industry is out of sync with their surface counterparts in the open pit business.Partnerships with suppliers in the open pit world are not only a standard practice but a culture which has existed for decades. Open pit operators enjoy concepts which fix their mobile equipment costs for the life of the mine and hold the equipment supplier accountable for performance and fleet economics for 60 000 service hours and longer.Manufacturers are attempting to transfer this culture into the underground mining industry. Figure I illustrates the significance of a capital driven decision."

Jan 1, 1994

By G. M. Proudfoot

IN June, 1940, a .Longyear 3420 blast-hole drill rig was purchased by the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company for the purpose of experimental blast-hole drilling. The early work showed that the diamond drill could compete successfully with the Leyners then in use and by January 1st, 1941, the diamond drills were placed on contract. They may be considered to have gone into production at that date. Prior to the introduction of the diamond drill, our bench drilling was clone with Ingersoll-Rand S-70 and S-83 Leyner drills. Holes up to 40 feet were drilled, using coupled 1 1/4-inch round steel. Bits with a gauge of 3 inches were used in starting these holes, with a drop of 1/8-inch gauge for each 2-foot run. The holes normally ended with 1 1/2 or 1 5/8-inch gauge, though bits down to 1 1/8 inches were available for holes longer than normal or for holes drilled in abnormally abrasive ground. This method of drilling was very satisfactory and was a distinct improvement on the three-bench method of drilling used previously (1). During 1937 and 1938, when experienced miners were available, Leyner long-hole drilling was carried on with great efficiency. However, in 1939 and 1940, labour turnover in-creased and experienced long-hole drillers became scarcer. This resulted in a marked decline in the efficiency of the drilling operations, with increased costs and less tonnage drilled per shift. EXPERIMENTAL WORK The initial diamond drilling test work was carried on with a Longyear 3420 air-driven blast-hole drill rig, drilling a 1 3/16-inch hole. Tests indicated that diamond drilling could be successfully adapted to local conditions and that overall costs compared favourably with costs obtained with the Leyner long-hole method. Leyner long holes on stope benches usually bottomed at a larger diameter than the 1 3/16 -inch diamond-drill holes. More powder could therefore be introduced into the Leyner holes than could be placed in the diamond-drill holes. To achieve the same fragmentation, additional footage was required when diamond drilling. Diamond-drill holes of larger diameter were indicated.

Jan 1, 1943

By Shae K. Kim

The aim of this study is to manufacture magnesium alloys with alkaline earth metal oxides (BeO, CaO, MgO or SrO) additions with the objectives of (1) ensuring safety during processing and applications by raising the ignition temperature and reducing oxidation, (2) protecting the environment by reducing or eliminating use of protective gases, (3) maintaining or improving elevated temperature properties with lower amount of Ca or Sr or rare earth metals when compared with conventionally developed high-temperature magnesium alloys, (4) developing cleaner strip casting and continuous casting processes without hot tearing and (5) obtaining all of these objectives without sacrificing mechanical properties or increasing the cost of magnesium alloys.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. H. Douglas, A. F. Matheson

"The Hard Rock is the most easterly producing mine in the Little Long Lac area. The Company was formed in 1934 to develop a surface showing of gold in quartz made by a prospector, W. W. Smith, in 1931. Although some ore was eventually produced from this discovery, the principal orebody, hidden below 10 feet of muskeg, was found about 1,000 feet to the north by exploratory diamond drilling early in 1938 from the No. 2 shaft workings at the 250-foot level.Production started in 1938 and to January 1, 1947, 201,000 oz. gold had been obtained from 1,165,282 tons of ore mined and 869,397 tons milled. Of this ore about 15 per cent came from the development and mining of the original orebodies discovered at the surface. The remainder came from the ore found by the underground diamond drilling done in 1938. Of the latter ore, the Company estimated, at January 1st, 1947, only 140,000 tons remained. The orebody, therefore, contained approximately 1,100,000 tons.OREBODIES AND GENERAL GEOLOGYThe orebodies of the Hard Rock mine are of two main types: the quartz ore of the south and No. 1 shaft zones, and the sulphide ore of the north zone. The quartz ore consists of white quartz veins mineralized with sparse, fine, light-coloured pyrite, or, less commonly, nests of coarse, crystalline, light pyrite. A little tourmaline, scheelite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and native gold are also present. Native gold occurs in a few places in quartz veins in exceedingly rich cemcentrations, apparently where there are large, light-coloured, pyrite crystals of imperfect form. The ore of the north zone is massive pyrite with arsenopyrite and in places pyrrhotite. Many short irregular quartz veins, from a few inches to 2 feet in width, are also present, but the quartz forms a very small percentage of the whole. The veins may be flat to vertical, and sulphides on one or both sides replace the host rocks. The gold is closely associated with the sulphides . The quartz is commonly barren except where it contains sulphides or along the borders of the sulphide ore zone where native gold is not uncommon in quartz stringers."

Jan 1, 1954

By L. I. Kiss, S. Perron, S. Poncsák, A. Perron

Aluminium industry has an increasing interest in the diminution of the energy consumption of the Hall-Heroult process by the reduction of the anode bottom covering with gas. Electrically isolating carbon-dioxide bubbles, produced at the anode, increase the ohmic resistance of the cell. As the gas production rate is determined by the applied current density, anode covering can be decreased only by a faster evacuation of the gas from the inter-electrode space. Among others, the inclination and curvature of the anode bottom promotes the release of the bubbles and thus decreases the mean value of the covering. Indeed, anode, insert in the molten cryolite bath has a square shape with horizontal bottom. However, inhomogeneous anode consumption, electro-erosion, bath circulation and the inclination of the bath-metal interface modify this shape gradually during electrolysis. Anode bottoms become inclined with rounded comers. This concentrates the gas generation to the center zone of the anode. As the bubble layer cannot be observed directly because of the hostile environment and the opacity of the bath, real scale air-water systems are used to study the impact of the anode geometry on the anode covering and the bubble induced flow. However, the physical properties of such a system are different than that we can found in the real cells. A simulator using the Lagrangian description of the bubble layer has been built and presented in earlier papers. This tool was used to investigate the effect of the anode inclination on gas covering and bath velocity, for both C02-cryolite and air-water system. Results obtained for the second system were compared to experimental data .

Jan 1, 2006

By J. B. Watts

"THE Mine Engineering Department at Gaspe Copper is staffed by a chief engineer, assist-ant engineer, research engineer, chief surveyor, four instrument men, chief bonus clerk, draftsman, and a helper pool of four permanent men plus one or two students in the summer. The men are grouped according to function for organization purposes. Routine services provided by the Mine Engineering Department in-elude ail surface and underground surveying and mapping, preparation of working drawings, compilation of engineering reports, recommendations on ventilation, testing the mine air for carbon monoxide, research on mine equipment and its use, and the calculation of incentive bonus. Demand jobs from departments other than the Mine Department .are done on request. Such jobs may be in the plantsite, the Town of Murdochville, or at the shipping points at Gaspe harbour or the St. Lawrence river."

Jan 1, 1959

By W. R. Bacon

"MAGNETITE HAS BEEN found in many .parts of the coastal area of British Columbia, but the more important deposits are on Vancouver Island and Texada Island. The locations of these deposits are shown on Figure 1.Interest in the magnetite deposits dates back to the 1870s, when land was acquired on the southwest coast of Texada Island by the Puget Sound Iron Company. This ground included the Prescott, Paxton, and Lake deposits. During the years 1885 to 1903, and 1908, 28,898 tons of magnetite ore was shipped to the company's blast-furnace plant at Irondale, Washington, U.S.A. This production was almost entirely from the Prescott open-pits.In the years following the Texada Island discoveries, other magnetite deposits were found in the coastal area, and various plans were proposed to utilize the local ores in the establishment of a steel industry in the Pacific Northwest. None was carried to fruition but, in 1951, open-pit mining was begun at Iron Hill, Vancouver Island, to furnish iron concentrates for steel mills in Japan. In 1952 mining of the Texada deposits was resumed to supply the same market. Production figures for these recent operations are as follows:"

Jan 1, 1949

By Diego L. Romero, Joy P. Romero

"IntroductionMinerals may be classed broadly as ferromagnetic (magnetite for example), as paramagnetic (attracts to regions of magnetic field convergence) and as diamagnetic (attracts to regions of magnetic field divergence). High-intensity separators are not necessary to separate ferromagnetic minerals from other classes. Rather, low-intensity units that generate fields below 5000 gauss are adequate for this purpose. However, paramagnetic minerals, such as ilmenite, with high magnetic ""attractability"" require fields of up to 10 000 gauss; those with low attractability may require even higher fields. Table 1 shows approximate ranges of field intensities necessary to separate ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals from minerals of lower attractability, along with the force with which they are attracted relative to iron in a standardized magnetic field.Uniform magnetic fields, not useful for separators, are generated between flat parallel surfaces; non-uniform fields, useful for separators, arise when at least one of the surfaces is of irregular shape. The diagrams below show how magnetic lines of force align relative to north and south poles.If a particle is placed in a uniform field, it feels no displacing force unless the particle distorts the applied field assymmetrically. This is not the case in non-uniform fields which are required for magnetic separators.Magnetic fields can be generated by permanent magnets (low intensity), by electromagnets (medium and high intensity) and even by superconducting coils (100 000 gauss fields and higher), although the latter are not as yet useful in production environments .The magnetic force of attraction per unit of mass, that acts on a paramagnetic mineral such as hematite, increases in proportion to the strength of the field . Unfortunately, the highest fields attainable with electromagnets is of the order of 20 000 gauss. Fortunately, the gradient of the fie ld (that is, the degree of convergence of magnetic lines of force) is important, because the attractive force per unit mass is proportional to it also . This can be stated:"

Jan 1, 1989

By H. A. Kee

In the mining industry, as in other business, one of the more satisfactory results of sincere but cheerful effort lies in the proper completion of undertakings and problems, which, to be successful, must continually hold the interest of all concerned in the work. In most undertakings, genuine interest and satisfaction is largely dependent on the proper appraisal of opportunities presented, and the opportunity to associate ourselves with sinking operations at McIntyre central shaft, from the surface to a depth of 4,133 feet, was genuinely appreciated. This opportunity was made possible by the previous persistent and successful leadership of Mr. J. P. Bickell, President, with the assistance of his associates, and of the general manager, Mr. R.J. Ennis, in the development of the McIntyre Porcupine mine, and I beg to state that any success in this sinking operation was very largely due to the congenial co-operation and splendid workmanship of Captain Martin C. Horne, his shift bosses, leaders, and all those who worked with us . Our slogan throughout was " Safety First for Pleasant and Efficient Workmanship," and this general policy made it possible to sink and timber 2.,123 feet during the first year without a serious accident.

Jan 1, 1928