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By Anand Anupam

Conventionally, beneficiation in Indian coal washeries is done using dense medium cyclones upto the size of 0.5 mm. Coal fines below 0.5 mm size are extensively cleaned by froth flotation. There are many problems associated with flotation of Indian coals, e.g. poor response of coal particles to flotation, misplacement of fine high-ash material to froth, loss of good quality coarser coals (within ?0.5 mm size range) to tailing streams, high cost of reagents, water contamination, etc. In addition, sophisticated control systems for efficient management of the fines washing circuits are needed. Thus, there is an escalation in the capital and processing costs. In view of these facts, studies were carried out to establish the cleaning potential of dense medium cyclones for beneficiation of fine coal down to a size of 0.1 mm, essentially aimed at reducing the load on fine coal circuits mainly comprising of flotation. ROM Coal (in the size range of -2 + 0.1 mm) obtained from JogtaOCM,Jharia coalfield possessing relatively low ash (about 21%) was used in this study. Purpose for using low ash coal was to further lower, its ash content down to 8% which is comparable, to the ash content of imported coal. After characterization studies, nine tests were carried out on the prepared feed sample for its beneficiation using a dense medium cyclone of non-conventional design (very low cone angle and longer barrel), by varying its apex and vortex finder diameters. The efficiency of separation has been evaluated using Tromp curves. It could be established that it is possible to produce a clean coal of 8% ash, with Ep value of 0.044, using Jogta OCM coal by treating it in a modified dense medium cyclone. These results are summarized and discussed in detail in the present paper. Keywords: dense medium, cyclone, fine coal, beneficiation, Jharia coal

Sep 1, 2012

By M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, R. Barreiro, M. Tavousi, M. Ahadi, O. Asghari

"Banded iron formations are the major iron source for producing high grade concentrate. BIF are generally lower grade and more difficult to extract. In order to know how best to process BIF ore, it require comprehensive knowledge on ore bodies even in the early stages of the mining process. Geometallurgy combines geological and mineral processing information and allows for higher flexibility in response to changes in the plant feed when mining different parts of the ore. This can lead to economic benefits, owing to improved plant operation, yet is time consuming and correspondingly costly. The main focus of this paper work has been to develop a comprehensive geometallurgical testing framework for developing Yogi BIF low grade magnetite deposit located at Western Australia. In order to provide successful geometallurgical mapping, was collected data from several different disciplines (geology, chemistry, mineralogy) and parameters (physical properties, metallurgical response and geotechnical measurements) during drilling activities and test work. The investigation shown magnetic separation behavior of material had high variation and is most important element in the proper design of ore beneficiation plant. This paper provides an improved and efficient magnetic separation test methods used for the investigation of separation behavior and variability of the Yogi Ore deposit and evaluates their applicability and potential in the geometallurgical context. In this paper a small-scale magnetic separation has been developed that allows estimating from single pass separation test using small amounts of sample material. Verification of the evaluation method and validation was done with different mineral systems."

Jan 1, 2018

By L. X. Zeng

The low-grade nickel resource is very abundant in the western China. To make the best of the low grade nickel ore, we studied the process mineralogy and beneficiation process of nickel ore in the Yangliuping of Sichuan province. The grade of nickel is 0.45% in the nickel ore and the nickel exists in the sulfide including pyrrhotite, nickel pyrite, chalcopyrite primarily. The nickel distributes in pentlandite and magnetite over 90% and the copper does in the chalcopyrite over 95%. The carri-er minerals of useful elements tend to concentrate in space for concentration. As is shown in grain-size analysis of three major minerals, there are some more fine-grained grains with the percent of from 10% to 15% (<40 µm) and from 3.5% to 5.5% (<20 µm). So there will be some smaller size disseminated sulfide minerals difficulty to liberate in the process of concentration. The liberation degree of sulfide is not high and there are much associativity in the sulfides. Therefore, we should reclaim the sulfide aggregation dominating as pentlandite when concentrating. In addition, the sulphide minerals is so brittle that we should take care of preventing from crashing when grinding. The gangue mineral is mostly metamorphic mineral including serpentine, chlorite and amphibole which is easy to be argillization and difficult to concentrate.

Jan 1, 2014

By Güven Önal, Gülay Bulut, Mustafa Özer, Yunus Emre Benkli, Olgaç Kangal, Mustafa Tarkan

There are various types of natural zeolite deposits in Turkey. Naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential. In this paper, the beneficiation of natural zeolite, taken from western part of Turkey, was investigated. According to X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and mineralogical studies carried out on the representative ore sample, the natural zeolite was found to be in the forms of clinoptilolite and heulandite. Clinoptilolite forms as a devitrification product of volcanic glass in tuffs. Quartz, clay minerals, orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite, seruzite-muskovite and epidote were observed as impurities. Several types of mineral processing methods were performed in order to remove impurities from the natural zeolite sample to produce high purity zeolite. Gravity separation methods such as shaking table and superpanner were carried out for separating heavy minerals, while high intensity dry magnetic separation was used for discarding magnetic minerals.

Jan 1, 2003

By B. Orberger, J. M. Milazzo, S. B. Blancher, J. Lützenkirchen, J. L. Dubos

"Industrial dusts are commonly agglomerated using empirical recipes with binders such as bentonite, while Sludges are agglomerated into mixes. Those materials contaminate the products, are expensive and generate significant amounts of slag. Achieving cold dust agglomeration with little or no binder requires understanding the controlling parameters in order to predict and optimize the process behavior. This in turn necessitates comprehensive dust characterization to base predictions on measurable characteristics. In the present work we collected 13 Mn-rich dusts over all the process chain: feed fines, smelting, and refining dusts, as well as ferromanganese alloy dust. This is the first systematic study of dusts along the Mn-processing chain for chemical, physical and mineralogical parameters. X-Ray Diffraction, Qemscan® and laser granulometry analyses show that the mineralogy, Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and morphology evolves from complex heterogenous to simple, homogenous along the process chain: The mineralogy of the primary ore dusts shows various hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, tectosilicates and phyllosilicates. The furnace dusts contain oxides, tectosilicates and carbonates with volatiles, while the refining dusts present only oxides and metal. Finally, the Metal dust is nearly pure metal. Particle morphologies and PSD vary from jagged, irregular particles with broad PSD (>1 mm to <0.3 µm) to smooth and spherical with narrow PSD (100 µm to <0.3 µm). The Metal dust is an exception with angular particles. The Cationic Exchange Capacities (CECs) of all samples range from 0 to 22 meq/100g. Specific surface areas (SSAs) range from <0.1 to 27m²/g, and seem to decrease with from ore feed to Metal dust. This may be due to the disappearance of hydrated and/or sheet-bearing minerals, since a smaller grain size usually implies an increased SSA. The zeta potential varies strongly over the range of the samples tested. However, beside the Gabon ore which has an Isoelectric Point (IEP) ~ 4.1, the other IEP ranges between 2 and 2.5."

Jan 1, 2018

By V. Sheikhzadeh, M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, A. Abazarpoor

"The morphology of pellet feed is known to influence several properties of iron ore pellets, including drop number, compression strength and reduction properties. The effect of grinding method on the particle size, specific surface area and particle shape of an iron ore concentrate has been studied. Grinding methods considered were ball mill and high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR). 5 different samples (Blaine= 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100 and 2200 cm2g-1) were used to compare the size, shape and specific surface of particles for each grinding methods. Particle size was meticulously examined by sieve analysis, laser sizing and image analysis. In samples ground by ball mill, it has been observed that the fraction of particles <10µm increases from 39% to 46% as the Blaine number increases from 1800 to 2200 cm2g-1. For HPGR samples, corresponding figures are 41% and 49% respectively. It is evident that for samples ground by HPGR, the fraction of fine particles is higher than that of those ground in the ball mill. To measure the specific surface area of particles, Blaine and BET were used. A higher real surface area was observed from HPGR treatment in comparison to ball mill grinding, provided by a higher porosity, cracks, roughness and new surfaces. Shape factor of particles was determined using three descriptors: circularity, roughness, and aspect ratio. It was also observed that particles produced by HPGR were more elongated, less circular, and rougher than those processed by the ball mill. 1. INTRODUCTION Particle size and shape are important parameters that can significantly affect mineral processing plants and pelletizing plant performances (Brozek and Surowiak, 2007). It has also been proposed that green pellet quality is directly related to the amount of fine particles in a pelletizing plant (Dwarapudi et al., 2008; Umadevi et al., 2008; Gul et al, 2014; Van der Meer, 2015). Particle size distribution and specific surface area (SSA) are also key factors that can control the quality of green and fired pellets. Processing circuits generally reduce the fines fraction to lower than the required specific surface area (SSA). It is therefore necessary to regrind concentrates to produce suitable pellet feed for further treatment in the balling and firing steps [1, 2]. Two main methods are used for re-grinding of concentrate; high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) and ball mill. Given the different forces used to reduce size in these methods, it is expected the shape of particles will be different (Pourghahramani and Forssberg, 2005)."

Jan 1, 2018

By B. Rezai

Impeller speed and air flow rate are two influence parameters on coarse particles flotation and collision and attachment angles. So, in this research recovery of quartz particles at four diameter classes carried out and collision and attachment angles investigated. It is found that maximum flotation response was observed at Impeller speed of 1100 rpm and 15 L/h air flow rate. For either more quiescent (Impeller speed<1100 rpm) or more turbulent conditions, flotation recovery decreased steadily. Furthermore, amount of attachment probabilities is calculated using suitable equation. According to this study, with decreasing particle size, air flow rate and impeller speed, probability of attachment increased and with increasing contact angle, probability of attachment increased. For various air flow rates, impeller speed and particle size, collision angle has been calculated. Maximum collision angle obtained at with 15 L/h air flow rate, particle size of 256 µm and impeller speed of 700 rpm and minimum collision angle obtained at with 45 L/h air flow rate, particle size of 545µm and impeller speed of 1300 rpm. In this study, maximum attachment angle, , was around 75 L/h air flow rate, particle size of 256 µm, contact angle of and impeller speed of 1300 rpm and minimum attachment angle was with 15 L/h air flow rate, particle size of 545 µm, contact angle of and impeller speed of 1300 rpm. ?82.72 ?64 cr??33.39 ?90 ?13.0 ?60

Jan 1, 2014

By J. T. Liu

Packing in a flotation column is one way to increase separation efficiency and effective descending flotation-column height. In this paper, the difference between filling packing and sieve packing is described, and the flaws of filling packing in flotation columns in industrial application are pointed out. A change of flotation process and its effect on flotation results are reported. Based on sieve-plate filling, a high-efficiency mixed packing mode consisting of screen-plate packing and honeycomb-tube packing has been proposed, with the packing mode optimized in the cyclonic static microbubble flotation column in the separation zone. In the mixed packing mode, the honeycomb tubes are used to reduce the vortex effect at the base of the column and weaken the radial dispersion of jetting bubbles, and the sieve plates are used to comminute bubbles in the separation zone, to lengthen the bubble migration path, and to stabilize the foam layer. The superiority of honeycomb-tube packing is analyzed using bubble-particle collision theory, and the dynamic equations of collision probability are derived. The role of mixed packing in guaranteeing mineral recovery is analyzed by the axial dispersion method, and a dimensionless axial dispersion model is derived. When a high-turbulence flow is maintained, a static separation environment is formed in which secondary mineral processing is rendered more effective. In this way, a nonlinear separation environment is formed in the flotation column. Finally, mixed packing was applied in an industrial test. A large vortex developed at the base of the column. It was observed that the bubbles in the radial flow were homogeneously dispersed, the residence time of the pulp was prolonged, and the froth layer became thick and stable. Based on the test data, it was found that the sieve packing has the potential to yield a product of approximately 25.83% copper concentration with 91.78% recovery from a feed concentration of approximately 0.727%. If mixed packing were used, the product concentration could be further increased to 27.60% from a feed of approximately 0.739% concentration with 93.38% recovery.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. B. Abaka-Wood

"The versatility of froth flotation has made it vital in the beneficiation of rare earth elements (REE) minerals from either high or low grade ores of complex mineralogy. There has been a significant increase in the tonnage of rich iron oxide tailings obtained from extraction of primary commodities such as copper and gold in Australia, which have been identified to have very low grade rare earth oxides (REO) (= 1%). There is a vast knowledge gap in the upgrade of REO from such tailings. The aim of this research is to investigate the feasibility of the use of fatty acids for the upgrading of REO from selected iron-oxide rich tailings. Two forms of fatty acid collectors (oleic acid and sodium oleate) were employed in this investigation. Bench scale flotation tests were carried out using a Denver D-12 cell.The effects of pulp pH, fatty acid dosage, particle size distribution (-150 +75 µm, -75 +38 µm and -38 µm) and conventional depressants (sodium silicate and starch) dosage on flotation recovery of REO were investigated. A comparison of the flotation results indicated that sodium oleate was the more efficient fatty acid for REO flotation at all the pulp pH investigated. The flotation performance is demonstrated to be particle size-dependent. The results on the effect of depressants dosage indicated that both sodium silicate and starch were unselective in reducing the recovery of hematite (Fe2O3) and quartz (SiO2) with corresponding decrease in REO recovery. Generally, Fe2O3 and SiO2 formed substantial contents of the flotation concentrates obtained, both in the absence and presence of depressants, which indicates liberation is a major challenge in achieving selective REO upgrade and recovery.The flotation tests carried out on the iron-oxide rich tailings suggest the possibility of REO upgrade using fatty acids, although particle size distribution and minerals liberation are key limiting factors in achieving selective REO upgrade and recovery."

Jan 1, 2018

By Kevin Galvin, James Dickinson

"The Reflux Flotation Cell (RFC) consists of an inverted fluidized bubbly bed, located above a system of parallel inclined channels. This novel arrangement enhances the hydrodynamics of flotation in a number of ways. Firstly, the free-surface of the flotation cell is enclosed via a fluidized bed distributor, ensuring uniform application of wash water to promote desliming. Secondly, foams can be variable in their stability and lack permeability. Hence this system is preferably operated in the absence of foam, instead opting for a bubbly zone of high bubble volume fraction through the use of a very high gas flux and/or wash water flux. Discharge of the product proceeds upwards through a central port of narrow cross-sectional area. Thirdly, the system of inclined channels increases the segregation between the bubbles and the water, ensuring the bubbly zone remains contained within the upper vertical zone, and the liquid flux reporting to the overflow is low. The expanded operating regime of the RFC was investigated by covering a very broad range of gas fluxes, up to 5.5 cm/s, and wash water fluxes, over 2 cm/s. Both laboratory and pilot plant performances were quantified by the recovery of hydrophobic particles and rejection of the hydrophilic particles, using model and industrial coal feeds. The new system hydrodynamics was found to offer significant advantages in flotation kinetics, desliming, and particle recovery across a broad particle size range. Bubble interfacial flux reached as high as 600 m2/m-2s-1. The upper system consists entirely of a high volume fraction of bubbles, which provides a "safety-net" to protect against the detachment of coarse particles, and a highly permeable zone for counter-current washing of the flotation product. Under relatively extreme conditions selective stripping of the product is observed, resulting in grade recovery values beyond those achievable using the tree flotation method."

Jan 1, 2014

By S. M. Bradshaw, R. Smith, J. H. van Vreden, C. A. Snyders

"The re-treatment of gold tailing heaps has shown to be a potentially significant revenue stream for both large and small scale gold companies. Limited access to capital and lack of skilled labour remain restrictive especially when dealing with a refractory ore and/or where limited amount of material are available. Alternative techniques such as low temperature pre-leaching options to unlock value are therefore in demand. Several low temperature pre-leaching experiments in acidic and alkaline solutions, followed by cyanidation were performed which ultimately led to the further investigation of a caustic pre-leaching step. It was found that the Au recovery from a refractory ore tailings heap could be significantly improved from ˜ 15 to 20% to greater than 60% with a simple atmospheric NaOH pre-leaching step. It was further considered, that since the NaOH pre-leach liberate the Au associated with refractory sulphide minerals, the overall process may benefit by the inclusion of a froth flotation step to separate refractory sulphides from the free milling ore. Froth flotation on weathered tailing heaps are, however, known to be difficult, ultimately resulting in poor recoveries. A process flow sheet, incorporating a caustic pre-leaching step and a process which includes flotation and caustic pre-leaching of the concentrate, are technically evaluated and ultimately compared to simple cyanide re-processing. INTRODUCTION South Africa consists of a large number of gold tailings dumps. Janse van Rensburg (2016) estimated that there was about 517 dumps in the Gauteng area, covering approximately 320 000 ha of surface area. Recovering value from the dumps has received a great deal of interest but can be problematic due to the dumps often being refractory, preg-robbing and weathered. High recovery of valuable metals (Au and Ag) are possible (Fleming and Brown, 2010) but would most likely require pressure oxidation and subsequent neutralisation which can be very capital intensive demanding a high skill set to operate and maintain. In addition, these flowsheets target high processing tonnages due to the economy of scales at the lower grade feed materials, further increasing the capital requirement."

Jan 1, 2018

By X. Xu

This paper presents the research on comprehensive recovery of copper, gold, silver and iron from tailings from high-intensity magnetic separation in Tonglushan Mine. By comparison of experimental results of three flowsheets?regrinding of tailings-conventional sulphidizing flotation, water heating enhanced sulphidizing flotation and acid leaching-sulphidizing precipitation flotation, it is concluded that regrinding of tailings-conventional sulphidizing flotation flowsheet has the best economical and technical performance and practicability. Regrinding and using the mixture of sodium hydroxamate and sodium xanthate are two of the notable technical characteristics of this best flowsheet. The system for comprehensive recovery of tailings has been put into production. It not only can recover the valuable minerals from tailings in Tonglushan Mine, but also can reduce the environmental pollution, resulting great economic and social benefit.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jingzhong Kuang, Zheyu Huang, Chuanzhou Guo, Pengfei Liu

"In this paper, scheelite and scheelite coated with Pb2+ (SC) were synthesized by chemical precipitation with the help of ultrasonic. The role of the Pb2+ on scheelite was evaluated. Additionally, the dissolution behavior of minerals and the adsorption mechanism of collectors were investigated systematically via SEM, XRD, EDS. The results indicate that the ultrasonic cavitation can promote the formation of scheelite with large particle size and high crystallinity. Due to the exchange of WO4 2- and OH-, the dissolution of scheelite are not in a 1:1 equivalent amount by chemical formula and the concentration of WO4 2- is higher than that of Ca2+ in the solution because Pb2+ promotes the transfer of WO4 2- from scheelite surface into the solution. The dissolution of scheelite is an endothermic reaction and its enthalpy reaches the maximum value of 692.59J·mol-1 at pH=8~10. But the coating of Pb2+ changes the thermal effect of scheelite in the solution and the dissolution of SC is an exothermic reaction with the dissolution enthalpy of -262.30 J·mol-1. At pH=8~10, the adsorption capacity of sodium oleate and salicylhydroxamic acid on the surface of SC is higher than that of scheelite which delivers that Pb2+ contributes to the scheelite surface dissolution and enhances the adsorption of collectors on the mineral surface, thus achieving activation.INTRODUCTIONIn modern society, tungsten is a type of quite important rare metal and also a strategic resource. Because of its low vapor pressure, high melting point, good electrical and thermal conductivity properties, it is widely applied in high-temperature technology, lighting, machine and engine construction (Zhao,Z.W, 2013; Yan, W, 2017; Ilhan, S, 2013). Both scheelite and wolframite are the major tungsten deposits. With the depletion of easily-processed wolframite, scheelite has drawn a great deal of scientific and industrial attention. Scheelite can be recovered by flotation due to the metathesis of polarity and chargeability on minerals surface via adding regulators and collectors."

Jan 1, 2018

By A. V. Neretin

This paper is a continuation and extention of the previous paper on energy-efficient placer mining methods which was presented in 2007 at the World Gold Conference in Cairns, Australia (Nere-tin, 2007a). The paper reports the results only on gravel processing as they were not fully discussed in the previous paper. It is common knowledge that placer gold mining requires processing of large tonnages of gold-bearing gravels by wash plants of different types. In Russia, gold-bearing gravels are mostly disintegrated and screened by the following types of wash plants: a water canon, a derocker or a scrubber trommel. Gold-bearing gravel processing is regarded as highly energy-intensive due to high energy consumption for transportation of large tonnage of material and high pressure water flow rate. The industries requiring a significant expenditure of energy normally estimate the process efficiency by energy consumption per product unit. In order to obtain quantitative data on energy consumption for gravel processing and to estimate placer mining costs, in 2003~2006 four placer gold mines located in the Irkutsk Region were thoroughly investigated through time and motion studies. At all these placer mines gravels were processed by a water canon, a derocker or a scrubber trommel. The objective of the study was to investigate the following parameters: ? wash plant throughput rate per hour; ? hourly diesel fuel and power consumption per cubic meter of gravel processed; ? volume per cent and shape of oversize material; ? different combinations of gravel processing methods. The results from this study were as follows: ? specific energy consumption per cubic metre of gravel processed for different combinations of gravel processing methods was estimated; ? a correlation between energy consumption and unit cost of gravel processing was determined; ? effect of yield and shape of oversize material on wash plant throughput rate per hour was de-fined; ? energy-efficient gravel processing methods were developed. Based on these results, an improved method of gold-bearing gravel processing was proposed. Implementation of this method at a placer mine saved US$ 123 000 in operating expenses only during a short-time Siberian placer mining season. At the same time, this method improved gravel disintegration, screening and processing operations used at the mine. Another advantage of the pro-posed method was higher gold recovery due to reduced yield of undersize material. In order to improve efficiency of gravel processing, a wash system including a derocker for primary gravel processing and a lightweight scrubber trommel was developed. There are two economic benefits of replacing water cannons with the proposed wash system. The first benefit includes lower operating costs for gravel processing due to lower specific energy consumption, while the second benefit is lower gold losses during slurrifying (disintegration and screening) and sluicing of the undersize material.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Unesi, S. Haj Mohammadi, M. R. Abdoli, M. R. Garmsiri

"Hydrocyclone-thickener circuit is a promising solution to enhance the dewatering efficiency in mineral industries. The challenges in the circuit is reducing particle size in the thickener feed and the good feature is a rise in the retention time of sediments in the thickener. In this work, the effect of particle size, bed depth and residence time on the thickener performance were investigated. In this order, pilot scale columns were employed at Sarcheshmeh and Shahrebabak copper complexes. Furthermore, the influence of residence time was differentiated due to the variations in the bed depth and settling flux. Moreover, a new approach was introduced to estimate solids residence time in the thickener. results indicated that with smaller particles that are introduced to the column, the bed density as well as thickener discharge solids concentration dropped significantly. It was found that thickener discharge solids concentration fell from 59.6 to 33.8 % with reducing particle size from 130 to 22 µm in the settling flux of 20 t/m2/day. Additionally, it was found that longer residence time and deeper bed resulted in an increase in the thickener performance while the bed depth has a stronger effect. It was proved that employing a hydrocyclone prior to the thickener resuted in an increase in the dewatering efficiency.INTRODUCTION Thickeners are widely employed in mineral industries to recycle tailings and concentrate water content. A limited fraction of suspension water content is recycled using a thickener. For instance, about 50 percent of tailings water content could be recycled using a shallow bed thickener during copper processing. Since the scarcity of global water resources became more serious, the demand for improving dewatering efficiency in mineral industries became more significant [1]. A number of solutions were recommended to enhance dewatering efficiency of thickeners including optimization of current thickeners, employing deep bed thickeners and utilizing thickener-filter or hydrocyclone-thickener circuits. Optimization of existing thickeners is essential, however, it does not meet the significant demand for recycled water. The application of deep bed thickeners (known as paste thickeners) has been rising in the mineral industries [2] due to a higher dewatering efficiency while its costs is remarkable."

Jan 1, 2018

By Y. F. Li

Fengning ilmenite ore is a magnetic deposit in gabbro containing high phosphorus and low titanium, the main minerals in which are ilmenite, magnetite and apatite. The dissemination size of magnetite is so fine that even the percentage of -0.010mm level is up to 36.50%. The fine and vein magnetite are distributed in gangue and ilmenite, so the majority of the magnetite is difficult to be separated from the gangue. Ilmenite is difficult to be recovered by low-intensity magnetic separation even through fine grinding. In high-intensity magnetic separation of ilmenite, the gangue inter-growth with the magnetite and the Fe-containing silicates may be enriched in the concentrate, and the ilmenite of the concentrate will be reduced. Based on the processing mineralogy research, combined gravity-flotation process is suggested to recover the ilmenite. The method is also good to reduce phosphorus in the ilmenite concentrate.

Jan 1, 2014

By Abhilash

Different methods of utilizing refractory bauxite and disposing red mud are practiced throughout the world, but none of them are known to be environmentally innocuous due to the complexity and /or high cost, and none has been found to be feasible on an industrial scale. Under these conditions, the use of bioleaching process seems promising. The present study emphasizes on the isolation of native extremophiles from the source Indian bauxite and red mud, with their detailed cellular and physio-chemical, and biochemical characterization. These organisms were tested for their ability to thrive in physically or geochemically extreme conditions. The gram positive capsule rich mesophiles and thermophiles were tested for removal of gangue minerals from the bauxite and red mud samples. Keywords: refractory bauxite, red mud, extremophiles, bio-beneficiation, gangue

Sep 1, 2012

By H. L. Liu

With the exploitation of mineral resources, valuable minerals are more and more finer and poorer. Priority reclaiming liberation grind particle under rough grinding, will help to pervert loss of melts, raise dewatering efficiency of concentrate, reduce consumption of reagent. And it is propitious to reduce energy consumption and raise the utilization rate of resources. With the feature of coarse particle?s desorption and deposition, CLF flotation machine has special pulp circulating way, which is not only apply to treat coarse particle but also normal size particle. The paper advanced the history, the design principle, the structure feature and the application of CLF flotation machine.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. Sheikhzadeh, M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, A. Abazarpoor

Green pellet strength including drop number and green compression is highly depended on particles size and shape. The used grinding method, ball mill or high pressure grinding roll (HPGR), directly vary the particle size and shape. Considering mode of pellet crack, green pellet is composed of particle-binder-moisture system. Different type of forces existed in such a system to create a stable green pellet: solid particle interaction, magnetic, binding and cohesive forces in the interface of particle-moisture. The pellet failure can occur at solid-liquid interface and/or through liquid phase. Pellet crack occurs when crack passed through entirely the plane failure. In this research, the effect of particle size and shape of pellet feed on green pellet strength has been investigated. It was deduced that green pellet strength highly improved by increase of specific surface area. The drop number and green compression strength of pellets prepared by HPGR was higher than ball mill. It was found that the main reason responsible for this difference was the particle shape. Capillary force is responsible for part of pellet force and improves by decrease of particle size. Also more elongated shape of HPGR particles resulted in higher capillary force due to thinner interface layer between particles. The less circular shape of particles lead to improvement of capillary force as can be occurred for HPGR particles. The rougher shape of HPGR particles resulted in higher wettability of particles and better diffusion of water among particles. In fact the rougher particles means lower connection angle. Aspect ratio of particles was of great importance of crack growth because the required energy of pellet failure increases directly. The required energy for pellet failure increases by increment of particle aspect ratio. The relationship among crack failure force, roughness and aspect ratio has been modeled considering 3 shape descriptors.

Jan 1, 2018

By Graeme Heyes, Warren J. Bruckard, Michael A. Somerville

"A limited series of laboratory batch flotation tests was conducted on a suite of calcium-ferrite-based slags made in laboratory smelting trials. The smelting tests were conducted as part of a wider CSIRO Minerals’ research project aimed at developing a single-stage continuous copper-making process. The objective of the flotation work was to maximise copper recovery and iron rejection from slags made in the process.The slags treated included a reduced low copper slag, an oxidised high copper slag composite, and a very reduced low copper self-pulverising slag. The copper content of the slags varied from 2.9% to 14% Cu. The copper was present as metallic copper, oxide copper and copper-calcium ferrite phases with the phase mix related to smelting conditions. The slags were crushed, ground, wet-screened at 355 or 210 µm to remove coarse metallic particles of copper, and floated at natural pH (about pH 11) using reagents and conditions appropriate for the selective recovery of the copper phases.In rougher/scavenger tests on the reduced low copper and self-pulverising slags copper recoveries above 92% were obtained with copper enrichment ratios varying between 2.3 and 2.9. For the oxidised high copper slag copper recoveries were poorer - only 47% of the copper was recovered with an enrichment ratio of 3.3. The presence of the slow floating copper-ferrite phases in the slags limited further (selective) copper recovery. Ageing of the high copper slag, that is, a significant delay between grinding and flotation, resulted in a deterioration of the copper flotation response.The critical parameter affecting the flotation of copper from direct converting slags was found to be the form of the copper in the slag. Slags containing a higher proportion of the more desirable form of copper for flotation will provide the best opportunity for high copper recoveries to be consistently obtained, allowing improvements in the economics of the overall copper-making process."

Jan 1, 2003