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By Herbert Hoover

YOUR committee asks that I speak today on the relations of the engineering profession to public affairs. That takes in a lot of ground. This being a cheerful occasion, I will assume that I should exclude the engineer's function as a taxpayer. This being a nonpartisan occasion, I will assume that I should not refer to his voting emotions in 1940. Perhaps what was in the minds of your committee was the application of engineering thought to the confusions of the times. That is also a lot of ground. I fear, however, its boundaries disappear in mirages and rainbows on all sides. Now any entry of the engineer into public affairs involves his breaking into the fields of the sociologists, the economists, and the politicians. However I don't know why, seeing the difficulties these professions are having, they should not welcome a little help.

Jan 1, 1939

By P. K. Koh

Chi phase (body-centered cubic, a = 8.89A) was found in as-cast 23 pct Cr-10 pct Mo-Fe alloy as well as in heat-treated 316, 316L, 317, and modified 446 stainless steels. Chi phase resembles sigma phase in its metastability, chemical composition, and brittleness. Microstructure and some of physical properties of chi phase were developed. MOLYBDENUM has been established as a desirable alloying element for the enhancement of corrosion resistance in Cr-Ni steels and creep and rupture strength in high temperature alloys. On the debit side, however, the molybdenum addition has been known to stimulate u formation. When the molybdenum-bearing steels were subjected to prolonged heating at elevated temperatures, losses of corrosion resistance and/or ductility have been observed. Andrews1,2 first found the existence of a new phase among the anodic FeC13 extracts from type 316 stainless steel solution treated and then reheated from 800" to 1100°C. This phase was designated x and was identified by diffraction patterns as of body-centered cubic structure with a value equal to 8.89? and similar to that of a manganese. He found that the x phase in this steel always coexisted with s phase, but failed to distinguish one from the other by metallographic technique. No definite conclusion was drawn regarding the equilibrium temperature ranges of these two phases. The appearance of Andrew's work recalled an un- explained structure observed several years ago at the Allegheny Ludlum Research Laboratories during the investigation of an experimental alloy containing 25 pct Cr, 10 pct Mo, and balance Fe. X-ray diffraction patterns on the as-cast material revealed the presence of a body-centered cubic phase having a lattice parameter of 8.89?. The structure was sufficiently similar to that of y chromium that for a time it was thought that the structure might be caused by the presence of some undissolved electrolytic chromium particles. The alloy as-cast was so brittle that it shattered after the slightest hot reduction by hammer cogging. This paper gives the results of some metallographic and X-ray diffraction studies on x phase as found in several experimental alloys as well as a few molybdenum-bearing commercial stainless steels. The analyses of materials studied were as shown in Table I. Experimental Procedure Metallography: Solid specimens were polished mechanically and etched in boiling 50 pct HC1 solution in order to best delineate x and s phases in the alloys studied. X-Ray Diffraction: The difficulty of satisfactorily developing diffraction lines for s phase in solid specimens has been previously reported by Bindari, Koh, and Zmeskal.V or this reason all specimens used in this investigation were subjected to anodic

Jan 1, 1954

By H. P. Schwede, H. G. Doll

This paper describes a method to provide identification of particular depths in a borehole through the use of radioactive markers. The correlation of a marker, placed in the wall of a borehole, with known points of the electrical log and with the casing collars in the cased hole permits accurate positioning of tools with respect to a formation, regardless of absolute depth. Such a process is particularly useful in gun perforation of a casing in a well. Technique and equipment are discussed and illustrated. Examples are given of practical application in the field. Introduction During the past decade the search for petroleum has increased the importance of testing zones at depths in wells which have become progressively deeper. The development of new techniques, such as electrical logging, has permitted the identification of producing formations which consist of comparatively thin strata. When thin beds are to be produced at great depths, the problem of positioning tools accurately to place the well in production becomes acute.l Continuous consideration is being given in the petroleum industry towards the improvement of depth measurements in a borehole. The accuracy in absolute depth measurements, whether made in an open or cased hole, whether determined by a cable or a drill pipe, depends upon a number of factors, such as tension, temperature, and calibration. For example, the effects of tension from the weight of 10,000 ft of drill pipe and the thermal expansion of this length . of pipe, where its average temperature has increased SO"', will Produce an elongation as much as 8 ft.2 The effects Of such factors can be minimized through the use of care in depth measurements, the application of corrections based on experience, and continuous calibration or checking. The fact that different methods and different tools are used to determine the depths of formations in wells will sometimes give rise to a difference between measurements. It is evident that an important requirement in a well is the ability to locate at will any subsurface point. While absolute depth measurements have ion in recent years, it is reassuring to have other means to verify, for example, that a casing is perforated at a particular place with reference to a zone within a formation. Such a check on measurements may be had by placing a reference marker at a point known with respect to the electrical log of the borehole. That point is usually chosen to be in proximity to the 'One to be perforated. Thus, only short in depth measurements are made and any inaccuracy becomes very small and of minor importance' The use of reference markers located at fixed points predetermined in each zone where future operations are contemplated enables the operator to position any tool

Jan 1, 1948

By H. G. Doll, H. P. Schwede

This paper describes a method to provide identification of particular depths in a borehole through the use of radioactive markers. The correlation of a marker, placed in the wall of a borehole, with known points of the electrical log and with the casing collars in the cased hole permits accurate positioning of tools with respect to a formation, regardless of absolute depth. Such a process is particularly useful in gun perforation of a casing in a well. Technique and equipment are discussed and illustrated. Examples are given of practical application in the field. Introduction During the past decade the search for petroleum has increased the importance of testing zones at depths in wells which have become progressively deeper. The development of new techniques, such as electrical logging, has permitted the identification of producing formations which consist of comparatively thin strata. When thin beds are to be produced at great depths, the problem of positioning tools accurately to place the well in production becomes acute.l Continuous consideration is being given in the petroleum industry towards the improvement of depth measurements in a borehole. The accuracy in absolute depth measurements, whether made in an open or cased hole, whether determined by a cable or a drill pipe, depends upon a number of factors, such as tension, temperature, and calibration. For example, the effects of tension from the weight of 10,000 ft of drill pipe and the thermal expansion of this length . of pipe, where its average temperature has increased SO"', will Produce an elongation as much as 8 ft.2 The effects Of such factors can be minimized through the use of care in depth measurements, the application of corrections based on experience, and continuous calibration or checking. The fact that different methods and different tools are used to determine the depths of formations in wells will sometimes give rise to a difference between measurements. It is evident that an important requirement in a well is the ability to locate at will any subsurface point. While absolute depth measurements have ion in recent years, it is reassuring to have other means to verify, for example, that a casing is perforated at a particular place with reference to a zone within a formation. Such a check on measurements may be had by placing a reference marker at a point known with respect to the electrical log of the borehole. That point is usually chosen to be in proximity to the 'One to be perforated. Thus, only short in depth measurements are made and any inaccuracy becomes very small and of minor importance' The use of reference markers located at fixed points predetermined in each zone where future operations are contemplated enables the operator to position any tool

Jan 1, 1948

C. W. GOODALE, Butte, Mont. (member of the committee)- (communication to the Secretary*).-In the discussion of papers presented at the New York meeting of the Institute in February, 1915, and at the Arizona meeting of September, 1916, I referred to the activities of the Bureau of Safety of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., and I am now submitting a few thoughts by members of the staff of that Bureau. TORGUS H. OAAS, Safety Engineer, Butte, Mont.-The report of the Committee on Safety and Sanitation has described different organizations and methods of promoting safety work. The effectiveness of these methods would aid the beginner in his campaign for safety in choosing the kind of organization and methods best adapted for his field. This can he obtained only by a discussion by those who have long promoted this kind of work, and have met with successful results. As the field is new, the different organizations promoting safety work have not established a common basis of rating for their fatal, serious and slight accidents, so that it is now difficult to get a comparative basis from which to judge the merits of the different systems. C. W. GOODALE.-The U. S. Bureau of Mines adopted, at the beginning, as a basis for its yearly summaries, the number of accidents. per 1,000 men employed, and it is now (quoting from its report for 1915, Technical Paper 168) making the following "classification of injuries:" "Many of the States now have. compensation laws, and in order to conform with their classifications, the bureau's classification of serious and slight injuries for 1915 is on a 14-day (2-week) basis instead of 20 days, as in previous years. The new classification of injuries includes three types, as follows: 1. Fatal 2. Serious (time lost, more than 14 days) (a) Permanent disability Total Partial

Jan 6, 1917

By Oliver Hopkins

As prefatory to the body of this paper, a few general statements will be made (1) in regard to the history and importance of the asbestos industry, (2) as to the principal sources of the raw material, and (3) as to the types and modes of occurrence of asbestos. While the modern asbestos industry is comparatively new and its growth during the last decade or two has been marvelous, asbestos has been known and used in a small way for probably 2,000 years-at least since the time of the Roman Empire. Pliny refers to it as "the funeral dress of kings" and Plutarch records its use as lamp wicks. In the middle of the 18th century the deposits of the Ural mountains were opened up and the first factory for the manufacture of asbestos goods was established. But, owing to the limited demand for the goods, the industry disappeared and interest lapsed until about 50 years ago. Since 1860, the asbestos industry has made wonderful strides, and each year sees new uses to which the material can be put, and hence an increased demand and an increased output. Of the three great producers of asbestos, Canada, Russia, and the United States, Canada stands pre-eminent, producing from one-half to three-fourths of the world's supply; Russia comes second, producing ,in 1911 about two and one-half times ,is much as the United States. In 1912 the Canadian production,1 including both asbestos and asbestic, was 131,260 short tons, valued at $2,979,384; while during the same year the production of the United States2 was 4,403 tons, valued at $57,959. Canada holds the first place in the production of raw asbestos, while the United States holds the first place in its manufacture.

Jan 9, 1914

By H. M. Morse

Mississippi, during the year 1941, experienced the greatest diversity of oil activity since the beginning of oil interest in the state—core tests for exploration, core tests for sulphur, continued drilling at Tinsley for production, and wildcatting, which brought to light two new oil fields and two new salt domes. There were 45 wildcat wells drilled in 1941, which showed greater results and findings geologically than the 85 drilled in 1940. Tinsley Oil Field (Yazoo County).—The Tinsley oil field, with its boundaries fairly well defined now, is 8 miles long and 3 miles wide at its widest point. During the past year 213 producing wells were completed, which brought the total number of producers in the field by the end of 1941 to 325 wells. Seven producing sands have been logged, with a total average thickness of 30 ft. of oil sand. The producing formations are the Selma, Eutaw and Tuscaloosa. The average total depth of the wells is 5012 ft. The average gravity of the oil is 35.4°. Production for 1941 was approximately 15,500,000 bbl. of oil. Vaughan-Pickens Oil Field (Yazoo County).—At the end of 1941 only three wells were Producing in this field, the fourth having been abandoned. The total production for the field for the year was approximately 250,000 bbl. of oil. The producing sand is the Wilburn, in the Eutaw formation. Cary Field (Sharkey County).—The British American Oil Producing Co. completed, on Sept. I, 1941, its F. B. Houston No. A-I well, sec. 23, T. 11 N., R. 7 W. It is

Jan 1, 1942

By H. M. Morse

Mississippi, during the year 1941, experienced the greatest diversity of oil activity since the beginning of oil interest in the state—core tests for exploration, core tests for sulphur, continued drilling at Tinsley for production, and wildcatting, which brought to light two new oil fields and two new salt domes. There were 45 wildcat wells drilled in 1941, which showed greater results and findings geologically than the 85 drilled in 1940. Tinsley Oil Field (Yazoo County).—The Tinsley oil field, with its boundaries fairly well defined now, is 8 miles long and 3 miles wide at its widest point. During the past year 213 producing wells were completed, which brought the total number of producers in the field by the end of 1941 to 325 wells. Seven producing sands have been logged, with a total average thickness of 30 ft. of oil sand. The producing formations are the Selma, Eutaw and Tuscaloosa. The average total depth of the wells is 5012 ft. The average gravity of the oil is 35.4°. Production for 1941 was approximately 15,500,000 bbl. of oil. Vaughan-Pickens Oil Field (Yazoo County).—At the end of 1941 only three wells were Producing in this field, the fourth having been abandoned. The total production for the field for the year was approximately 250,000 bbl. of oil. The producing sand is the Wilburn, in the Eutaw formation. Cary Field (Sharkey County).—The British American Oil Producing Co. completed, on Sept. I, 1941, its F. B. Houston No. A-I well, sec. 23, T. 11 N., R. 7 W. It is

Jan 1, 1942

By Theron Wasson

No major oil-field discoveries were made County; the second in Marion township, in Michigan during the year 1940. Produc- Osceola County. Both are producing from tion for the year was maintained by the Stray sand at about 1350 ft. These discoveries made in 1938 and, as a result, is fields are on structures founci by core test-below the total for 1939. Several extensions ing through the glacial drift. The Six Lakes to old fields have been made, which have field, Montcalm County, discovered in helped to maintain production in the face 1934, is Michigan's largest gas-producing of rather rapid decline in the fields of the field. it has 195 wells producing from the southwestern part of the state. Important Michigan Stray sandstone and the Upper extensions were made in Overisel, Porter, Marshall sandstone. This field was devel-Sherman, and Adams fields. Important oil oped on a 40-acre spacing plan, and gas fields of the state are shown on the -map, Fig. I. WiI~dcat Drilling Michigan's production of 19,700,000 bbl. A test in sec. 29, Winterfield township, during 1940 was 3,800,000 bbl. less than Clare County, which is producing oil from the total for 1939, but about one million the Monroe of Devonian age at a depth of greater than 1938. This brings the total 3760 ft., and a well in sec. 31, Lincoln accumulated production for the state to a township, Osceola County, producing from little over 145,000,000 bbl. the Monroe at 3625 it., should be classed as wildcats that are sure to lead to further Active Oil Fields development in I94L The leading producer for the year was the At the end of the year the Gulf Refining Temple field, Clare County, where 29 new Company's deep test on the Kawkawlin wells were drilled. The Walker field, Kent structure in Monitor township, Bay County, was second, but drilled 183 new County, was preparing to drill deeper after wells in order to gain that position. In the having had a gas blowout from a depth of extension of the Overisel field in Allegan 7775 ft. This test is the most important one County, 115 new producers were drilled. drilling at the end of the year in Michigan, The Adams field, Arenac County, was for should it develop commercial produc- revived by several wells with initial production from deeper beds it will lead to deeper tions of over 1000 bbl. per day from the drilling on many well-known structures Dundee of Devonian age. that have been producing from shallower sands. Active Gas Fields Two important gas fields were discovered Exploration by Taggart Brothers during the year. The A small amount of reflection seismograph first was in Riverside township, Missaukee work was done in Clare, Osceola, and Glad-Win Counties during the year. Exploration Manuscript received at the office of the Institute March 28 1941 by shallow drilling for structural informa- tion on beds below the glacial drift con- 347

Jan 1, 1941

By Theron Wasson

No major oil-field discoveries were made County; the second in Marion township, in Michigan during the year 1940. Produc- Osceola County. Both are producing from tion for the year was maintained by the Stray sand at about 1350 ft. These discoveries made in 1938 and, as a result, is fields are on structures founci by core test-below the total for 1939. Several extensions ing through the glacial drift. The Six Lakes to old fields have been made, which have field, Montcalm County, discovered in helped to maintain production in the face 1934, is Michigan's largest gas-producing of rather rapid decline in the fields of the field. it has 195 wells producing from the southwestern part of the state. Important Michigan Stray sandstone and the Upper extensions were made in Overisel, Porter, Marshall sandstone. This field was devel-Sherman, and Adams fields. Important oil oped on a 40-acre spacing plan, and gas fields of the state are shown on the -map, Fig. I. WiI~dcat Drilling Michigan's production of 19,700,000 bbl. A test in sec. 29, Winterfield township, during 1940 was 3,800,000 bbl. less than Clare County, which is producing oil from the total for 1939, but about one million the Monroe of Devonian age at a depth of greater than 1938. This brings the total 3760 ft., and a well in sec. 31, Lincoln accumulated production for the state to a township, Osceola County, producing from little over 145,000,000 bbl. the Monroe at 3625 it., should be classed as wildcats that are sure to lead to further Active Oil Fields development in I94L The leading producer for the year was the At the end of the year the Gulf Refining Temple field, Clare County, where 29 new Company's deep test on the Kawkawlin wells were drilled. The Walker field, Kent structure in Monitor township, Bay County, was second, but drilled 183 new County, was preparing to drill deeper after wells in order to gain that position. In the having had a gas blowout from a depth of extension of the Overisel field in Allegan 7775 ft. This test is the most important one County, 115 new producers were drilled. drilling at the end of the year in Michigan, The Adams field, Arenac County, was for should it develop commercial produc- revived by several wells with initial production from deeper beds it will lead to deeper tions of over 1000 bbl. per day from the drilling on many well-known structures Dundee of Devonian age. that have been producing from shallower sands. Active Gas Fields Two important gas fields were discovered Exploration by Taggart Brothers during the year. The A small amount of reflection seismograph first was in Riverside township, Missaukee work was done in Clare, Osceola, and Glad-Win Counties during the year. Exploration Manuscript received at the office of the Institute March 28 1941 by shallow drilling for structural informa- tion on beds below the glacial drift con- 347

Jan 1, 1941

By E. J. Eisenach, W. E. Jones

SAFETY and industrial hygiene have always been recognized as highly important in company policy, and the co-operative support of the company officials and entire plant personnel has contributed largely to the present success of the Company's program in this field. Growth has necessarily been slow, and dependent, at times, on trial and error but the program in its present form combines the regulations, working methods, and equipment that have proved their value under actual operating conditions. Every effort is made to keep the program on a practical basis. Continuous experimental work is carried on in conjunction with the health and safety program, with resultant periodic changes for improvement. As a proof of accomplishment, in 1945 the frequency and severity rates for accidents were the lowest in the history of the operation. A full-time safety engineer was employed in 1933 and an assistant safety engineer in 1936. During the following year a stenographer was employed in the office and a safety inspector was added for the mine. During the gradual expansion of operations that was climaxed by

Jan 1, 1946

By Blake M. Caldwell, Harrold D. Owen

The continued use of permanent-type, we11 completion Iras pointed LIP the need for more powerful through-tubing perforating equipment. A new expendable shaped charge perforator has been developed in which the charges are run through the tubing in a vertical position and then opened out to a horizontal position when at the desired shooting zone. The performance of this new tool is comparable to that of conventional casing type perforators. This paper describes the new tool and its applications. Performance data in targets rind under various actual well conditions are presented. INTRODUCTION The general acceptance and increasing use of pernianent-type well completion by the oil industry has indicated the need for through-tubing perforating equipment with performance comparable to that of conventional casing type perforators.'.' To achieve the performance desired, a new, expendable, shaped charge perforator has been developed with adequate power for effectively perforating both 51/2-in. and 7-in. casing below tubing. This has been accomplished without resulting severe damage to the casing and can he obtained under extremes of pressure and temperature. The design of this new tool is a radical departure from previous concepts of tubing guns since it was felt that the two major limitations imposed by previous designs severely handicapped performance. The first of these limitations was the restriction imposed upon the length of the charges by the necessary small inside diameter of the carrier. This resulted from the necessity for compromises in designing a hermetically sealed gun small enough to allow free passage through 2-in. tubing, yet with sufficient wall thickness to withstand some minimum pressure. In an effort to overcome this limitation, the charges were in some cases placed at an angle with the axis of the well with resulting loss in effective depth of penetration. The second limitation concerned the extreme distance of the charges from the casing when the gun was fired. An example of the latter situation is demonstrated by the fact that a conventional 13/4-in. tubing gun centralized in 51/2-in., 17-lb casing has a clearance of more than 1-9/16-in. on all sides. This means that a considerable portion of the force from each charge must be expended in penetrating this 1-9/16-in. of well fluid before it even reaches the casing. With the gun centered in 7-in., 23-lb casing, the amount of fluid penetration required of each jet is in excess of 21/4-in. In a situation where the 13/4-in. gun is touching one side of the 51/2-in., 17-lb casing, the jets from the charges on the opposite side have more than 3%-in. of fluid to penetrate. A similar situation in 7-in., 23-lb casing necessitates the penetration of more than 4-9/16-in. of fluid. The penetrating effect of the charges is severely impaired in passing through so much fluid. Under such conditions, there is usually insufficient force left to penetrate the casing. Previous studies have shown the decided disadvantage of having to shoot through such an excessive quantity of well fluid.'.' The problem. then, was how to position large powerful charges close to the casing prior to firing and still manage free passage through 2-in, tubing. The solution appeared to be in some method of folding sealed charge units in an open type, expendable. 13/4-in. carrier for travel through the tubing, and unfolding them upon their arrival at the shooting zone in the casing. It was desired to control the mechanism electrically from the surface through the regular shooting cable, making the release of the charges independent of the physical characteristics of the well, yet with a provision to prevent the gun from firing until the

Jan 1, 1955

By K. A. SPENCER

THE production of soft coal from strip mines in the United States has shown a remarkable growth in the last sixteen years, increasing from one and one-quarter million tons in 1914 to approximately twenty-two million tons in 1929. This is a growth of approximately 1660 p& cent, as compared with a growth of approximately 20 per cent in the underground mines for the same period. But even with this marked in- crease the total tonnage produced by open-face mining represents only 4 per cent of the nation's soft coal tonnage.

Jan 1, 1931

By H. Stigzelius

FINLAND'S recent mining history is both dramatic and pitiful in its shifting fortunes, dominated as it has been, by the country's proximity to the border zone of opposing dictatorships and social traditions; Fascism to the south, Communism to the east, and Democracy to the west. After 108 years under Russia's more or less harsh rule, Finland gained its democratic independence during the 1917 revolutionary strife in Russia with the official help of Germany and spontaneous help of other neighbors. The young nation was attacked by Russia in 1939 and again in 1941. It is common knowledge how the Finns fought with everything they had and everything they could get against their overwhelming adversary, and how by force of circumstances they landed in the Axis camp in 1941. Finland has never been known as a mining country in the same way as near-by Sweden, whose abundant iron and copper smelters during long periods so greatly contributed to the nation's welfare. Its largely barren, Archaean-granite geology long seemed forbidding. Some mining was done, to be sure; copper and tin at Pitkaranta near the Russian border, and lead and copper at Orijarvi. But towards the end of the last century the absence of a single producing mine cast a pessimistic shadow of truth over the Finnish poet Runeberg's words, that

Jan 1, 1946

By Edward Steidle

NOTHING stands still. We go forward or backward. As a distinct group of educators, our immediate concern is with the preparation of young men and women for participation in the mineral industries on a professional basis. I am going to have the temerity to state emphatically that for a long time as a whole we have remained in a static position. We are now confronted with the choice of advancement or retrogression. We are still in a position to make a choice and our ultimate fate will depend upon the course of action we elect to follow. Wars always have been great catalysts and social and scientific advancements mature under military stimulus in a fraction of the time normally consumed. We are now in the midst of a conflict whose duration or final effects cannot be estimated. However, the record already demonstrates that this war as never before is a mineral war in which incentive, strategy, and outcome are directly related to the distribution and utilization of minerals. The inevitable result is a drain upon our resources now reflected in our record production and a growing public consciousness of the importance of minerals in the role of human affairs. It is evident that we must seek new mineral frontiers beyond the borders of the United States and take every other precaution to forestall a "have-not" position in the world.

Jan 1, 1943

By H. M. Morse

This report on oil and gas development in Mississippi covers the period from Jan. I, 1944, to Dec. 31, 1944: Salt Domes During the year six salt domes were drilled for sulphur, but no commercial sulphur deposits were found. One salt dome, the Bruinsburg, in Claiborne County, has produced gas- at 935 to 940 ft' in Moody's Branch marl. The Stringer salt dome in Smith County and the Ruth salt dome in Lincoln County both had a slight showing of heavy oil. Other salt domes have been dry. In addition to the Bruinsburg dome, the Allen salt dome, in Copiah County, and the Richton salt dome, in Perry County, were discovered in 1944; also the Sumrall dome, in Covington County. New Oil Fields Baxtemille Oil Field.—The Baxterville oil field was discoveredby the Gulf Refining Co, in sec. 7, T. I N., R. 16 W., Lamar County. At the end of the year this field had one oil well, with two active operations. Production for 1944 was 1047 bbl. of oil. GwinvilLe Field.—Gwinville field was discovered by S. W. Richardson, in sec. 24, T. 9 N., R. 19 W., Jefferson Davis County. This discovery well was a gas-distillate well, the oil being crystal clear. At the end of 1944 there were two gas wells and one oil well in the field. The oil well is approximately 2 1/2-miles from the gas- distillate wells. Gas production was 55,801 M cu. ft. and the distillate production was 2644 barrels. Heidelberg Oil Field.— The Gulf Refining Co. discovered the Heidelberg field in sec. 30, T. I N., R. 13 E., Jasper County, in January 1944. This field has by far exceeded the other 1943 and 1944 discoveries, having approximately 56 oil wells, 7 dry holes, and 10 active wells at the end of the year. Production to Jan. I, 1945 was 1,441,192 bbl. of oil. Mallalieu Oil Field.—The california Company discovered the Mallalieu oil field in set. 10, T. 7 N., R. 8 E,, Licoln. County. At the end of the year there was one well in the field with three active operations. Production was 32,303 bbl. of oil. Old Oil Fields Brookhaven Oil Field, in Lincoln County, has one oil well, which produced 2590 bbl. of oil during 1944. CarY Oil Field, Sharkey County1 has only one producing well, which produced 11,818 bbl- of oil during the Year- In Cranfield Oil Field, dams County, II oil wells and two gas-distillate wells were drilled in 1944 and there were five active wells on Dee. 31, 1944- The total production for the Year was 5251422 bbl-of oil. The gravity of the oil is 40" to 54.9'- In Eucutta Oil Field1 Wayne County1 34 oil wells were completed during 1944. There were five dry holes and six active wells at the end of the year.. The field produced 454,332 bbl. of all d the average gravity is 25" Flora Oil Field, Madison County, pro-

Jan 1, 1945

By Tenney, J. B.

DEVELOPMENT of complex ores in the south- western part of the Rocky Mountain region has been retarded by the prohibitive distance to the nearest suitable zinc treatment plants. In the north- western and central Rocky Mountains the building, cluring tlie past decade, of electrolytic zinc plants at Anaconda, Great Falls, Trail, and Burke has tremendously stimulated the mining and exploiting of such .ores, greatly increasing the production of lead, zinc, copper, gold, and silver. Selective flotation permits the making of high-grade led, copper, and zinc concentrates. If the zinc concentrates could be made free from lead, copper, gold, and silver, they could be shipped economically to Mid- Western retort plants designed for such concentrates. Unfortunately a considerable proportion of the precious metal content accompanies the zinc blende in the ores of this region. Although some of it is saved in 'retort residues, the treatment cost is thereby increased so materially and the proportion saved so small, that .concentrates of ordinary grade cannot stand treatment charges and freight.

Sep 1, 1928

C. Edward Stafford, Chester, Pa.:—Doring all my business life, I have been engaged in the manufacture of Bessemer and open-hearth steels, but, during my long connection with the Shoenberger Steel Co. of Pittsburg, I had some experience in the manufacture of high-grade puddled iron for horseshoes, and in making, by Dr. Otto Wuth's process, extremely pure, low-phosphorus puddled blooms (analyzing from 0.005 to 0.01 per cent. of phosphorus and sulphur), which were melted with low-phosphorus pig-iron in acid open-hearth furnaces, to make extra locomotive fire-box steel. I have also seen the Danks puddlers in operation at different times and places, notably where they were most successful, at the Otis Steel Works, Cleveland, Ohio; then under the management of our friend, Mr. S. T. Wellman. These Danks blooms were made solely for open-hearth melting-stock, to which they were well adapted. (The unavoidable presence of bits of ore-fix imbedded in the mass of the metal always prevents the profitable manufacture of merchant iron from Danks' blooms.) With the experience just described, I was to some degree in position to value fairly the means, methods and results of Mr. Roe's mechanical puddling from the metallurgical or technical and economic points of view, when given an opportunity by Mr. Roe to see his puddling-furnace or machine in operation in Pottstown, Pa. Briefly, the furnace, with water-cooled bottom, is rectangular in plan, about 20 by 8 ft. in the clear, suspended by trunnions at the middle of the long sides, at a height of 17 or 18 ft. above the general level. The oscillation (65" each way from the vertical) is accomplished by geared segments (attached to the downward-projecting side or trunnion-plates) with which engage pinions driven by a reversing engine. The whole section

Jan 1, 1906

By Everett G. Trostel

AMERICAN industry in 1943 emerged from the construction phase into the production phase, and American military operations passed from preparation into full action in the many theaters of the global war. The increased pace of industrial and military operations has resulted in a tremendous demand for petroleum and its products.

Jan 1, 1944

By John Chipman, Theodore B. Winkler

In order to understand more fully the complexities of the reactions occurring between the liquid steel and the slag in the basic open-hearth steelmaking furnace, investigations in this country and. abroad have turned to laboratory equilibrium studies. This paper is one of a series of reports on investigations being conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The experimental work was completed early in 1942. The slag systems found in the basic open hearth are very complex, being made up of at least eight major components and as many others whose effect might be classified as minor. The first two papers of the series, by Fetters and Chipman,l,2 as well as the paper by Taylor and Chip-man,3 dealt with the simplest possible slag system that would resemble those found in the basic ope), hearth—the slag system consisting of CaO-MgO2-SiOz-FeO. (Taylor's rotating induction furnace eliminated the necessity of contamination of the slag by MgO.) Having arrived at some reasonable conclusions regarding the physical chemis- try of the reactions between molten iron and the simple slags at equilibrium, the next step was to investigate more complex slag systems. The major purpose of the present investigation was to determine what factors control the distribution of phosphorus between molten iron and the more complex basic slags at equilibrium, and to what extent these factors are influential. The slags used contained CaO, MgO, SiO2, FeO, Fe2O3, P2O6, MnO, Al2O3 and CaF2, but not all of the slag samples contained all of these components at one time. Review of Literature Although a number of interesting papers have been published on the subject of dephosphorization of an iron bath, there are as yet no results from laboratory studies that give thoroughly reliable information on the dephosphorization reaction. Even for the supposedly simple Fe-O-P system involving iron-phosphorus melts and iron oxide-iron phosphate slags, the experimental results are contradictory and no formulas have been established that adequately fit the equilibrium conditions. The Fe-O-P system has been studied by Schackmann and Krings,4 von Samson-Himmelstjerna,6 Oelsen and Maetz,6 Bischof and Maurer,7 Diepschlag and Schürmann,8 and Herty,9 and the results of their investigations appear in Table I. A number of different equilibrium constants and distribution . Ratios

Jan 1, 1947