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By L. A. Nemchinova, M. A. Arustamian

"For a long time tailings piles of mining and smelting complexes have met the eye being a prospecting feedstock source for many industries. Nowadays, 6.5 million tons of copper and cooper-zinc processing tailings are stockpiled in the Urals annually, as there is no technology of its processing to provide a full and complex metal extraction within mining and processing operations. In spite of large volumes of mining wastes, not more than 20% of annual overburden, approx. 10% of processing wastes, approx. 40% slags (1) are involved into processing.Based on today’s complex of economic, environmental and social challenges of ore processing, waste processing technology using existing capacities is a burning issue. Mining wastes characteristics (including fine dissemination, variability of physical and chemical properties of mineral surfaces under impact of oxidizing, leaching, etc.) predetermine challenges arising out of its involving into processing and justify high capital intensity of new construction or reconstruction projects followed by replacement of existing processing lines with new ones.In this paper, the authors propose flotation technology for mature tailings of copper, copper-zinc and polymetallic ore processing. The technology developed provides for upgrade of existing process flowsheet diagrams at minimum costs to produce additional saleable products including low-grade copper concentrate, saleable zinc concentrate and gold concentrate thus facilitates sustainable use of depleting minerals and operational efficiency due to cost-efficient processing of already mined materials, being in fact, final semi-products located near existing operations. This is particularly important for operations with standby capacities and not engaged workforce."

Jan 1, 2018

By S. F. Kaplan, A. S. Dolotov, V. N. Kovalev

"At this point in time, autoclave recovery (POX) followed by sorption cyanidation (CIL) is one of the most promising technologies for the efficient processing of refractory and double refractory gold-bearing sulphide rock. This hydrometallurgical technology requires the use of a large amount of water (up to 5 tons per ton of used concentrate), resulting in highly saline water with high pH (pH 9-11), high content of cyanides (up to 300 mg/l), arsenic compounds, antimony and a number of heavy metals. In order to determine the possibility of using recycling industrial water in POX-CIL technology, several batches of experiments were conducted (using the double refractory flotation concentrate of the Mayskoye deposit). Urban water with a chloride ion content of 10 mg/l was used during the reference POX-CIL experiment as the liquid phase of the ??? feed pulp. At that, gold extraction rate amounted to 89.4 %. A full cycle of POX(200 ºC)-CIL was carried out during the first part of the experiments; at that, fresh concentrate of the untreated recycling water with cyanide ion content of 95.4 mg/l, left after the completion of the previous CIL cycle, was used for repulping. It has been established that direct use of untreated recycling industrial water is impossible due to a sharp decline in gold extraction (preg-robbing) down to 79.5%. The presence of chloride ions, cyanide ions and other ligands in the liquid phase provides effective complexion formation for the recovery gold; complex gold compounds are quickly and firmly sorbed by the natural carbonaceous substances of the concentrate at the stage of autoclave recovery; they are virtually not cyanized onwards, and gold is carried over to the tailings. During the the second batch of experiments, recycling industrial water with cyanide and chloride ions' concentration of 500 mg/l each was subjected to the reverse osmosis desalination (up to 6 times in a successive order). After each desalting cycle, such water was used as the liquid phase of the feed pulp in POX-CIL. 6 cycles of RO desalination enabled the extraction of 86.1% Au (which is close to reference recovery). During the third batch of experiments, recycling industrial water was diluted with distilled water (2, 4, 16, 32, 64 times); after each dilution cycle, this water was used as the liquid phase of the POX-CIL feed pulp. Gold extraction after 64-fold dilution amounted to 82.6%. The results of the conducted researches show that the use of untreated recycling industrial water in POX-CIL hydrometallurgical technology is absolutely impossible due to a sharp decline in gold extraction. Even the 64-fold dilution with pure water is inefficient both from the perspective of gold extraction and of rational use of water. Reverse osmosis desalination solves the problem of water treatment except for the removal of cyanide ion, which requires separate reagent treatment of water."

Jan 1, 2018

By A. N. Lazaridi, S. I. Afanasenko, S. A. Safonov

"This scientific work presents the results of comparative tests of centrifugal concentrators with a vertical and horizontal axis of rotor spinning. The article also describes a qualitative analysis of the behavior of mineral particles in a centrifugal field with fluidization for concentrators with a horizontal axis. The analysis was aimed at studying the effect of the quantity of fluidization holes in the basket on the degree of magnetite recovery and the effect of the basket rotation speed. The experiment demonstrated that concentrators with a horizontal axis are not inferior in terms of the qualitative recovery indicators to concentrators with a vertical axis. The researches also provided facts about the wide practical application of concentrators with a horizontal rotor arrangement. INTRODUCTION Methods of gravity concentration, attractive for their ecological purity, see their revival. First of all, this is due to the invention of centrifugal concentrators with the fluidization of the layer of mineral particles. The creation of a new generation of gravitational centrifugal concentrators made it possible to achieve a tangible breakthrough toward the direction of reducing the grain size of mineral particles effectively divided by density, up to 10 µm at a high production capacity of the vessels reaching 500-600 tons per hour. Such separators enable dressing a crushed ore of flotation grade and in some cases replace the flotation process, especially in primary operations, in joint cycles. In the long term, this method of concentration should significantly expand the scope of application, replace partial flotation processing, ensure the introduction of environmentally friendly energy-saving technologies at ore-processing plants. Summarizing the international experience for the last 30 years, it can be confidently asserted that centrifugal methods of concentration have become widely used in processing schemes for the separation of finely dispersed products in the mining industry. An interest in the creation of installations using centrifugal acceleration for the separation of mineral particles by density has particularly grown. Dozens of centrifugal concentrator designs have been created and continue to be improved. Centrifugal concentrators have a number of obvious advantages, which are especially relevant today. Losses of fine gold during the process of mining are well known. Gold washers screw, spiral separators, jigging machines and sluices traditionally used in the production processes do not solve the problem of fine gold recovery. Table 1 shows the results of comparative tests of a centrifugal concentrator (ITOMAK) and other concentration equipment. According to the research conducted by the company GMRS, Krugersdorp, South Africa (2000), the initial material was gold ore crushed to 150 micrometers (90%)."

Jan 1, 2018

By J. B. Yianatos

A practical an interactive model to describe the operation of a flotation bank of mechanical cells was developed based on the hydrodynamic and metallurgical characterization of large industrial flotation cells. Thus, the mineral grade and recovery, as well as the stream properties along the flotation bank can be described in terms of the operating variables. The model was built considering the flotation bank as a distributed system, so the solution for the water and solids mass balances, per size classes, for each single cell, are sequentially solved. Also, each cell was described by two distinct zones, the collection zone characterized by the flotation rate constant and the froth zone characterized by the froth recovery. The mineral feed was described in terms of the mineral species and particle size classes, using a rectangular flotation rate constant distribution. Also, the effect of changing the actual operating variables (air flowrate, pulp level, pulp density, pulp flowrate, etc.) on the mineral collection process, in the collection (pulp) zone, was considered downstream along the bank. The froth recovery of floatable mineral has been estimated by measuring the mass flowrate of particles entering the froth by true flotation together with the concentrate mass flowrate (ton/h). The mass flowrate of collected particles at the pulp/froth interface level was calculated from direct measurement of bubble load (ton/m3) and gas flowrate (m3/h). Flotation recovery is mainly related to the froth depth and air flowrate. All parameters considered in the model have been adjusted from direct measurements in plant site. Also, the effects of other operating variables such as reagents dosage, top of froth grade, or froth discharge velocity are presently under study. This procedure has been tested using data from industrial rougher operations consisting of flotation banks with 5 cells to 9 cells in series, and different cell sizes, such as 45m3, 130m3, 160m3 and 250m3. Thus, it has been shown that the model approach is a powerful tool for flotation cells diagnosis, operation and development of new control strategies, as well as, to evaluate the effect that de-sign and operating variables have upon the collection and froth zones performance in large flotation cells.

Jan 1, 2014

By Zoran S. Markovic

The extensive laboratory investigations were carried out in order to determinate behavior of sulphide and nonsulphide copper bearing particles during the flotation. The present ore sample were contained 0.55% Cu with 20.1% of nonsulphide copper in it and gangue material with higher contents of alumina about 19.07%. In this paper will be presented some results such as: effect of particle size, pH and applied collectors. The main goal was in application of collectors S-7518, as well as mixture of KEX and Z-96. Z-96 is a product from Chemical Industry Zupa Krusevac which was used as auxiliary collector in mixture with xanthates. The best results were done with this mixture in ratio KEX / Z-96 as 77/23 % in area of oxidized minerals flotation, but the collector S-7518 was achieved better results in sulphide mineral flotation. The S-7518 has better selectivity between copper minerals and pyrite comparing to mixture of KEX/Z-96 in mentioned optimal ratio. Flotation recovery and copper grade in concentrate were studied by flotation kinetics tests.

Sep 1, 2012

By Lj. D. Andric

By the micronization-milling of the material, the size and the structure of its particles are changed and it comes to the increasing of the potential energy of the system as well as to the chem-ical activity of the material what is the result of an increased free surface and of the concentration of the grate defects, that is of the internal energy of the system. All these changes that are reached, show that new characteristics of treated materials are got by micronization process. Controlling the process of the micronization and by purpose directing of the new characteristics of the activated materials, we can have the positive effects and use them in more technologies. Talc is important nonmetallic mineral raw material that is widely used as either the basic raw material, or as filler. This has stimulated its technological investigation, as well as the investigation of its physical-chemical characteristics. In this paper are shown experimentally reached results of the physical-chemical characteristics of the talc during the process of the micronization in high energetic mill. In this paper, the optimum conditions of miconization of talc in high-energy-speed rotary mill and its influence micronization on a degree of Fe2O3recovery by hydrometallurgical methodes, are presented. The X-ray analysis of the obtained products showed that high quality talc with low content of can be obtained by these physical-chemical processes In this paper, the principles and application or fine and ultra-fine grinding high-energy attriton mill with small balls, enabling fast, efficient grinding, low energy consumption, short grinding time and easy handling will be described.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Paymardi, A. Foroutan, T. P. Oladele, M. Abbaszadeh

"Reducing the amount of zinc and iron in lead concentrate is one of the important aspects of processing in lead and zinc flotation plants which results in improvement of lead concentrate quality and prevents zinc loss. In mineral flotation industries, lignin sulfonates are known for their depressant properties for both non-metallic and sulfide minerals such as pyrite and pyrrhotite.This paper investigates the effect of lignin sulfonate on flotation of galena, sphalerite and pyrite in sulfidic lead and zinc bearing ores. Batch flotation tests were carried out on a high pre-activated zinc samples. The feed contains 0.9% lead, 2.3% zinc and 7.5% iron. The dosage of all reagents such as sodium cyanide, zinc sulfate, ethyl xanthate and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) were kept constant for lead flotation step except calcium lignin sulfonate (CLS) that was varied between 0 and 80 gr/ton.Results for lead rougher concentrate showed that the grade of lead increased by 2.7% while the recovery decreased around 4 % at the highest dosage of CLS. Furthermore, zinc recovery decreased by 6.3% with no significant change in grade. Iron recovery in lead rougher concentrate decreased by 2.3 % while the grade changed around 1%. In sphalerite flotation step, CLS dosage was changed in the range of 0 to 80 gr/ton while the dosage of other reagents such as copper sulfate, lime, amil xanthate and MIBC were kept constant. In this step, no decreasing in grade and recovery of zinc was observed, while iron recovery decreased. It was suggested that CLS has a depression effect on sphalerite in conjunction with other zinc depressants such as zinc sulfate and sodium cyanide. CLS was further used in plant with non-pre-activated zinc minerals. Similar trends were observed in plant.INTRODUCTIONlead-zinc sulfide minerals play an important role in the production of lead and zinc metals in the mineral processing industry (Luo, Feng et al. 2016). Due to complexity of the lead-zinc ores mineralogy, in some situations, their flotation properties vary significantly from one deposit to another one even in itself (Bulatovic 2007)."

Jan 1, 2018

By M. Ito

Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust and nodule ores from seamount areas contain volcanic and sedimentary rocks as substrate or nuclei and these ores require mineral processing to remove the substrate/nuclei rock before smelting. This paper reviews the results of jig separation and air table treatment for the coarse fraction and flotation and hybrid jigging for the fine fraction. Using these techniques substrate/nuclei rock was removed from the cobalt-rich ferromanganese oxide components. The mineralogical properties and metallurgical treatment methods including hydrometallurgical treatment of low grade ore is also reviewed.

Sep 1, 2012

By S. Owada

A national project of ?Establishing ?Green-Hydrogen (G-H)? Society in Honjo-Waseda Area? is now being developed by Waseda University together with four other universities and ten companies. The project involves three tasks of technological development of, (1)?G-H? production, (2)?G-H? refining, transportation and storage, and (3)?G-H? utilization. This paper focuses the first task of ?G-H? production from aluminium dross. We developed the physical treatment process by combining selective grinding with vibrating rod mill and electrostatic separation, in order to produce two kinds of materials, one is metal aluminium concentrate to recover it and the other is raw material to produce ?G-H? and aluminium hydroxide which can be generated by the treatment with sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Here, we described the concentration mechanism of metal aluminium in the selective grinding and electrostatic separation and proposed a separation flowchart for optimizing the ?G-H? system in Honjo-Waseda area.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. F. Petrov, E. P. Olberg, S. V. Petrov

"The study was carried out using process solutions produced during cyanidation of gold-bearing concentrates from a gold-processing plant. It was found that the water contained a significant portion of thiocyanate (7910.0 mg/L), cyanide was virtually not present. The metals occurred primarily as iron (355.0 mg/L) in the form of ferrocyanide. Cyanide recovery was conducted using an ozone treatment process with reactors developed by the Environmental Department of Irgiredmet. The process design ensured complete utilization (100%) of O3, thus equipment operation safety increased.The recovery of free cyanide from thiocyanate was 76.6%, which corresponded to 5.12 kg of NaCN (100%) per 1 m3 of solution. Recovered NaCN can be used for recycling in hydrometallurgical processes.The operating costs estimation showed that the production cost of a tonne of recovered cyanide was US$1288.7, considering the prices of energy and commercial sodium cyanide in Russia in 2017, i.e. recovered cyanide is cheaper than commercial cyanide by 55.8%.INTRODUCTION Depletion of oxidized gold-bearing ores readily amenable to cyanidation has shifted focus to large-scale processing of primary ores with high sulphide content. Primary ores processing flow sheets involve gravitational and/or flotation concentration with subsequent treatment of produced gold-bearing concentrates. Typically, concentrates reporting to cyanidation contain considerable amounts of sulphur that can interact with CN- and further formation of SCN-. The use of refractory gold liberation methods (bacterial liberation, ultra-fine grinding) provides activation of this side reaction up to complete consumption of free cyanide in a short period. This makes water recycling unviable and impractical.The interaction of the sulphur content in concentrates and cyanide contributes substantially to consumption of NaCN required for efficient gold recovery. Inappropriate consumption of the main reagent achieves dozens of kilogram per tonne of material to cyanidation, and reaches approximately 100% when gold is recovered from activated sulphide-containing products (e.g. by ultra-fine grinding)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Weiran Zuo, Emmy Manlapig, Fengnian Shi

The effect of metalliferous grains on electrical comminution efficiency was investigated by comparative experiments using natural rocks and synthetic samples. The result indicated that the existence of metalliferous grains affects the breakage probability and product size distribution of electrical comminution. On average, metalliferous grains increased the breakage probability of particle in the first pulse discharge by 55% and generated finer product at the coarse end. As a result, particles with metalliferous grains exhibited higher energy efficiency than that without metalliferous grain in electrical comminution. A positive linear relation between product fineness and specific energy in electrical comminution was observed. With the assistance of numerical simulation on the electrical field distribution of ore particle, the role of metalliferous grains in electrical comminution is confirmed and the mechanism of metalliferous grains effect is elucidated. Understanding of the effect of metalliferous grains on electrical comminution is important to evaluate the feasibility of applying electrical comminution to ores with different mineral composition, and to understand the breakage behavior in electrical comminution.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. Banisi, O. Farshid, M. R. Rozebehi, A. Bahar, A. Arghavani, M. Mahdavi

At the rougher flotation circuit of the Miduk copper concentration plant (Kerman, Iran) five column cells (CISA) with the diameter of 4m and height of 12m using static mixer type (MicrocelTM) spargers have been installed. Based on the initial design, columns should accept a feed rate of 625 t/h with 80% passing size of 90 µm and solids concentration of 28% and produce 88% of the plant concentrate (i.e., 22 t/h) containing 32% copper. Due to mechanical and processing problems this objective was never realized and theses columns were remained out of operation from the commissioning time (2005). A new attempt with the aim of returning these cells into operation started in 2013. The results of an extensive study indicated that spargers plugging due to the entrance of small amount (2 kg) of coarse particles (up to 2.5 cm) because of usual problems at the plant environment was the main reason of columns non functionality. With a change in the recycle pump inlet design to the column, which prevented the entrance of coarse particles to the spargers, the operation of the column significantly improved. It was found that in order to have a stable operation of the columns at the rougher stage the feed rate for each column should be reduced from 125 (design) to 70 t/h. The air superficial rate had to be also reduced from 1.9 (design) to 0.6 cm/s. A period of 10 days of continuous operation showed that the carrying capacity was 0.23 (g/min/cm2) which was significantly lower that of the design value (i.e., 0.58). The gas hold up was found to be lower than 10% beyond which columns started to move to the turbulent state indicated by "boiling" froth. The average life time of spargers was determined to be 20 days which considered to be very short. The average recovery and concentrate grade of these columns were found to be 68% and 32%, respectively. The high wear rates of spargers, unusually high level of maintenance and supervision needed and instability of the operation made the plant managers not to use column cells as the roughers.

Jan 1, 2014

By W. Pawlos

"The paper will present the methods of visual observation and recording of movement paths of coal grains of different physical properties in the paramagnetic liquid. The paths were recorded with a video camera in the working chamber by means of a specially constructed device, acting as a periscope, which were then transformed into digital images.Experimental movement paths were confronted to the paths obtained in a theoretical way by means of solving differential equations of movement. The outlet level of a grain of the same physical properties from the separator is a random variable with normal distribution which modal value is equal to the outlet level of a spherical grain, calculated from the solution of grain movement equations. At these assumptions it is possible to calculate the height of the passage from the separator working chamber to separate a given product with a given separation accuracy, measured by a probable error and to determine separation conditions."

Jan 1, 2003

By L. Ya Agapova

Emissions from pyrometallurgical processing of copper concentrates are usually subjected to wet scrubbing. The washing sulphuric acid so produced contains up to 0.2 g/L of rhenium, which is recovered by solvent extraction in the form of crude ammonia permeate (NH4ReO4). The mother liquor, obtained from the sulfuric acid wash, contains up to 35 g/L of rhenium and significant amounts of impurities. Crude rhenium salt is commonly processed by double recrystallization to produce marketable salt. A ton of high grade NH4ReO4 can be produced using 3.0-3.5 m3 of mother liquor. We propose an efficient technology of mother liquor pre-treatment aimed at removal of water-soluble organics with subsequent electrodialysis. Electrodialysis of mother liquor in a multichamber electrodialyzer resulted in the production of pure rhenium acid, from which a marketable NH4ReO4 is precipitated using ammonia solution. Multiple steps of recycling consisting of dissolution of NH4ReO4 salt, rhenium acid production from NH4ReO4 salt by electrodialysis and precipitation of NH4ReO4 from rhenium acid made it possible to upgrade the purity of obtained rhenium compounds by 1-2 orders of magnitude. A rhenium metal powder of 99.997% purity was produced by high-temperature reduction of high-purity NH4ReO4 with gaseous hydrogen. Rhenium metal powder of high purity can be produced from sulfate solutions of NH4ReO4 by non-platinum anode-based membrane electrolysis processes also. Keywords: rhenium, mother liquors, membranes, electrodialysis, rhenium acid, ammonia perrhenate, reduction, powder, electrolysis

Sep 1, 2012

By Vladimir F. Skorokhodov, Nikolay N. Melnikov, Svetlana P. Mesyats

"Among the problems of the civilization development, a problem of interaction between man and natural environment can be highlighted. In the twentieth century the human transforming activity had got scales of geological processes and defined the contradiction between the goal to increase the quality of human life and possibilities of the natural environment. Last twenty-five years after the World Summit on the Environment (1992) indicate that the development of civilization is still based on receiving super profits from the natural resources exploitation. This statement is confirmed by economy globalization rates, growing contradictions between consumption and production, depletion and degradation natural environment. A new technological order is formed at the time of growing world population, technological capacities, organizational complexity, from one side, and global scales of geo-resources consumption, on the other side. Sciences, determining the further civilization development, should take on the task to change the social worldview, since the preservation of human population consists in remediating and maintenance of biosphere functions as a regulator of ecological balance. The new worldview in the geo-resources exploitation is based on the Ecological strategy of mining development, which consists in reducing mining-induced loading on natural environment while increasing efficient mineral production and processing, and providing for a comprehensive solution of tasks on mineral deposit development. One of strategic trend of mining development is to increase complexity and completeness of useful component extraction from ore and mining deposits while reducing wastes and decreasing their stockpiled volumes. The implementation of the ecological strategy has shown that the future is determined by reduction of the environmental impact while improving the efficiency of mineral mining and processing.INTRODUCTION The global nature of environmental problems caused by the scale of consumption of natural resources, huge amounts of waste, and intensive man-made impact on the environment requires a revision of the strategy for the natural resources development. Many existing technologies are ineffective in achieving the ultimate goal. Direct output in the raw materials - the end product technological chain rarely exceeds 10%, which implies a huge amount of work to move the soil. In addition, the feature of scientific and technological progress at the present stage is the growth of power-to-weight ratio."

Jan 1, 2018

By Jacek Kolacz

A new sensor based sorting system related to complex image analysis has been developed at Comex AS - Norway. It makes it possible to separate different mineral particles regarding their color, shape, texture, size, density and indirectly their composition. The sorting system has been successfully tested and applied for sorting minerals providing high separation efficiency in the range of 95-99.9 %. The main advantage of this system is connected with its universality where many material parameters are analyzed in the same processing unit by a single passage.

Sep 1, 2012

By A. V. Bogdanovich, S. A. Urnysheva

"Gravity and X-ray luminescent separation methods are generally used in processing of diamond ores. X-ray luminescent separators are applied for separation of diamonds from feed ore size fractions from 100 to 10-15 mm size and for final treatment of gravity concentrates over 1 mm size. Gravity separation machines used for diamond ores separation are heavy medium cyclones and pneumatic jigs. One of the most important parameters, to a large extent affecting diamonds recovery from ore, as well as processing costs and specific energy costs, is size of dumped final tailings. That was exactly the purpose of the studies, the results of which are described in this paper. The studies performed on different ores showed that in order to achieve high recovery results, it is necessary to dump heavy medium separation tailings below 3 mm size. Separation of final tailings of -6+1 mm size by jigging is also possible. However, with a view to exclude extra diamond losses, it is necessary to maintain jigging concentrate yield approximately at 25% from starting feed, with its subsequent cleaning in heavy medium cyclones. In addition to that, it is necessary to separate 20-25% of middling with diamonds content at feed ore level and subject it to grinding. This will complicate flow sheet, but reduce load on heavy medium cyclones. In order to develop optimal flow sheet for gravity concentration of a specific diamond ore, large-scale investigations are required, including technical-and-economic assessment of separation alternatives. INTRODUCTION In processing of diamond ores, gravity and X-ray luminescent separation methods are generally used. It is common practice to apply X-ray luminescent separators for separation of diamonds from feed ore size fractions from 50 (100) to 20 (10) mm size and for final treatment of gravity concentrates over 1 mm size. With that, X-ray luminescent separation tailings larger than 3-6 mm size are reground and delivered to gravity concentration processing stage. Middling products circulation volumes are large, not infrequently necessitating decrease in concentrating plants capacity, especially with mining in deep workings of deposits, where ore strength is higher (Goryachev, 2010; Vaginov, 2000; William, 1988). Diamond ores preparation before processing is accomplished by means of roll-screw crushers and autogenous grinding mills, minimizing probability of free diamonds damage in liberation from barren rock. In re-crushing of size fractions that are “difficult” in autogenous grinding, high pressure grinding rollers are applied (Burchardt, 2014; Fedotov, 2011a, 2006b)."

Jan 1, 2018

By V. A. Zhilina, I. V. Shadrunova, O. E. Gorlova

"The aim of the study is to develop and scientifically justify a new adaptive approach to the separating processes of deep and complex processing technogenic mineral raw materials. Technogenic mineral resources as a waste of mining and processing industry are mostly complex objects that have specific features of material composition and technological properties and make it processing ineffective with traditional schemes of mineral raw materials enrichment. Mineral wastes are regarded in this study as a complex object with a large number of signs in conditions of uncertain environment and object. However, adaptation is regarded as the process management system’ adaptation to the specific the properties of the object and the environment that has several hierarchical levels corresponding to different stages in the management of complex object. An adaptive approach is considered as a methodological basis of multivariate schemes for opening the mineral resources and creating mechanisms that could transfer these potential technogenic resources to the actual that significantly expand the mineral resource base of the country's black, coloured, rare, noble metals and construction materials. In this case, potentially the solution to the most pressing social and environmental problems associated with the adverse effects of past economic activity simultaneously with the commercial objectives. This approach to the wastes mining and related processing manufacturers meets the core idea of sustainable development as the balance of interests of State, society, business, private enterprise and each person in the areas of rational use of resources, economic efficiency and environmental safety. On the example of metal-containing raw materials in the form of slags of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, ferrous metallurgy sludge, mature fine tailings, the application of adaptive approach illustrates to the development of technologies of its deep and complex processing as phased, thoughtful movement from a comprehensive study of technogenic raw materials to build optimal topologies of technological schemes for processing the mineral wastes. INTRODUCTION Involving the Russian economy in the system of global economic relations significantly changes the nature of the country's competitiveness in the development of the world market and urgently requires competent management of its own natural and mineral resources. The latter at the present time in real economic processes cease to be a passive material foundation and become the producing basis in the production processes in the status of so-called natural capital. Introduced in the field of economic theory at the end of the 20th century, this term means both the flow of natural services and real natural resources. Consequently, natural objects, which act as natural resources of a certain production, today must necessarily be evaluated in a strategic sense. Modern standards of sustainable development presuppose that the economy should equally be oriented to balance the interests of the state, society, business, individual enterprise and each person in the spheres of rational use of resources, preservation of healthy ecosystems, ensuring well-being, high quality of life and environmental safety of not only the current generation, but also respect for the rights of future generations, that is, intergenerational equality. Most types of minerals are classified as non-renewable resources, therefore resource-saving in the sphere of mineral and raw materials complexes is one of the most important factors-indicators characterizing the degree of approximation to the model of rational subsoil use, and, consequently, sustainable development (State Report, 2017)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Yury V. Kulikov, Rakan Rahbani, Arkady Y. Senchenko

"The relevancy of complex minerals treatment is constantly increasing taking into account mineral resources depletion. Different refractory ores and concentrates, oxidized and polymetallic ores, as well as metallurgical products (slags) can be assigned to such mineral type. The treatment of such products via conventional flowsheets requires considerable capital and operational costs and does not always provide high recovery level of valuable components into a saleable product. Therefore, considerable amount of ores and metallurgical products are not treated, or treated inefficiently. One of the most promising approaches that allows economic treatment of refractory products is their ultrafine grinding down to 5-20 µm with subsequent processing or hydrometallurgy. Horizontal bead mills - the IsaMillTM, developed by Xstrata Technology, received their wide application in mining industry. Standard testing is performed under laboratory conditions in an M4 IsaMillTM (volume - 4 liters) to define the parameters of fine grinding. This mill completely simulates the operation of full scale industrial mills up to 50 m3 in volume (up to 8000 kW motor). The paper describes fine grinding technology performed in bead mills, and the importance of testing according to a certified method for industrial equipment selection. The paper contains description of promising directions of fine grinding technology application for several projects in Russia and Kazakhstan."

Jan 1, 2014

By G. Pahomova

"It developed an alternative to traditional flotation enrichment refractory of complex lead-zinc ores to obtain conditional lead and zinc products. The scheme involves the use of the processing method of gravitational enrichment of the primary cycle and the combined gravity-flotation-hydrometallurgical in finishing. The method has a high level of comprehensive utilization of mineral raw materials in relation to the elements that are extracted in the process of enrichment in lead concentrate, and the increase in recoverable value of processed ores. INTRODUCTION The primary source of lead are complex sulphide lead-zinc ore, lead ore actually rarer. The value of lead and zinc ores (except lead and zinc) is determined by the presence in them of a wide range of associated components: silver, contained mainly in galena; gold; bismuth in the form of its own minerals, but is associated with galena; cadmium contained mainly in the sphalerite; indium, thallium and gallium contained in sphalerite and galena; selenium and tellurium are present as impurities in the sulfide, tellurium is also found in the form of its own minerals. Of note harmful impurities antimony, which is often associated with lead sulphosalts and arsenic, having a substantially own minerals. By quality (content of lead, or the total content of lead and zinc) lead-zinc ores are divided into rich, ordinary and poor; by oxidation - to sulfide (with a lead oxides content less than 15% and zinc oxide content less than 10%), mixed and oxidized (50% oxide); the latter have a subordinate importance as a source of zinc and lead. Traditionally, the most contrasting technological properties of sulfide ores of nonferrous metals considered flotation properties, which determines the priority in the selection of flotation technology of their enrichment. Other methods of enrichment - gravity (jigging and enrichment in heavy suspensions), radiometric sorting (separation) are used as preliminary operations whose main purpose is to increase the content of lead and zinc in the ore sent to flotation, as well as the removing of part of empty rock in dumping tails prior to flotation. Effective implementation of these methods is possible at large size emphasizing in the ore of lead and zinc minerals, which is typical of the rich ores and which so far mainly worked. At the same time, non-ferrous metal ores (polymetallic, lead-zinc, copper-zinc, etc.) have a sufficiently high contrast to gravitational properties since ore minerals have a higher density compared with a rock minerals. But the gravity of the practice of non-ferrous ores enrichment is not widely used, despite its high degree of environmental safety and lower cost expensive."

Jan 1, 2018