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By M I. Pownceby, S Hapugoda, H Han, E Donskoi, L Lu

Iron ore sinter mineralogy and its associated macro-/micro – structure has a strong impact on sinter quality. At a macroscopic scale, sinter ideally consists of a strong, porous matrix which bonds relict ore nuclei together. Microscopically, the sinter matrix (solidified from the melt part of the initial sinter mix) generally consists of complex calcium ferrites known as SFCA, secondary magnetite and hematite grains (precipitated from the primary sinter melt), glass and silicates. Depending on the conditions under which the sinter structure is formed, two major forms of SFCA with different morphologies are generally recognised, ie fine micro-platy SFCA (usually termed SFCA-I) and coarse columnar/prismatic SFCA. Detailed optical microscope observations of several pot grate and compact sinter samples revealed the presence of a variety of fine, coarse and dense forms of both types of SFCA. The controlled cooling tests revealed that cooling rate has an impact on the form and size of SFCA crystals. In this work, EPMA analysis of SFCA compositions from a variety of pot grate and compact sinter samples are presented. Results show that the SFCA types exhibit a broad range of complex compositions within the system Fe2O3/CaO/SiO2/Al2O3/MgO/TiO2/MnO2. Although SFCA-I and SFCA are known to be crystallographically distinct and with different, well-defined ranges in composition, there was considerable overlap in compositions of the experimental sinter samples. The development of SFCA textures depend on several parameters including the local chemistry and conditions including the maximum temperature attained and the cooling rate, within the sinter bed, thereby suggesting that SFCA identification based on morphology alone may be erroneous.

Nov 8, 2021

By P Hofmeyr, D Pretorius

Iron ore, which is transported by rail from the iron ore mines at Sishen in the Northern Cape, to the Saldanha Iron Ore Terminal in the Western Cape, needs to be analysed while loading to be exported. Every shipment will be sampled and an average analysis of the ore will be produced which is required by the purchaser at the receiving port. On arrival at the iron ore terminal at Saldanha, the ore is tipped from the rail trucks onto conveyor belts to be either stockpiled or direct-loaded. The conveyor belts run under the sampling plant and the ore is sampled periodically by means of an automated cross-belt sampler. This is the first iron ore port sampling facility in which the automated sampler is situated above the conveyor belts and not adjacent to them. A portion of the primary sample taken off the belt is moved to the dedicated sampling laboratory situated behind the cross-belt sampler and over the conveyor belt lines. The sample is split in the laboratory, one split being used for moisture and particle size determination and the other part is dried and then analysed by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) on fusion beads for major and minor elements. Particular care is taken to obtain high quality data for penalty elements.This sampling plant is completely automated and from the primary cross-belt sampler to final analysis by XRFS no manual steps are involved. This has meant that some processes are used which are suitable for automation and are ISO compliant but not necessarily ISO-certificated. The ISO manuals were developed with manual laboratory processes in mind. Precautions are also taken to maintain the integrity and representativity of the samples. This paper is a case study?describing?the automated sampling systems used at the Saldanha Iron Ore Terminal sampling facility and laboratory from conveyor belt to analysis.CITATION:Hofmeyr, P and Pretorius, D, 2012. Automated sampling of iron ore for analysis at the Saldanha Iron Ore Terminal in South Africa, in Proceedings Sampling 2012 , pp 25-32 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 21, 2012

Welcome to Mount Isa- my home city and without doubtthe base for what promises to be the most exciting mineral development yet seen in Australia.Mr. Chairman, it also gives me great pride to representthis area in the Queensland State Parliament as well as being the Minister for Minerals and Energy in the Queensland Government.Mount Isa is now part of the Australian mining industry folklore.It is all what a good mine is all about. It is. all what a good community is all about.

Jan 1, 1993

By C Li, S Wang, L Qiao

Jinchuan nickel mine is the largest nickel mine in China. Cut-and-fill mining method with high density cementing materials is used in the mine. The original mining design divided the mining operation into two steps. The first step stopped the mining rooms and the second step stopped the pillars. Because the two-step method made big trouble for finally mining pillars and strongly limited the mining speed and production, it was successfully changed to a continuous cut-and-fill method without pillars. However, the mining operation in the mine has been down to 800 m and the mining condition is getting worse and more complicated. Through systemetical field investigations and 3D FEM analysis, it is proved that the mining method without pillars is feasible for mining deeper orebodies in Jinchuan nickel mine.

Jan 1, 2000

By B Abbasi

It is well known that most roof falls in coal mines typically occur at and around intersections. Room-and-pillar and longwall coal mining systems typically develop 3-way and 4-way intersections. This research develops an improved scientific understanding of stress distribution and associated instability behaviour around 3-way and 4-way coal mine intersections through 3-D numerical modelling and limited field observations. Numerical analyses were performed for an Illinois longwall coal mine to identify factors that influence intersection stability. The stability of immediate roof, floor strata, and coal ribs at and around intersections are considered with pre-mining regional horizontal stress. Non-linear failure analyses used the Hoek-Brown failure criterion for rock mass. Progressive failure zones in and around intersections were developed. For a typical 4-way intersection, pillar corners across the intersection fail first and lead to progressive failure of the immediate roof and floor layers. The mechanism of failure is similar for a 3-way intersection but the shape and extension of failed zones differ. For the 3-way intersection, the effect of off-set distance was analysed. It was found that minimum off-set distance of about 10 m (centre to centre distance between two 3-way intersections) was required to minimize interaction between two intersections. A simple instrumentation program monitor ground movements around intersections. These data were used to design the intersection geometry that is now being practiced by the mine. CITATION:Abbasi, B and Chugh, Y P, 2018. Instability analysis in three-way and four-way coal mine intersections, in Proceedings The Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference (AusRock), pp 345–359 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 30, 2018

By Trudinger J. P

Concern for the environment by the public and by mining companies, has led to many recent attempts to revegetate areas disturbed by mining activities. The problem of successfully revegetating disturbed areas and mine wastes is often difficult, even under favourable conditions. Under the severe conditions that prevail in and and semi-arid parts of Australia, such difficulties may be extreme. An approach is described in which field trials are used to investigate factors which adversely affect revegetation and to evaluate optimum methods and treatments..A wide range of methods suitable for use in and situations is described. These include grading and cultivating operations, topdressing with natural soil materials, selection of suitable plant species, mulching and the use of fertilisers and supplementary irrigation. It is concluded that such a programme provides the best approach to this complex and expensive problem.

Jan 1, 1976

By H Benzer, N A. Aydogan

It is well known that the high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) can only be operated efficiently under choke feeding conditions in which a material bed is built up between the rollers to ensure interparticle breakage. By increasing the fines amount in the material bed up to a specific level with the recycling load, a uniform material bed is created and higher pressure gradient along the roller width is obtained which results in compact flakes including more fines. Extensive test work has been carried out with an industrial HPGR unit grinding cement clinker in a cement plant in Turkey. During the test work the recycling load of the circuit was changed to achieve different ratios to the fresh feed rate in order to identify the effect of the recycling load on the circuit performance. Six different tests were performed with the circuit at steady state. For each test, samples were collected from HPGR fresh feed and discharge, and total feed, then the particle size distributions of the samples were determined and mass balances around the circuit were calculated. The conclusion was that the reduction ratio of the HPGR increased with increase in recycling load. The flake densities showed the same trend with more compacted flakes being produced for higher recycling loads.

Jan 1, 2009

The earliest suggestions that some metallic ore deposits might have resulted from seafloor volcanic exhalation seem to have been those of Elie de Beaumont in 1847 and Henry de la Beche in 1851. In 1885 Tinoco, and Bouglise and Cumenge, independently investigating-.the manto copper deposits of the Boleo district of Baja California, proposed that these had formed on the seafloor by precipitation from "hydrothermal submarine emanations". Some twenty years later the Japanese geologists Kukuchi and Tsujimoto (1904) put forward the idea that the Kuroko ore- bodies were seafloor volcanic sinter deposits and in 1919 this was re-affirmed by Ohashi. In 1909 the English geologists Thomas and MacAllister postulated a similar origin for some of the gold deposits of Mount Morgan in Queensland. Between the wars the great European economic geologists Niggli and Schneiderhohn both clearly recognized a class of seafloor hydrothermal deposits. The idea rose again immediately after the Second World War in a very clear statement by Hegeman in 1948, which was followed by contributions by Ehrenberg and Kraume and their co-workers on the submarine volcanic origin of the Meggen and Rammelsberg orebodies in 1954 and 1955 respectively. In 1955 the present writer, quite unaware of early or contemporary work on volcanic exhalative ore deposits, proposed a volcanic sedimentary/diagenetic origin for the stratiform base metal ores of SE Australia. In doing so the writer emphasized the probable importance of island arc volcanism, suggested that some "metallogenetic regions" of ancient terrains were in fact old island arc systems, that the composition of the ores might be related to the composition of the associated volcanic rocks and that such ores would be tied to volcanic stratigraphy. Ideas on relations between volcanism and stratiform ore genesis have thus been evolving over.a period of some 140 years and, beginning with the observations on Baja California in 1882, work round the rim of the Pacific has made an important contribution over a period of more than 100 years.

Jan 1, 1987

By R Stosch, D Lohberger, J Rodler, E Schnell and A Bassler, H Ramseier

In the last two decades three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have become an important tool in engineering sciences. More recently, the safety requirements in underground railway stations have increased with regard to incidents. For this reason, existing underground stations (eg Munich, Strasbourg and Berlin) are being equipped with smoke extraction facilities to protect passengers from smoke and visibility impairment in the event of fire. In addition, designs of planned underground stations (eg Karlsruhe, Doha) also include these facilities.For the commissioning of ventilation engineering systems with complex structures, the functional testing of the whole technical installation are important, as are the acceptance tests of ventilation and equipment parts. This functional testing includes not only the technical inspection of the equipment but also the acceptance measurements of the capability of the equipment and the execution of hot- or cold-smoke tests to confirm the effectiveness of the ventilation system.Due to the fact that the overhead contact line and other sensitive installations were already installed in the tunnel roof at the time that smoke tests were proposed, hot-smoke tests with fire loads up to a maximum of 1 MW could only be executed. Therefore, the evidence of the attainability of the safety objective had to be provided computationally in this special case with a fire scenario of a heat release of 10 MW using CFD simulations.This paper presents the interplay between the results from acceptance testing and smoke tests and the use of 3D CFD simulation and virtual reality using the example of Allmend station, which was repositioned underground and is part of a new section of track from Lucerne railway station to Kriens in the Zentralbahn network. The steps of the verification and validation of the computer model are presented with the real tests and measurements.CITATION:Stosch, R, Ramseier, H, Lohberger, D, Rodler, J, Schnell, E and Bassler, A, 2014. Safety in underground railway stations – an example of the interplay between testing and 3D computational fluid dynamics simulation, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 103–112 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By L Keeney

Cu-Au porphyry deposits are large tonnage low-grade resources dependent on processing large volumes of material. The ability to understand and predict comminution performance is critical, as it is frequently the rate-limiting step during processing. Parameters required from geometallurgical mapping and modelling of comminution performance are: A×b processing domains based on impact breakage variability, and BMWi processing domains showing grind response variability which lead to Mine throughput domains for a specific comminution circuit configuration. Due to the cost and/or large sample requirements of traditional comminution tests, insufficient data density and distribution of comminution indices commonly exist, making it difficult to model and map deposit scale variability. One method routinely applied to three dimensional domaining is to have an a priori zoning based on geological features (lithology, alteration, mineralogy, textures), and then apply to all material within a given domain the metallurgical values measured on a single sample or average of samples from that domain. The problem with this approach is that commonly the geological domains do not reflect comminution response, therefore compromising the quality of the average domain estimate. To resolve this problem an alternate integrated geometallurgical mapping and modelling method is applied to model and map comminution performance at Cadia East. This paper uses a data set of ~32 000 assay measurements and geological logging information, integrated with ~150 comminution measurements to analyse and develop proxy support models for comminution indices (ie A×b, BMWi, and throughput) based on inherent geological variability. Discrete downhole comminution processing domains are created, mapping orebody response while maintaining inherent variability.

Sep 5, 2011

By Kokubu H, Moro-Oka A

Gaseous desulphurization from hot metal- lurgical slags containing sulphur mainly as sulphide and(or) sulphate was measured under `low at four different oxygen pressures. The total gas rate was from 1.7 to 2,8 litre/min. Crushed slag samples weighing 2 to 12 g were used for the experiments. The amount of SO2 gas evolved from samples kept at 15500 was rieasured over tires ranging from 20 to 300 min. The gaseous desulphurization rate of sul- phide sulphur becomes high as the oxygen part- ial pressure is increased, while that of sul- phate sulphur is high under low oxygen pressure. The effect of basicity on the desulphurization rate of sulphide sulphur in oxygen atmospheres is not obvious in the range of basicity from one to three. Changes in the ratio of sulphide to sulphate sulphur during the run in oxygen axe analysed. Desulphurization reactions and the rate controlling steps are discussed. De- sulphurization phenomena can be explained by inte.-¦ucia.l chemical reaction rate control.

Jan 1, 1980

By Elford H. S, Hughes J. F

The object of this paper is to bring before Members of the lnstitute the very important and much discussed question of scientifically prospecting for ores, oil, coal, etc.The paper is divided into three sections:SECTION l - Description of Geophysical Prospecting methods.(1) Sound-Vibration.(2) Magnetic.(3) Gravitometric.(4) Electrical.(a) Equipotential.(b) Electro-magnetic.(c) Schlumberger.(d) General.SECTION II - General discussion of Cicophysical Prospecting.SECTION III - Appendices.(1) Systematic summary of methods of survey.(2) Table of electrical conductivities.(3) Bibliography.SECTION I - DESCRIPTION O:F GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING METHODS.(1) SOUND-VIBRATION.THE transmission of sound waves or vibrations underground will depend on at least three factors: (a) Type of Rock. - Hard, dense rocks wiII transmit sound waves much more quickly than softer, more porous rocks. In the former the speed may be eight times that of the latter.(2) Uniformity of Rock. - Any variation in the texture, hardness, etc, wiII have an effect on and direction of transmission of the waves.

Jan 1, 1927

By W Liu, S Gao, D Wei, B Cui, Z Guan, Y Shen

Beneficiation of low-grade fine-grained hematite ores becomes increasingly important due to rapid depletion of high quality iron ore resources. However, fine particles, especially ultra-fine particles, make efficient beneficiation of these ores more difficult. Therefore, methods to reduce the influence of fine particles must be considered to achieve better beneficiation performance. Analysis and systematical beneficiation tests were carried out on an ultra-fine-grained hematite ore slime from washing a fine grained hematite ore. Ore particles were found to be presented in loose soil. While some of the ore particles were agglomerated, they were very fine and contained up to 76.5 per cent -0.023 mm material. In this paper, using a single magnetic separation flow sheet with sodium silicate (SS) as a dispersing agent, a concentrate containing 65.05 per cent Fe was obtained at an iron recovery of 68.58 per cent from the hematite ore slime of 56.65 per cent Fe. The single magnetic separation flow sheet was simple and reliable, the agent SS was effective in dispersing ultra-fine particles. The results are believed to be applicable to similar hematite ores.CITATION:Wei, D, Guan, Z, Gao, S, Liu, W, Shen, Y and Cui, B, 2013. Beneficiation study of an ultra-fine-grained hematite ore slime, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 495-500 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By M Olsen

"Segregation of conveyor roadways is a ventilation practice that is being increasingly applied in Australia. It is largely driven by the legislated requirements in Queensland pertaining to separation of escapeways from the mine. This legal requirement was based on a recommendation from the Moura No. 2 WardenÆs Inquiry (Windridge, 1996) into the mine disaster that claimed 11 lives. The report recommended: ... the introduction of a requirement for all underground mines to have one intake airway that is completely segregated from other parallel intake airways so as to provide two separate means of egress from the mine via an intake airway.This recommendation seeks to assist mine workers in escape from a mine after a fire by providing them with an airway that is free from smoke or contaminants.The concept of an airway being æcompletely segregatedÆ is an ideal that is challenging to implement in practice when considering the effect of leakage. The practice of belt segregation is concerned with the potential for fires in the belt roadway although there are numerous other potential fire sources in underground coal mines. A review of segregation practices has been conducted applying ventilation engineering principles. Four different scenarios have been analysed with regard to the effectiveness of the segregation stoppings in preventing potential fire contaminants migrating to other parts of the mine. The results show that in some cases the benefits of segregation to a person evacuating a mine in the event of a fire range from beneficial to detrimental. This is influenced by many factors including the location of that individual in that particular mine. There is room for improvement in the design and implementation of escapeways in underground coal mines. Escapeways need to be planned and designated with regard to the potential sources of fire, pressure differentials between escapeways and the operational practicalities of maintaining the pressure differential between them.CITATION:Olsen, M, 2013. Belt road segregation and escapeways - Compliance or risk management?, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 311-318 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 1, 2013

By C Vejrazka1

The occurrence of airblasts is one of the principal mining hazards in caving operations between the time of cave establishment and breakthrough of the cave to surface. As such, it needs to be managed continuously and risk assessments need to be reviewed on a regular basis for applicability to changing conditions. The likelihood of an airblast occurring is based on a range of geotechnical factors over some of which engineers on-site only have limited control. However, the impact of an airblast to the underground mine, if it does occur, can be managed by following established safety guidelines for the production from the cave.This paper outlines how the Caving Airblast Simulation Tool in Ventsim was used to determine a risk management strategy for a sublevel and a block cave at a mining operation in Australia. The block cave has a footprint of 14 500 m2 with the extraction level located 1250 m below surface while the sublevel cave currently has a footprint of around 18 000 m2 operating between 660 m and 800 m below surface. Both caves are currently in their early operational periods. The risk analysis provided valuable information for the production planning of the caves including confirmation of extraction ratios for the block cave undercut, locations of airblast walls and maximum allowable air gaps for different muck pile heights to ensure safe operation is achieved.

Oct 12, 2022

By A Lechner, T Baumgartl, S Arnold, P Audet

When revegetation is a part of a rehabilitation strategy at mine sites in arid and semi-arid environments, its success can be strongly affected by the availability of water prior or during the time of seed dormancy, germination and early growth of seedlings. The semi-arid and arid environments of northern Australia are characterised by highly variable and erratic rainfall and hence the actual weather conditions at and around the time of germination and seedling emergence play a critical role in determining the success of plant establishment and the type of plant community that may develop.Using available climate data, an analysis has been undertaken and a set of indices has been developed which describe the suitability of the climatic conditions for rehabilitation. In total, eight sites from Queensland and one site from New South Wales, Australia have been analysed. It could be determined that regular rainfall and relatively short periods of water-deficit are key characteristics of climate suitability. A comparison of the locations studied allowed the separation into suitable and susceptible locations in terms of the availability of water, amount of rain and duration of drought between rain events.In our experience, specific estimates of climate suitability are rarely incorporated into the design of mined land rehabilitation programs. We consider that the regional intensity, seasonality and extremity of climate represent an overarching component of landscape complexity, which in turn will influence the development of post-disturbance ecosystems in these regions. This paper presents the outcome of climate analyses paired with the development of suitability indices. A conceptual framework is presented explaining the suitability matrix and its incorporation as a prognosis tool to achieve greater certainty for success in rehabilitation development.CITATION:Baumgartl, T, Arnold, S, Audet, P and Lechner, A, 2014. Development of climate-based suitability indices for the improvement of success in rehabilitation, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 483–490 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

Orebodies in the Mt. Charlotte-Hannan's North area N. and E. of the town of Kalgoorlie provide a marked contrast to the pyritetelluride lodes of the Golden Mile, although both groups of orebodies appear to be fundamentally related.These highly siliceous telluride-free orebodies N. of the Golden Mile are closely related to strong oblique faulting. The Golden Mile lodes, while possessing an apparent overall relationship to the oblique faults also have a close relationship to E. dipping strike faults.INTRODUCTIONThe Mt. Charlotte-Hannan's North area lies N. and E. of the town of Kalgoorlie and is separated from the Golden Mile by the Golden Pike fault. The orebodies discussed lie in an area approximately 3 miles long by 1 mile wide (Fig. 1).The area includes the site of the original discovery of gold in the Kalgoorlie district in 1893. There have been numerous mining operations over the years, the bulk of the production coming from two orebodies, Mt. Charlotte and Hannan's North. These have provided approximately 900,000 tons of the 1,100,000 tons of ore mined in the area.Production to date from the principal orebodies in the area has been as follows.1. Hannan's North orebody, 582,000 tons of ore for 275,000 oz of gold2. Mt. Charlotte orebody, approximately 230,000 tons for 75,000 oz3. Pharlap and Golden Goose orebodies, each orebody approximately 8,000 tons for 2,700 oz4. Maritana Hill orebodies, approximately 170,000 tons for 70,000 oz...

Jan 1, 1965

For effective backfilling, a system with the 13 features covered under the section: effective backfill systems, is required. Effective backfilling cannot be done with systems that are badly designed, outdated or overextended. But in cases where the requirements for effective backfilling are overlooked, the shortcomings of such systems may wrongly come to be regarded as limitations to the capabilities of backfilling per se. Mining is currently done to depths of 3500 m, and is to go deeper since the gold-bearing reef extends down to 4000 m and 5000 m below surface. Effective backfilling systems will be required at such depths, and with suitable design this can be achieved. Mining the narrow tabular orebody of a typical South African gold mine is described at the start of this paper, then cycloned backfilling is discussed in general, and its effectiveness (most of the fill placed in South Africa is cycloned backfill or ædeslimed tailingsÆ).

Jan 1, 1998

By Q Zhuo, P C. Pistorius, M N. Al-Harbi

A likely increasingly important pathway for future low-carbon ironmaking and steelmaking is the combination of gas-based direct reduction with electric furnace steelmaking (DRI-EAF route), or with electric smelting (DRI-ESF route). In the DRI-EAF route, the gangue that is present in the iron ore is fluxed and removed as slag in the melting (steelmaking) step. This is in contrast with integrated steelmaking, in which the gangue is removed as part of blast furnace ironmaking. For DRI-EAF steelmaking, the amount and composition of slag depend on the iron ore composition, flux additions and iron yield. Slag volume and composition affect phosphorus removal, foaming behaviour and the process energy requirements. In this work, heat data from a year of DRI-EAF production was analysed to test whether the expected relationship between slag volume and electricity consumption for EAF steelmaking was observed. The data include slag analyses (one sample per shift), and heatlevel information on all inputs, final steel temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration, electricity consumption, tapped steel mass and tap-to-tap time. In analysing the data, the slag volume was estimated from the assayed slag CaO concentration and CaO inputs to the EAF. The expected effect of slag volume on steelmaking energy consumption was calculated with a mass and energy balance, considering the heat of mixing of the slag. The calculated energy requirement of slag formation is in line with previous estimates reported in the literature.

Aug 21, 2024

By Y Peng, D Liu, S Vink, B Wang

There have been strong industrial observations that clay minerals have a deleterious effect on mineral flotation grade and recovery. However, rigorous explanation on the role of clay minerals in flotation and effective ways to reduce their negative effects are not available. In this study, the flotation behaviour of low quality and high quality coal samples were examined at the Xstrata Oaky Creek Coal plant, and laboratory in fresh and recycled water with high ionic strength. Anionic and non-ionic dispersants including lignosulfonates and triblock copolymers were also tested with an objective of improving coal flotation in recycled water. It was found that overly stable froth was produced in the flotation of both low quality and high quality coal samples in saline water. Speciation modelling indicated precipitation of hydrophilic components which may adversely affect the flotation. Despite the overly stable froth, saline water produced much higher combustible recovery than fresh water without significantly losing the product quality. Lignosulfonate dispersants displayed a potential to improve the flotation in fresh water, but not in saline water. Significant flotation improvement was achieved with the triblock copolymer examined in both fresh and saline water.CITATION:Liu, D, Wang, B, Peng, Y and Vink, S, 2012. Determining the effect of clay minerals on coal flotation using saline water, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 151-158 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012