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By S. J. Broderick

[Xuge d-mp heap co:lt:.ini9: tilcu?:na3s of tons of cad ~eP~se 2r3 a failiar sight in coal-mininc regior@:. T5ey reprecei~t considergole economic 1083, are very l.u.,si~hC,ly, ?:ld t?ke un m-lch vaL-x3le qace. Cor.sequentl;r thelr remcval i~ geatlyr dezir36, ax2 my ret-sn t?-at c,m be obtained would be er;pecic.llj .a~elconre&apos; t.7 the cod ir.S..r; kry. T?.e vaste rk.t~ri..tl conpl-ises large pieces of slr.t.e, hi~h-2s&apos;. bore c~al., luqs cf cle:., ,ad finer refuse conin,= fro3 the vrtskery, Tilt 1:zshcr:r refilsn contnins sone yood coal. Rig coal and the &apos;better p~lcs of bore ere the zat~rla2.s ~15:;~itiered in this in- vest ig:?.tion. 7% Il~avter frnctions of the w~~sherjr ref;lw aizd tts large 2ieces of slcte ?,".:I rgck contilin 1it:lei ccai-i-bcna.c~o~s caterial ad are vir- tu<dly worthiess nc, rz:. ::atcrin!. for .*=irin,= zct,iv?*teb cCvb~n. 13 the 3irniingh.m district, i13br.12, a-c.ju",P p?rcccn",f the c3sl r?.ir?ed is washed, ,md in tkis c?i.;trict nlz:~c rcfilce ecc;:?:lletcs ~t the r%tg of 1 to 2 million .! tons 2 yew.]

Jan 1, 1941

By N Merry, T Cocks

The mineral exploration industry is increasingly aware of the importance of the relationship between mineralogical data and geochemical assay results. However, until recently, the cost and time constraints of most techniques for analysing alteration mineralogy have precluded detailed alteration studies. These impediments have been reduced by the development of the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser (PIMA), a field portable infrared spectrometer that allows rapid (in field) and cost effective analysis of alteration minerals including subtle variations in mineral crystallinity and composition. &nbsp; A major application of this technology is in mapping mineralogical variations within hydrothermal alteration systems. Using actual case study examples this paper introduces two approaches to using the PIMA data: 1. for directly mapping alteration systems and using the PIMA data to provide vectors to mineralisation, and 2. for establishing empirical relationships between geochemical data and PIMA spectral data. These applications demonstrate that this technology can be an invaluable tool for targeting and mapping alteration and mineralisation.

Jan 1, 1995

By Zhan Jing

Keywords: thermodynamic, Ni-Co alloy powders, composition, fibrous The mathematics model of Ni(II)-Co(II)-C2O42?-NH3?H2O-H2O of thermodynamic equilibrium system has been developed theoretically according to the law of conservation of mass and the law of simultaneous equilibrium, and the logarithm concentration-pH (log[Me2+]T-pH) diagrams of this system have been made. The effect of ligand and pH value was studied. Two issues in coprecipitation route to synthesize fibrous nickel-cobalt alloy precursor powder, com-position and morphology which are a first priority, are addressed based on thermodynamic analysis and experiments. The results show that suitable pH value range of coprecipitation of nickel ions and cobalt ions in theory can be obtained to maintain fibrous, excellent compositonal homogeneity and stoichiometry in coprecipitation products. Experimental demonstration is also carried out.

Jan 1, 2005

By Carl Hendricks

Aquila Mining Systems Ltd., is the world leader in drill monitoring, control and GPS-based machine navigation systems for the mining industry. This paper will review the design and application of AQUILA’s drill monitoring, control and positioning systems currently in use throughout the world and some of the benefits that derive through their use. In 1993, AQUILA became the first company to install a high precision, cm level, real-time GPS receiver on a blasthole drill. In fact, this was likely the first application of GPS on any form of production mining equipment. To date, AQUILA has installed over 90 GPS based drill monitoring systems worldwide. Since 1992 AQUILA has continued to lead in the advancement of new technologies for drilling including real-time geology recognition and automated drilling control systems. The AQUILA DMseries drill systems offer mines the ability to collect and transmit to the mine office; drill production statistics, ore and waste intersections, exact collar elevations, hole positions and depths, maintenance information and consumables tracking. Unique office software developed by AQUILA provides an encompassing Windows environment within which to manage and coordinate all aspects of data communications and information management between the drills and various mine departments. AQUILA and Caterpillar, along with Mincom and Trimble Navigation are partners in a technology alliance that is providing the surface mining industry with vehicle tracking and navigation systems for all mobile production equipment.

Jan 1, 2000

Significance of the body of iron oxide, which in part overlies as its hanging-wall the rich chalcocite ore-body at Mount Oxide, Queensland, has been variously interpreted by engineers and geologists who have inspected the deposit.Among the interpretations offered is the one that the body represents the residual of an original medium to low grade...

Jan 1, 1939

By Robert B. Johnson

The refraction seismic method has been used as an indirect means of exploring for fluorspar in southern Illinois by the Illinois State Geological Survey. Use of the method has been restricted to those areas where mineralization is associated with faults, a restriction necessitated by the operating principles of the refraction method. The seismic data enable the interpreter to locate fault zones in the subsurface and, under ideal circumstances, to make estimates of dip direction and magnitude and vertical displacement provided the local stratigraphic units are known and are geophysically recognizable. In this instance, refraction seismic exploration has been successful in the surface mapping of well-developed faults, both simple and complex with which fluorspar may or may not be associated. However, less clear results have been obtained where faulting has been less severe and where there are numerous accompanying mineralized joints.

Jan 1, 1964

By S Smit, P J. J Strobo

ZINIFEX Century Mine is a zinc, lead and silver concentrate producer. Flotation is the primary method of minerals separation in this circuit. The flotation circuit is quite large with 79 flotation cells. The levels in each of these interconnected cells are controlled at more than 45 level control stations. Due to the multivariable interaction throughout the circuit, good level control was found to be difficult to achieve by just using normal Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. As a first step in advanced process control, the FloatStar Level Stabiliser, a multivariable controller developed specifically for flotation circuits, has been commissioned at Century mine to solve the level control problems. The first section of this paper therefore discusses and shows the results and improvements obtained by using the FloatStar level stabiliser. The results and benefits of the FloatStar Flow Optimiser are discussed in the second section of this paper.

Jan 1, 2004

The clay slime generatea in many sand washing operations is usually very difficult to de-water. Treatment of these slimes is often limited by economic considerations and the properties of the solids to a gravity-driven process. The moisture characteristics of kaolinitic slimes from two different sand washing operations were measured.From these curves, equilibrium moisture contents for sedimentation and for drainage were calculated using the methods of soil physics. The validity of these calculations were confirmed by column experiments.The results show that the increased de-watering to be gained by drainage, as compared with sedimentation, is significant. Furthermore, observed rates of outflow indicate that water can be removed considerably morerapidly when drainage is possible.The practical application of these results to the dewatering of clay slimes is discussed.

Jan 1, 1978

By W. Smith

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) is using laboratory and computer-based techniques to investigate the post- failure behavior of yielding pillars and pillar reinforcement techniques to control entry deformation. Poorly dimensioned yield pillars, can cause adverse ground conditions. Laboratory studies to evaluate various reinforcement techniques for controlling yield pillar deformation were conducted. A cracking and crushing model is used to evaluate potential tensile and compressive failure planes within pillars of various widths to assess the degree of yielding and stress redistribution. The use of an elasto-plastic model to evaluate the effect of various reinforcement on yield pillars is also discussed. These procedures effectively account for the residual pillar strength, important in yield pillar design.

Jan 1, 1995

Copper, zinc, lead, and silver in the discordant magmatic-hydrothermal orebody of the Conrad Mine, N.S.W., all have a relatively high mean abundance. Any single concordant sulphide orebody containing the same metals has a similar order of mean abundance of only one or two of these, particularly copper, copper and zinc, or zinc and lead.The relative abundances of the metals in the Conrad orebody vary more widely than in concordant orebodies, and the lead-zinc-silver and copper-zinc-lead relationships are significantly different.INTRODUCTIONIn previous investigations of metal abundances in sulphide ores, the basis of selection of the orebodies was their form, and to some extent their geological setting, rather than hypotheses concerning their origin. In all cases they were generally concordant with the bedding of the sedimentary or meta-sedimentary rocks enclosing them, and most occurred in volcanic-sedimentary sequences. Their mineralogies were simple, and they were copper, copper-zinc, zinc or lead-zinc rich in composition. Most were of the type ascribed by several authors to exhalative-sedimentary processes.In one of these investigations (Stanton, 1958), it was pointed out that since the metals in ores of this type showed similar abundance patterns and behaviour, it would clearly be of interest to examine, and to compare with them, orthomagmatic and vein types, unquestionably derived from their igneous rock associates.The present investigation is concerned with a single orebody, of clearly discordant type, and of indisputable hydrothermal origin. The abundance and behaviour of copper, zinc, lead, and silver have been determined and compared to similar data fOl!&apos; the concordant type. Such a comparison tests the possibility that metal abundance patterns of base metal ores may be indicative of the mode of ore deposition.

Jan 1, 1963

By R. L. Virta

Twenty-three companies mined kaolin in nine States in 2004. Production was estimated to be 7.6 Mt (8.3 million st) valued at $912 million, based on preliminary data. This was a slight decrease from 7.68 Mt (8.46 million st) valued at $939 million in 2003.Georgia was the leading producer state with an estimated 6.5 Mt (7.1 million st) in production. It was followed, in decreasing order of tonnage, by South Carolina, Alabama, California, Texas, Arkansas, Nevada, Florida and North Carolina. Georgia accounted for nearly the entire domestic water-washed, delaminated, and pigment-grade calcined kaolin production. Consumption Sales to the paper industry accounted for 49 percent of domestic sales and 64 percent of total sales. Other major markets for domestic sales were refractory products (10 percent), paint (5 percent), fiberglass (4 percent), catalysts (3 percent) and rubber (2 percent).Paper coating and filler markets accounted for about 87percent of export sales of kaolin.

Jan 1, 2005

By Eugene T. Sheridan

The Bureau of Mines annually canvasses the fuel-briquet and packaged-fuel producers in the United States and publishes economic data on these industries, based upon reports submitted voluntarily by producers. This publication lists all producers that reported commercial production to the Bureau for 1960 and presents data on individual plants. The companies named herein represent virtually all producers of processed minerals fuels. A few small plants may not have been canvassed or failed to respond to the survey because some of the smaller plants operate intermittently and the survey is voluntary. All plants that reported commercial production were included; regardless of size. Specifically excluded were plants that manufactured briquets from wood charcoal. Fuel briquets and packaged fuel are manufactured solid fuels, produced by mixing fine-sized mineral fuels with binding materials and compressing into small individual shapes, Briquets are produced in pillow-shaped and cylindrical form, are 2 to 4 inches long, and weigh 2 to 4 ounces. Packaged fuel consists of 3- or 4-inch cubes; 6 or 8 of which are wrapped together in heavy kraft paper to form a package weighing 10 to 15 pounds, Briquets are durable and may be stored and handled as bulk fuel; packaged fuel breaks easily and must be stored indoors to prevent it from deteriorating. Whereas briquets are consumed in many areas as a general residential fuel, packaged fuel is more of a specialty item, used at times to supplement other fuels. Packaged fuel is burned without re-moving the paper and is referred to as the "white glove" fuel.

Jan 1, 1961

By Karl Marquis

La Mine Mouska exploite depuis deux ans certains blocs de réserve à l?aide de la méthode long trou. Même si, à priori, la méthode long trou semble rentable, le contrôle de la dilution ainsi que le respect d?un échéancier serré s?avèrent primordiaux afin que cette méthode d?exploitation puisse être justifiable économiquement. La présentation suivante fera la comparaison économique entre cette méthode et celle de chambre-magasin.

Oct 1, 2001

The leaching characteristics of a number of Australian uranium ores were determined under acid and alkaline conditions. Ores from the Ranger, Nabarlek and Koongarra deposits in the Northern Territory were readily leached in dilute sulphuric acid. Suitable processing conditions were: leaching at 35-40&#176;C, pH 1&#183;52&#183;0 and redox potential -475 mV for periods of 16-24h with ore ground to 50 per cent -200 mesh CB.S.S.). Ore from the Roxby Downs deposit in South Australia required leaching at 55&#176;C and a redox potential of -650 mV to achieve a satisfactory recovery. All ores contained refractory minerals which were not leached under conventional conditions, limiting uranium extraction to 86-96 per cent.Carbonate leaching of carnotite in calcrete ores from Yeelirrie and Lake Way in Western Australia yielded uranium extractions of at least 98 per cent. Leaching rates were considerably faster than those reported for other applications of alkaline leaching as the slow oxidation step was not required.

Jan 1, 1979

By Frank E. Cash

The work of the United States Bureau of, Mines is concerned primarily with the prevention of accidents in the mining, petroleum, and allied industries. This report analyzes the fatal accidents in the coal mines of Tennessee and gives the pertinent factors in tabular and descriptive form, with interpretations and suggestions to operators, workers, and the State Division of Mines for the future prevention or reduction of accidents in coal mines. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was made possible through the cooperation of A. W. Evans, chief mine inspector of Tennessee, and his secretary, Miss Hiliary Penny, who made available the department records and assisted in the segregation and assembly of the data.

Jan 1, 1935

Effect of Iron on ash fusion temperature and waterwall deposits FeS, H2S on tube material corrosion and erosion [ ]

Jan 1, 2005

By J Ward, B Rohrlach, B Rosero, J Silva, O Poma

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Alpala copper-gold deposit is a recent, high-grade porphyry Cu-Au discovery located in the Imbabura Province of north-western Ecuador. The deposit lies along the crustal-scale Chimbo-Toachi Fault Zone within the Dagua-Piñon terrane, which is an oceanic plateau accreted to the South American convergent margin in the Late Cretaceous. The deposit is hosted by quartz diorite stocks that intrude andesitic volcanic breccias of the Oligocene to mid-Miocene San Juan de Lachas Formation. Miocene-age calc-alkaline plutonism is associated with porphyry Cu, Cu-Mo and Cu-Au deposits in southern and northern Ecuador. The Alpala deposit lies along a sector of the Miocene arc that has recently been underplated by the Carnegie Ridge seamount chain that induced shoaling of the subducted Nazca plate beneath northern Ecuador.Surface expressions of the deposit were recognised in May 2012 during follow-up of stream sediment anomalies, when outcropping sheeted and stockwork porphyry-related veins were discovered in Quebrada Alpala. The roots of a NW-trending, structurally-controlled lithocap were recognised over an area of 4.5 × 0.9 km. The remnant lithocap exhibits well-defined mineral zonation mapped by TerraSpecTM analyses on grid soil samples. Soil sampling, heliborne magnetic surveying and channel sampling defined initial drill targets.Seven diamond drill holes were completed in the year from September 2013. Drill hole CSD-13-005 intersected 672 m grading 0.93 per cent Cu and 0.91 g/t Au in high-temperature, inner propylitic and locally potassic-altered quartz diorite intrusions. Overlying hydrothermal clay alteration assemblages define the base of the lithocap. A NW–SE trending footwall structure defines the south-west margin of the deposit. Drill hole 5 intersected high-grade sheeted ‘B-type’ and ‘C-type’ veins (Gustafson and Hunt, 1975) that lie along the south-west margin of an 1100 × 500 m magnetic anomaly that is the focus of ongoing exploration.CITATION:Rohrlach, B, Poma, O, Rosero, B, Silva, J and Ward, J, 2015. High-grade porphyry copper-gold mineralisation in north-west Ecuador – The Alpala Cu-Au porphyry discovery , in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 369–376 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By L. Mead

Dimension stone is a natural stone (granite, marble, limestone, sandstone and slate) that can be quarried, cut and shaped to conform to acceptable industry standards for size, consistency and durability. There are numerous outlets for the finished product in exterior and interior architectural and design applications. A continued growth market is with residential usage— particularly in new, upscale construction. This has become a competitive market between domestic producers and lower cost imported products. These imported products have become available at many of the building supply retail outlets and have increased the use of stone in residential construction and renovation. The traditional architectural application of dimension stone is tied to commercial and institutional building construction trends and market. There has been a noticeable increased usage of stone in the Sun Belt. This stone is usually supplied by local fabricating shops. It is used in the exterior and interior of shopping malls. This market generally uses local stone sources. It has increased the demand for sandstone, limestone and quartzite in this region of the country.

Jan 1, 2005

By Kathryn L. Neale, Derek L. Mulligan, Robin E. Goad, Norman A. Duke, A. Hamid Mumin, W. John Camier

"Abstract - The NICO and Sue-Dianne deposits are being explored and delineated by Fortune Minerals Limited in the Mazenod Lake District of the Northwest Territories, using an Olympic Dam model. The deposits were discovered in the south part of the Great Bear magmatic zone (GBMZ) within the Proterozoic, Bear Structural Province of the Canadian Shield. They are the only known significant Canadian examples of Proterozoic iron oxide-hosted polymetallic deposits. Worldwide, this class includes such deposits as Olympic Dam and Ernest Henry in Australia, Kiruna-Aitik in Sweden, and Salobo in Brazil. Their considerable size, up to 2 billion tonnes, and polymetallic ore assemblages make them highly attractive targets for exploration. Common characteristics of this class include their Early to Middle Proterozoic cratonic settings with extensional rifting evolving from collisional tectonics. Deposits typically occur along major structural lineaments within the aureoles of a distinctive suite of anorogenic potassium-rich "A-type" granite intrusions. Although hosted by diverse lithologies, deposits of this class are characterized by a number of other diagnostic regional- and deposit-scale features, which may be recognized in reconnaissance- and propertyscale geological and geophysical surveys.The southern GBMZ in Canada has several characteristics (age, tectonic setting, geology and geophysical attributes) similar to those of the Olympic Dam deposit and its other significant global analogues. Airborne and ground geophysical surveys carried out in the GBMZ identified coincident potassium, uranium, magnetic, resistivity, chargeability, and gravity anomalies centered over the NICO deposit. The nearby Sue-Dianne deposit is characterized by coincident uranium, potassium, magnetic, resistivity and chargeability anomalies. Both deposits occur within a regional, northweststriking, arcuate trend of volcanic and sedimentary rocks characterized by significant positive Bouguer-gravity and magnetic responses and are believed to represent a major basement discontinuity. The NICO anomalies are at the intersection of this regional trend with a major transverse fault through Lou Lake. Regional and local geophysical data indicate the presence of significant concentrations of iron oxide within a broad area of intense potassium metasomatism. Geological mapping identified cobalt, gold, bismuth, and copper mineralization in biotite-magnetite-amphibole-sulfiderich ironstone and schist. This mineralization is localized within altered wackes of the Snare Group, which are unconformably overlain by potassium feldspar- (±hematite ±magnetite) altered rhyolite of the Faber Group. The Sue-Dianne deposit is a hematite-magnetite-Fe-silicate-cemented diatreme complex enriched in copper, silver, gold, and uranium within a broad zone of potassium, iron, quartz, and epidote metasomatism. The diatreme is located at the intersection of two major faults at the north end of the basement discontinuity and is hosted in rhyodacite ignimbrite marginal to the Faber Lake rapakivi-granite pluton. At both deposits, diatreme- and maar-facies iron oxide-cemented breccia straddle the regional metasedimentary-volcanic unconformity, suggesting that mineralization formed in a near-surface environment synchronous with the onset of volcanism."

Jan 1, 2000

By A. L. Grabovski

The potential of eccentric cone crushers for fine crushing has been improved by increasing the swing frequency of the moving cone, balancing the crusher, ensuring uniform feed via a rotating funnel with sideways discharge, introducing hyperbolic motion and employing the inertia crushing method, but further improvements to the specifications of existing cone crusher designs are limited by the rigidity of their kinematic coupling. A new design has been developed which combines two crushing modes, stone on liner and stone on stone, each with its own advantages. The main aims are to produce finer materials and to reduce liner weight. The benefits include an increase of more than 10% in the output of fine particles, improved protection of the liner against wear, as a result of filling of the cavities by material being crushed, and the use of almost 20% less material in casting of the liner. The chamber can be used in place of the usual liners of fine cone crushers

Jun 21, 1905