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By R. Fedors, T. Ghezzehei, D. Or

The phenomena of dripping into cavities (e.g. tunnels and drifts) within an unsaturated fractured porous medium under ventilated conditions is studied to improve estimates of dripping rates, drop sizes, and chemical composition of droplets that could affect the integrity of high-level nuclear waste packages placed in drifts. The sensitivity of dripping rates and water chemistry to ventilation is analyzed at various flow rates using analytical expressions linking flow on fracture surfaces to drop formation and evaporation. The model was tested using laboratory experiments involving machined aluminum slabs designed to represent a simplified morphology of a fracture face intersecting a cavity and using natural fracture surfaces from a welded tuff. Comparison with ten years of data on dripping in natural caves showed good agreement with model predictions. In particular, for low dripping rates, evaporation due to ventilation leads to larger drop sizes and alters drop chemistry by increasing the concentration of solutes in the drop relative to that in the water flowing on the fracture face.

Jan 1, 2000

By D. Richter

The Pyrometallurgical refining stage of ferronickel manufacturing produces a slag rich in iron and nickel, which is usually further processed for metal recovery. The recovered material is returned to the refining or smelting stages, depending on the amount of impurities. A series of tests was carried out on the Mineração Morro Azul refining slags, aiming at the recovery of the metallic particles through physical processing. Minor changes in the process showed improved results. This paper compares the textures of these slags after being cooled at ambient temperature and granulated under water at high pressure and flow. It concludes that the cooling process is intimately connected to the work index of such slags, thus resulting in direct impact in operating costs.

Jan 1, 2011

By John R. Sturgul, Elizabeth Yost

The number of Native Americans presently working as mining engineers is extremely low-perhaps three in the entire US. At the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, it was felt that introducing high ability students to mining engineering at the high school level would encourage more to consider mining engineering as a career. New Mexico Tech, in Socorro, NM, has initiated a continuing summer college program for Native American high school students. The program, which began in the summer of 1980, is designed to introduce participants to college life, enrich their high school curricula, and expose them to the problems and challenges of a career in mining and related engineering fields. Students From reservations throughout New Mexico with a demonstrated aptitude for science and mathematics were encouraged to apply for admission. Preference was given to high school sophomores and juniors since it is hoped that students will want to return for a second year before graduating from high school and beginning university studies. The program seeks to impress upon the students the need fir Native Americans in the fields of seience and mineral engineering.

Jan 7, 1981

By M. M. Botz

There are currently more that 460 mines worldwide that utilize cyanide for gold and silver extraction. Despite this large number of cyanide-related mining operations, there have been no published accounts during the previous 25 years of the death of humans due to cyanide as a direct consequence of major mining-related environmental incidents. All published accounts of human deaths due to mining-related environmental incidents have been the result of physical inundation with tailings or waste rock materials. It appears that major mining-related environmental incidents have not been concentrated in any geographic location, are likely to occur regardless of the size of the mining company and do not occur more frequently with a specific type of mining activity. Several cyanide treatment and recovery technologies have been widely demonstrated to reliably control cyanide levels in mining solutions. With proper use of these technologies, tailings cyanide concentrations can be maintained at levels protective of wildlife while reducing the potential for adverse environmental incidents. The development of an international cyanide code of practice or management plan is recommended and should take into consideration the adoption of a weak-acid-dissociable (WAD) cyanide standard that maintains the levels entering a tailings impoundment below 50 mg/L.

Jan 1, 2001

By H. Takamoto, M. Ichinose

"The basic objectives of mine roadways are to provide sufficient cross sections in order to meet the needs of accommodation of equipment, transport, personnel travel and ventilation. However, many roadways become damaged to the extent of needing maintenance, generally dinting, and in some cases requiring re-ripping. The damaging of a roadway is a result of several factors including geological properties of surrounding strata, method of roadway formation, support systems and so on. Among these factors, strata conditions play important effects on the stability of roadways and other mining activities. Weak rocks cause excessive roadway closures, and water softens some rocks and worsens the closure problem. In Indonesia, over 250 Mt of coal is now produced from almost surface mines. In the near future, some coal must be mined from underground. Unfortunately, the mechanical properties of coal measures rocks are not so good to open underground mines. In this paper, a scientific discussion on the effect of water on the stability of roadways is given on the basis of results obtained by means of in-situ investigation and laboratory tests both in Japan and Indonesia."

Jan 1, 2011

By Roberto J. Guardia, Tim Shell, Robert A. Robinson, Steve Rodolf

Our aging infrastructure includes numerous tunnels that provide easy access through topographic and societal obstacles. These tunnels are renewable resources that require periodic maintenance and rehabilitation to extend their useful lifespan to hundreds or even thousands of years. However, as with any structural rehabilitation project, tunnel liner rehabilitation requires an inordinate amount of evaluation and care due often poorly documented original construction and subsequent repair construction methods and materials. This paper documents the investigation, planning, design, and construction efforts of the rehabilitation of a 74-year old, 216-meter (713 foot) long two-lane highway tunnel in moderately fractured to highly sheared basalt on the Oregon coast. The tunnel consists of four sections lined originally with timber and subsequently overlaid with concrete, and three unlined sections.

Jan 1, 2005

By Frank W. Luerssen

Introduction "Austerity" is perhaps an overly generous description of the past three years in the American steel industry. Steel plants operated at an average of only 57% of their capability in 1982-84. The dismal losses for last year are still being totaled. But during the two years before this period, American steelmakers recorded an aggregate net loss of a staggering $6.8 billion. Steelmakers responded by closing numerous marginal facilities. And production capability was cut by 13.6 Mt (15 million st). Capital expenditures still averaged $2 billion annually. But this was inadequate to maintain the existing base of steelmaking facilities. The general economy experienced a satisfactory recovery during this period. American steel, however, continued to suffer from a lagging recovery in the capital goods sector. This was due to record penetration of its domestic market by imports and from very weak realizing prices on the volume that was available. In addition to the direct influx of offshore steel products - which itself depressed prices - the industry also became painfully aware of the growing importance of "indirect" imports. These came in the form of steel-containing producer and consumer durables. Industrial equipment and autos fabricated from foreign steel accounted for the equivalent of 6 Mt (6.5 million st) of lost market opportunity for domestic steel-makers last year. That is over and above the 23.5 Mt (26 million st) of direct steel imports. Given these factors, Inland Steel was not spared from the threeyear downpour of red ink. Despite its record of continuing modernization in steel, our single-plant location in the world's best steel-consuming market, and the high proportion of consumer durables related products, such as cold rolled and coated sheet in our mix, Inland suffered aggregate losses of $277 million during the 1982-84 period. Strategic Planning The foregoing establishes a perspective - a base from which we have restructured our view of the steel industry, and of our own role within that picture. Until possibly two years ago, this present weakness in steel demand was viewed around the world as an aberration, eventually to pass. By contrast, it is now recognized that austere times are the normal steel environment. The topic here is management of resources. This implies an emphasis on strategic planning. It is worthwhile to examine some of the more critical assumptions that were driving strategies among a number of steel companies just before the 1980s. Those projected characteristics of the future steel environment were arrived at through painstaking analysis. They were carefully and heavily quantified and were generally shared by outside observers and our peers within the steel industry. • First, the assumption was made that domestic steel demand would continue to grow at an average rate of 2% per year. • Second, it was assumed that this growth in the American market would continue to be filled predominantly by US mills. It was believed that increases in steel and steel-related demand overseas would absorb much of the ominously growing capacity of third

Jan 6, 1985

By Bradford F. Townsend

A study was made on six collapses that occurred during large-diameter tunnelling through weak sedimentary rocks and soil using SES methods in three stages?top heading, bench and invert. The collapsed lengths are between 20 m and 277 m. The collapses were re-mined using essentially the same tunnel-ling method with larger excavation profiles to accommodate the designed remedial measures consisting of ground treatment, pre-support and stronger initial support/outer lining required to carry higher ground loads acting in the collapsed lengths. The paper presents information on the collapses and the design and execution of the remedial measures.

Jan 1, 2008

By Ravi Ray, Kostas Kaklis, Zach Agioutantis

"Modern underground mining is becoming more complex and geotechnically challenging. The engineer uses numerical, analytical, and data-driven methods (empirical and/or experimental) or their combination to overcome these challenges. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, given the amount of innovation and experience involved in developing each of these techniques, it will be prudent to use all their benefits rather than favoring one technique over the other. Pillars are the most important support element in an underground mine. A holistic geo-mechanical solution needs to be determined to design mine pillars using a proper sequence and exact mix of the three methods. A combination of these methods, in sync, can encompass the several advantages of the three methods while eliminating their disadvantages. This paper presents a conceptual three-tier solution to the pillar design problem, to improve its design pedigree, using a proper combination of numerical, analytical, and data-driven methods. At the focus of this proposed method lies the Ground Reaction Curve (GRC) concept.INTRODUCTIONAlthough the stability analysis of underground excavations is a challenging problem, its understanding has improved tremendously over recent years through the use of improved tools and techniques. The trial and error method was replaced with more scientific methods like the empirical and analytical methods that are still in use today. Empirical methods were developed based on large data sets obtained from experiments and observations (e.g., coal pillar strength equations). Analytical methods were developed based on mechanical understanding of stability (e.g., safety factor for vertical pillar loading, Convergence Confinement Method). Improvement in computing power and numerical techniques led to the development of several numerical methods (e.g., finite difference, finite element) suitable for geo-mechanical analysis.Each of these methods have certain advantages and limitations. Nevertheless, the user is often puzzled over the proper method selection and over the proper sequence of using them. This exercise becomes more challenging when different methods are combined, where, for example, one has to estimate the pillar strength based on empirical equations (e.g., Mark-Bieniawski coal pillar strength equation), determine the factor of safety based on an analytical approach (e.g., tributary area load divided by pillar strength), and analyze pillar-strata interactions using numerical analysis (see Esterhuizen, Mark, and Murphy, 2010b).Challenges increase when current pillar design methods are designed as passive structures to balance the fixed dead weight of the overburden. This classic suspension design approach does not recognize the self-stabilizing capacity of the overburden (Frith and Reed, 2018). A practical solution to address these issues is the use of numerical analysis. However, one should always keep in mind that the numerical modelling approach may have certain practical limitations."

Jan 1, 2019

For the past four years, the Department of Mining Engineering at the University of Kentucky has conducted a validation study of the CFD Fluent code, by comparing its results against mining-related benchmark experimental data provided by NIOSH?s Pittsburgh Research Laboratory. This particular study is dedicated to the effect of machine-mounted dust scrubbers on the performance of face ventilation systems using extended-cut mining with a blowing curtain.

Jan 1, 2009

By Michael Jatczak

The San Vicente Tunnel Project is an 11-mile water tunnel constructed for the San Diego County Water Authority. One of the many challenges of the project included tunneling a 22,000-foot single-heading tunnel on the western half of the job in varying geology using a 3.66m (12ft) diameter open shield excavator or ?digger shield.? This paper will discuss the design considerations for the temporary liner, the tunneling, and ancillary equipment. It will also highlight the challenges faced while mining this geology, explain the methods implemented to drive this section of tunnel, and discuss the experiences while performing mechanized tunneling in an extensive and varied San Diego geology.

By J. B. Rasmussen

As part of a purchase of a fleet of Caterpillar 785 trucks, Round Mountain Gold Corp., Cashman Equipment Co. and Caterpillar Inc. entered into a four-year contract for the major maintenance of the fleet of trucks. This contract includes fixed costs and guaranteed availability. The results have been excellent, and the fleet of trucks performs well. History The Smoky Valley Common Operation is a unique mine. Through a mixture of diligence and foresight, it has become the largest open-pit, heap leaching gold mine in the world. This was no small feat considering the remote area surrounding the mine. Round Mountain is located in north-central Nye County, NV. To the east of the town and mine lies the Central Toquima mountain range. To the west is the Toiyabe mountain range. Between them is the Big Smoky Valley, a flat expanse of sagebrush, salt grass and fine dirt.

Jan 1, 1991

By Jamal Rostami, Richard Kastner, Ahmad Ramezanzadeh

Improving the accuracy of the performance prediction models for hard rock Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) is important in estimation of the schedule and cost of tunnelling in related projects. The effects of rock mass on performance of TBMs has been studied extensively, yet due to the complex nature of the process, impact of many parameters influencing machine advance rate are not very clear and there is still room for improvements. More accurate estimates can be obtained by better understanding of operating parameters in various geological conditions and can lead to matching machine specifications with job conditions, optimizing machine performance, and avoiding long delays and downtime for increased productivity. This paper will offer review of two case histories including Queens Water tunnel in New York and KCRC project in Hong Kong. The analysis of the available field data, including the geological back mapping and results of laboratory testing of rock mechanical properties, machine operational parameters and achieved rate of penetration will be presented. This includes statistical analysis of available field data to provide a better understanding of the influence of rock mass properties on performance of hard rock TBMs as well as related formulas to improve performance estimates.

Jan 1, 2005

By Edward H. Jr. Boyle, Paul R. Thomas

Introduction It is estimated that nearly 40% of all the gold ever mined in free world countries has been produced by South African operations. There is concern that this immense productive capacity will soon decline. Such a decline could reduce world gold supply and lessen the ability of market economy countries (MEC) to exert the major influence upon the world gold market. This paper addresses three general issues concerning South African gold production: • How much gold remains to be recovered from the demonstrated resources of the 44 evaluated South African mines; • How long can production at current levels continue; and • What will be its cost. Table 1 provides production data on the world's 10 largest producers for the years 1971, 1981, and 1983. As shown, South African gold production declined significantly from 1971 through 1981. As of 1981, annual South African gold production had dropped by more than 311 t (10 million oz) in 10 years. Despite this, its mines still produced 656 t (21 million oz) that year, about half the world total. From 1981 through 1983, this trend was reversed. Annual South African gold production increased by more than 21.8 t (700,000 oz). The trend reversal was also evident in the US, Canada, and Australia. This illustrates the general, inverse relationship between gold price and gold production. In South Africa especially, as gold prices increased substantially during the 1970s, the average grade of ore mined (pay limit) was lowered as new, lower grade areas and materials were exploited. Gold production declined in volume. But gold revenues increased, and the lives of the operations were extended. The 1981-83 period was one of declining (US dollar-based, average annual) gold prices that resulted in increasing South African production as average ore grades were raised. South Africa currently accounts for 50% of world production (Fig. 1). Figure 2 illustrates South Africa's contribution to total MEC production in 1971 and 1983. Although South Africa's relative share of production has declined, it still represents the single most important source of new gold supply. In 1983, it supplied more than 65% of total MEC production. South Africa currently produces more than twice as much gold as the Soviet Union (ranked second in world production), and 11 times more gold than the US (ranked fourth in world production). Barring major discoveries, South African gold production is expected to peak in 1987 and begin to decline again throughout the 1990s. The rate of decline is ex-

Jan 11, 1984

By G. S. Hansford, C. J. N. Dempers, G. E. Searby, A. W. Breed, M. A. Jaffer

The bioleaching of sulfide minerals involves a ferric attack of the mineral with the role of the micro-organisms being the oxidation of the ferrous-iron back to the ferric form, and the oxidation of sulfur, either via thiosulfate or polysulfides, to sulfate. The kinetics of bacterial ferrous-iron oxidation and the chemical ferric leach kinetics of sulfide minerals can both be described as functions of the ferric/ferrous-iron ratio. The independently determined bacterial ferrous-iron oxidation and chemical ferric-iron leaching kinetics have been successfully used to predict continuous bioleaching operations.

Jan 1, 2000

By T. J. Batchler

Deformable materials are sometimes added to ventilation stopping constructions to prevent damage caused by convergence in coal mines. However, adding deformable materials can significantly reduce the capacity of a stopping to resist transverse loading. As part of its mining health and safety program, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted research on the effect of various materials with different deformation properties on the transverse loading capability of a stopping wall. Based on a three-point hinge method of failure, a half-wall method of testing in the NIOSH Mine Roof Simulator was used to simulate full-scale wall behavior. This simulated the fracture initiation and eventual failure of the stoppings from transverse loading. The impact of the modulus of elasticity of various deformable materials was examined in this study. A polystyrene foam block with a low modulus of elasticity, which is commonly used as a deformable material, was shown to degrade the transverse load capacity of the stopping by as much 95%. Other materials with higher modulus of elasticity preserved more of the transverse load capacity of the stopping, but were not able to absorb as much convergence. This paper presents the results of a parametric study that quantifies the impact of various deformable materials in block stopping construction under transverse load conditions. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.

Jan 1, 2009

By D. M. Wagner, G. Biggs, M. Osmundson, C. J. Twaroski

Potential air emission impacts to federal Class I areas from distant sources are receiving increasing scrutiny by federal land managers (FLMs). This paper provides summary results of the impact analyses conducted for FLMs and PSD permitting of a proposed expansion for a taconite processing facility. Results from air quality increment, acid deposition, mercury deposition, and visibility analyses for Class I areas located 50 to 162 km from the facility showed the project would meet the respective regulatory and guideline values for the specific analyses. During the course of the air quality analyses, potential new requirements from the FLMs’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG) efforts and USEPA’s Regional Haze Program were brought into the PSD discussions. The implications for these future guidelines and regulations as they may affect future expansions at other mineral processing facilities are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2001

By B. Salopek, D. Rajkovic, D. Rumenjak

In decision making support system, that are used in various fields of environmental protection (environmental impact assessment, environmental management systems, setting environmental standards and regulation, etc.), it is often important to apply various mathematical environmental engineering models. The question of linking environmetal engineering modeling to decision making support system used in environmental protection is not yet methodically solved. The reasons for that could be manifold. Decison making support systems, used in environmental protection, because they are simply taken from bussines decision making, are not often adequate for specific problems raised in environmental protection. On the other hand, there are great number of types of models in environmental engineering, what urges the problem of finding the way of their proper linking with decision making support systems. The application of fuzzy logic in that field is estimated as one of possible solution of the problem.

Jan 1, 2005

By F. Freme

Coal production in the United States increased in2004 by 36 Mt (39.7 million st) to end the year at 1 Gt(1.11 billion st), according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). This was a 3.7-percent in-crease from 2003’s 971.6 Mt (1.07 billion st) (Table 1).(All percentage change calculations are done at the short-tons level.) Although U.S. coal consumption rose in 2004, not all coal-consuming sectors had increased consumption for the year. Coal consumption increased in the electric power sectors by 1 percent and declined slightly in the other industrial sector, while coking coal consumption dropped by 2.4 percent. U.S. coal exports rose for the second consecutive year, while coal imports again increased to record levels. Coal stocks declined during the year, as electric generators used their stockpiles to helpmeet increased demands and missed shipments. Coal producers used their stockpiles to supplement their production levels.

Jan 1, 2005

By David S. Yang, Osamu Taki

The innovative Soil-Cement Mixing Wall Technique, developed independently in Japan, consists of mixing in-place soils with cement grout using multi-axis augers and mixing paddles to construct overlapping soil-cement columns. The applications of overlapped soil-cement columns include cutoff walls for groundwater control and structural diaphragm walls for excavation support. The special features of this technique include water tightness, versatile strength design, and efficient installation in subsurface materials varying from clayey soils to cobbles or soft rocks. Through the introduction of two recent subway projects in Japan, this paper presents the design parameters, construction procedure, quality control and performance of soil-cement wall for excavation support and groundwater control.

Jan 1, 1989