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By A. H. Harvey, M. Delangen, A. D. Fernie

"A large-scale expansion to Pacific Coast Bulk Terminals Ltd. has now been completed and placed in operation. The original plant, built approximately eight years ago, consists of the direct rail-car to ship transfer of bulk commodities. The extension includes additional rail-car unloading, a transfer house system for directing commodities to storage or ship, major storage and reclaim facilities, a second shiploader and a second deep-sea berth. In addition to the facilities for overseas shipments, a wood-chip loader and a barge berth have been installed for domestic shipments of wood chips and, occasionally, for other local commodities. The design considerations imposed by the nature of the products to be handled are covered in this paper."

Jan 1, 1969

By Victor Azbe

Introduction Lime enters our daily life in many ways. Our building, chemical, agricultural, sanitary, and industrial endeavours depend on it to such a great extent that it could probably be called the most important inorganic chemical, and the extent to which it is used might be considered an index of industrial development. Industrial limes vary greatly in quality, due to internal structure and other characteristics. They may be good or bad, sensitive or slow to react. While improper manufacture may not greatly alter the appearance of the lime, it may affect its properties considerably and thus its suitability in the many processes in which lime is used. In some of the processes, one kind of lime is wanted, in others another. While the nature of the stone from which it is made has much to do with whether a lime is suitable or not, its burning and hydration are the crux of the matter. Up to not so many years ago, the knowledge of lime burning was rather imperfect and it is only relatively recently that its manufacture is approaching the state of a higher industrial art. This slow development was in part due to lime manufacture being scattered among many small concerns who, independently, either lacked the inclination or could not afford to strive for a higher technical development.

Jan 1, 1946

By W. Pietsch

For a number of reasons, solids entering and leaving facilities for the treatment of minerals are becoming increasingly finer. Such materials pose problems throughout processing. Solids featuring small particle sizes tend to dusting, result in losses and segregation, exhibit various storage, transportation, and metering problems, and fine particulate effluents can not be easily captured, used and/or recycled. Sustainable mineral processing must minimize the exploitation of natural resources and avoid the need for disposal of wastes. The first requires the use of lower quality raw materials and upgrading, which typically results in the production of fine grained concentrates, and the latter encourages the recycling of wastes and byproducts or efforts to investigate them as sources for secondary raw materials or other beneficial applications. To overcome the difficulties associated with fine particulate solids, size enlargement by agglomeration is necessary. The resulting products have free flow characteristics, do no longer dust or segregate, and are sized and shaped as required for optimum processing. In addition, agglomerated materials may be engineered to feature desirable structure, composition, and a number of related, improved properties. Such engineering may be applied for the modification of fine run-of-mine and up-graded minerals as well as the production of secondary raw materials from by-products or wastes. By the interdisciplinary application of size enlargement by agglomeration waste-free processing of minerals becomes feasible.

Jan 1, 2004

By X. -G. Chen, K. Liu

Nowadays, great interests are rising on aluminum alloys for the applications at elevated temperature, driven by the automotive and aerospace industries requiring high strength, light weight and low cost engineering materials. As one of the most promising candidates, Al-Mn-Mg 3004 alloys is found to possess considerably high mechanical properties and creep resistance at elevated temperature resulted from the precipitation of a large number of thermally stable dispersoids during heat treatment. In present work, the effect of Fe contents on the evolution of microstructure as well as high temperature properties of Al-Mn-Mg 3004 alloys has been investigated. Results show that the dominant intermetallic changes from a-Al(MnFe)Si at 0.1 wt.% Fe to Al6(MnFe) at both 0.3 wt. % and 0.6 wt. % Fe. In the Fe range of 0.1 to 0.6 wt.% studied, a significant improvement on mechanical properties at elevated temperature has been observed due to the precipitation of dispersoids, and the best combination of compression strength and creep resistance at 300°C is obtained in the alloy with an intermediate Fe content (0.3 wt.%) with finest size and highest volume fraction of a-Al(MnFe)Si dispersoids. The superior properties obtained at 300°C makes 3004 alloys more promising for high temperature applications. The relationship between the Fe content and the precipitation of stable dispersoids as well as the materials properties has been discussed.

Jan 1, 2015

By Güney

"An investigation carried out to determine the tendency of coals to heat spontaneously in terms of time-temperature curves coupled with the resulting oxidation products in an adiabatically controlled laboratory setup is described. Tests were made at differing moisture conditions, including oxidation and also oxidation with either adsorption or desorption of water vapour on coal.From the experimental evidence, there is reason to believe that the oxidation of coal, although an important factor, is not the predominant one in the development of spontaneous heating. In addition to the temperature increase in coal and the gaseous products evolved due to auto-oxidation, the process is accelerated by adsorption and retarded by desorption of water vapour on coal."

Jan 1, 1971

By J. Walker, G. E. Kim

Since May of 2000, Mogas Industries, in partnership with F.W. Gartner Thermal Spraying Co. and using the services of Perpetual Technologies, has invested time, energy, and resources towards developing novel ball valves for high-pressure acid-leach (HPAL) service. In addition to developing new valve designs, an aggressive coatings development effort has been undertaken to improve the protective quality of the coatings so as to enhance the performance and extend the life of valves in severe HPAL conditions. In 2001, Mogas Industries qualified and applied a nanostructured titanium oxide (n-TiO2) coating for gold and nickel/cobalt HPAL services. The n-TiO2 coating provided dramatically superior protection against abrasive and erosive wear, fared very well against high-pressure autoclave corrosion testing, and has performed well in HPAL service.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. M. BUCHANAN

The segment of Canadian industry based on smelting of alum in um and manufacture of consumer products is based entirely on imported alumina and bauxite. In the absence of Canadian bauxite deposits, consideration of anorthosite, a less desirable aluminous rock, is being undertaken as one alternative in maintaining assurance of supply. Anorthosites in Canada cover many thousands of square kilometres of the Precambrian Shield. Although compositions vary widely among Canadian anorthosites, many appear to exceed the specified minimum of 25% A I 20 3 in bodies containing more than the required JOO million tonnes. A lthough most Canadian anorthosites are of Precambrian age, one located in British Columbia has been identified as being Middle _Cretaceous.

Jan 1, 1984

By M. A. Kessick

Current treatment and disposal procedures are compared for clay slimes resulting from the extraction of Alberta oil sands, the extraction of Florida phosphate matrix, the recovery of diamonds from kimberlite deposits in South Africa, the recovery of kaolin from clay deposits in southwest England and the upgrading of bauxite ore. Published research in the area is reviewed, and common trends which are emerging in the disposal of clay slimes are discussed.

Jan 1, 1978

By James K. B. Booth

The natural crustal abundances of the principle metals of commerce are examined in relation to production and prices for each metal. Two factors, the abundance x price ratio (BP factor) and abundance/production (B/T factor) are listed for each metal. Ideally, for these desirable commercial metals, each factor should be a constant and the same for all metals; comparing the divergences for the full list of metals allows conclusions to be drawn on the relative degree of natural availability of each metal and the ease or difficulty of winning the metal from the earth's crust. Plotting the two factors for each metal over the past decade of steady industrial usage illustrates the anomalous position of copper and, to a lesser degree, molybdenum and it is concluded that over the long term the price of copper will continue to rise steeply. Possible future prices for copper are examined and a suggested preferred order of ranking of the metals as exploration targets would be copper, nickel, tin, zinc, silver, molybdenum and lead, for the near term, with molybdenum possibly increasing its ranking in the list within the next decade.

Jan 1, 1971

By G. Chahal, L. C. So, S. Faucher, S. Mostaghel, S. -Y. Oh, S. K. Lee

Slag dumping and water granulation are the most commonly used slag treatment methods in the metallurgical industries. In both processes, water is present (by desire for cooling and dispersion or as a result of rain accumulation) and thus equipment and operations are designed to minimize and mitigate the risk of steam explosions resulting from the inappropriate contact of slag with water. Slag handling practices have, therefore, never been inherently safe; even good design, operation, and maintenance are not sufficient to prevent explosions or other related injuries from occurring. For slag handling to become inherently safe, our industry must eliminate the potential contact of water with molten slag. This is today feasible with the advent of dry granulation technologies, a review of which is presented, and it thus falls to us, in the metallurgical sector, to lead the way in their final stages of development and adoption. Furthermore, while slag dumping and water granulation offer some metallurgists the means of valorizing their slag as a by-product, for most, this is not the case. The energy in slag is lost through dumping and water granulation processes, and where slag is sold as a by-product, it is for its chemical content only. Here, dry granulation processes also offer advantages including the production of by-products which hold value in both their chemical content and physical properties and heat recovery. Dry granulation, therefore, augments the methods by which slag may be valorized over traditional processing methods.

Jan 1, 2015

By D. Runnels, A. Allaire, J. Torrealba-Vargas

Data mining and modelling of operational data involves the discovery of patterns in large datasets for future use in benchmarking and plant optimization. The modern pattern of discovery in large data sets involves statistical techniques, machine learning and new visualization tools. Former examples of data mining are revisited and presented in this document. INTRODUCTION A network of enthusiastic and active professionals is currently developing and maintaining several open source statistical software tools (packages) for data analysis (example Rstudio, Orange, Spyder, etc.). The advantages of the open source software philosophy are the fast development and testing of the solutions presented to the community. Books and support are available for each software application. Since each modern work activity generates massive amounts of data, it is attractive to learn and test those available tools considering that we are at the door of the new work revolution coined as “Mine 4.0”. Data mining involves collecting large datasets, the preparation and cleaning of a dataset (term named data wrangling), the uploading of the data to a database program capable of handling big datasets, the development of prediction models and the presentation of the results. Machine learning techniques help to develop mathematical models and algorithms that could be used to improve the performance on a specific task. Mine operations are producing an incredible amount of data each day and the need to analyze those results seems to be impossible due to the lack of time, as well as the lack of skills to investigate the data collected. If we add to this the traditional habit of working in silos, an additional challenge is to consolidate databases from different departments in search of trends that could help to optimize production.

Jan 1, 2019

By F. C. Lendrum

Introduction The property of Normetal Mining Corporation is in Desmeloizes township, Quebec, twelve miles north of Dupuy on the main line of the Canadian National railway from Quebec city co Cochrane, Ontario. The ore bodies occur within a band of highly sheared and sericitized agglomerate which strikes N.60°W. and clips 82° north. Along a zone 1,000 feet or more in length and of variable width, the agglomerate has been replaced by copper, zinc, and iron sulphides, with copper usually predominant on the hanging-wall side and pyrite replaced in part by sphalerite on the footwall. A northsouth diabase dyke cuts through the ore zone near its east end. The Normetal mill produces a copper concentrate and a zinc concentrate which are shipped, respectively, to Noranda, Que., and Newcastle, Penn., U.S.A., for further treatment. The present paper deals with the milling of ore from what is known as No. 3 orebody. This is a lenticular body of high-zinc ore lying co the east of the diabase dyke, along the line of strike of the main ore zone, which extends westward from the dyke. On its northern side, No. 3 orebody is in contact along most of its length with a narrow band of copper ore which is highly oxidized.

Jan 1, 1948

By W. J. Wright

Summary This paper describes the general situation of the mining industry in New Brunswick, and gives a detailed description of the recent developments in the antimony deposits at Lake George and the copper deposits in the vicinity of New Horton. At the end are lists of the most interesting geological literature relating to the Province and of the geological and topographic maps that have been published. Introduction In presenting this paper to the Institute, I apologize for the small amount of scientific data which it contains. Recent investigations in the Province of New Brunswick have been carried on largely by outside interests, and at present we ourselves are in the position .of taking stock. However, I am glad of the opportunity of giving you a general idea of the situation. The Province is making an honest effort to learn the truth concerning her mineral deposits and in time hopes to collect data which should be of interest to the mining community.

Jan 1, 1931

By M. Kozlowski, I. Candy, S. Kashani-Nejad

The production of ferronickel and matte from nickel laterite ores is dominated by the Rotary Kiln, Electric Furnace (RKEF) process. Over time, major improvements have been made to kiln operation. In particular, kilns are now required to perform substantial amounts of reduction of the metallic oxides, thereby reducing the load on the electric furnace and substituting less expensive fossil fuel for electrical energy. To the basic refractory lined cylinder have been added: internal features such as dams and lifters, aimed at changing residence times in different sections of the kiln and enhancing gas/solids interaction, on-board fans to introduce tertiary air and on-board scoop mechanisms to allow reductant coal additions to be made at advantageous locations along the kiln. Many of these advances in design have been made on a trial and error basis and by 'borrowing' technology from related kiln processes, supplemented by proprietary modeling to various levels of sophistication. This paper presents a conceptual review of modeling components for the development of a computational model for granular material flow, combustion and heat and mass transfer in a nickel laterite kiln. These components include: granular material flow and segregation models for the simulation of bed motion, heat transfer models that simulate heat transfer by turbulent diffusion and radiation and the distribution of this thermal energy within the bed, and fluid flow models for the prediction of combustion aerodynamics.

Jan 1, 2005

By F. P. Morawski, J. E. Schelske, J. R. Geddes, B. R. Eberts, D. M. Wilson, J. D. Jeffries

"The Griffith Mine is located 200 miles northeast of Winnipeg and is 30 miles south of Red Lake, Ontario. Owned by The Steel Company of Canada Limited and managed by Pickands Mather & Co., it has an annual rated capacity of 1.5 million tons of high-grade iron ore pellets with an analysis of 66.3 per cent iron and 4.5 per cent silica.Development of the mine and construction of the plant got underway in January of 1966 and operations began in February of 1968. The orebodies outcrop on the shore of Bruce lake and run under the lake. The ore in its crude form is a metasedimentary low-grade magnetite and occurs in a highly folded banded formation. The average iron analysis of the crude is 29 per cent and the over-all weight recovery is 32 per cent.In order to mine the portion of the orebody under the lake, the soft varved clay on the lake bottom was hydraulically dredged and a dyke constructed of rock, with till used to provide an impervious seal on the lake side of the dyke, prior to dewatering.Mining is carried out by conventional open-pit tech-niques. Ore dressing is achieved by combining one crushing stage and a two-stage grinding system, with beneficiation by magnetic separation, hydroseparation and flotation. Agglomerating is done with conventional balling drums and pelletizing is carried out in shaft furnaces.Of interest and discussed in detail are the 32-foot autogenous cascade mills ."

Jan 1, 1970

By J. S. Vanderploeg

I WILL begin this presentation by citing the annual per capita use of copper in Canada. This is best calculated by taking refinery domestic sales, plus imports of the products of foreign fabricating mills (very little refinery copper is imported), and deducting the exports of Canadian mills. No attempt has been made to estimate the copper content of imports or exports of machinery, motors, etc., but the trade balance here is probably against Canada. In any event, we find that, though varying somewhat since the war, the estimated yearly per capita figure has reached a high of 18 pounds. This is practically on a par with the United States. The rest of the world uses an average of about 2 pounds per capita, yearly, though this includes some countries, such as Sweden, Germany and England, which consume much better than average quantities. It looks, therefore, as if the Canadian copper industry has not (as has been generally charged) been asleep after all.

Jan 1, 1962

By D. L. Koch, J. W. Tester, L. K. Sinclair

"In this study, hydraulic conductivity (K) geostatistics were used to predict residence time distribution of well-to-well flow. Flow profiles, fracture density measurements, and pumping tests were available from the highly fractured Florence Copper in situ leaching site. The flow profiles were used to establish the statistical distribution and spatial autocorrelation of K. Two tests were used for validation. The first test confirmed that fracture density and K are autocorrelated over similar length scales. In the second test, Monte Carlo flow simulations successfully recreated the results of pumping tests. Flow sim¬ulations were used to stochastically model well-to-well residence time distribution. RÉSUMÉ Dans cette étude, nous utilisons la géostatistique de la conductivité hydraulique (K) pour prévoir la distribution des temps de séjour (DTS) de l’écoulement entre les puits. Des profils de l’écoulement, des mesures de la densité des fractures et des essais de pompage existaient pour le site fortement fracturé de lixiviation in situ de Florence Copper. Les profils de l’écoulement ont permis d’établir la distribution statistique et l’autocorrélation spatiale de K. Deux essais ont servi à la validation ; le premier a confirmé que la densité des fractures et K sont autocorrélés sur des échelles de longueur similaires ; quant au second, des simulations d’écoulements de type Monte Carlo sont parvenues à reproduire les résultats des essais de pompage. Les simulations d’écoulement ont servi à établir un modèle stochastique de la DTS de l’écoulement entre les puits.INTRODUCTION In situ leaching is the circulation of a dilute acid or base solution in the subsurface, via a series of injection and recovery wells, to dissolve a target metal. In situ leach modelling requires forecasting the residence time distribution (RTD) of flow between wells. In fractured formations such as copper porphyry deposits, order-of-magnitude variations in hydraulic conductivity (K) can result in highly channeled flow, resulting in a heavy tailed RTD (Becker & Shapiro, 2003; Kang, Le Borgne, Dentz, Bour, & Juanes, 2015). Channeling through preferential pathways has impacted copper recovery at several past in situ leaching field tests (Cathles, Glenn, Lenzi, Nigrini, Deans, & Huff, 1978; Ahlness & Pojar, 1983; Schmidt, Earley, & Friedel, 1994; Sinclair & Thompson, 2015). The aim of this work is to combine multiple types of hydrogeological measurements to stochastically forecast the well-to-well RTD in fractured rock for the purposes of copper in situ leach modelling."

Jan 1, 2018

By L. C. Stevens

The particular purpose of this paper is to direct attention to the development of underground conveying as applied to methods of working coal in the mines of Alberta. Historical A retrospective view of coal mining discloses a continuous effort, on the part of those interested, to substitute mechanical contrivances for hand labour. A patent for a coal-cutting machine was granted to Michael Menzies in 1761, at which time much of the transportation of coal underground was accomplished by means of sledges. Early forms of cutting machines attempted to duplicate the action of a miner's pick, and one hundred years lacer than Menzies? patent we still find this class of machine, driven by water power or compressed air, in use to a limited extent. A coal-cutter using the principle of a circular saw and worked by hand was exhibited in London in 1851, and from these crude beginnings the machines of today have been evolved. Transportation of coal underground has similarly been subject to considerable improvement. The above mentioned Michael Menzies took out a patent in 1750 covering the use of a self-acting incline plane, which is probably the earliest record of any system devised to lighten the load of the crammer or car-pusher of those days. In the year 1868 the Gillot & Copley machine was patented, this being a compressed-air-driven disc coal-cutter which proved highly successful. The chain cutters were a natural development from this type, and for a number of reasons they have been even more successful in the majority of cases.

Jan 1, 1930

By John Dasher

The analyses reported on in this paper indicate that there are hydrometallurgical routes from sulphide concentrates to copper that are potentially competitive with smelters which are not permitted to emit sulphur oxides. The various hydrometallurgical processes, and their economics, are discussed.

Jan 1, 1973

By P. C. Benedict

Introduction and Summary The Northern Empire mine is a mile east of Beardmore, and 100 miles northeast of Port Arthur, district of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Production started in March, 1934, and terminated in September, 1941. During this period, the mill treated 425,866 tons of ore, from which 153,103 ounces of gold were recovered. The lowest level from which ore was mined was the 1900, but considerable drifting was performed on the 2075 level and 800 feet on the 2415, the deepest level. The following description of the geology of the mine is recorded by the senior author but is based on the observations and complementary mapping of both authors. The vein strikes about N.72°E. and has an average dip of 80°S. (Figure 1). In stoped sections, the quartz averaged about two feet wide. On the 1725 level it was drifted on continuously for more than 7,000 feet, but in the mine as a whole practically no commercial ore was found beyond points 1,400 feet west and 1,800 feet east of the shaft. Conspicuous wall-rock alteration extended throughout this section but not much beyond its limits. There was some splitting of the vein and widening of the alteration halo on the lower levels. The average general colour of the quartz changes with depth. It may be generalized, from top to bottom, as light grey to dark grey to brownish. The brownish quartz first appeared near the bottom of the ore.

Jan 1, 1947