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By J. B. Gayle

In a modern blast furnace, production depends, to a large extent, on the rate at which the furnace gases can be forced through the charge. Since these gases must make their way through the voids between particles of coke, ore, and limestone, the size and size distribution of the stock-column materials are of considerable importance. Also, because the coke pieces support the weight of the overburden and provide the majority of the voids through which the gases pass, their ability to withstand the shattering and abrading forces to which they are subjected should be related to the maximum obtainable production for any particular furnace. Although the wide acceptance of this point of view is indicated by the ever-increasing demand for stronger and more uniform blast-furnace cokes, economic considerations demand that a quantitative evaluation of the relation between coke quality and blast-furnace performance be made available to the industry at the earliest possible date. The following studies of size-distribution patterns and breakage processes were, therefore, conducted as a part of a preliminary investigation intended as a basis for future studies of the relation between coke quality and blast-furnace performance. The major findings may be summarized as follows: 1. New evidence for the presence of two independent distributions of sizes in run-of-oven cokes has been obtained, and a method for characterizing and estimating the relative importance of the individual distributions has been demonstrated. This method has also been used to study the different types of degradation taking place during the tumbler test.

Jan 1, 1954

By Martin Hertzberg

This Bureau of Mines study concerns the use of the tube bundle method as a sensitive and reliable detector of mine fires. The method involves the pneumatic, sequential sampling of many points in a system through branching tube bundles that lead to a single analytic station of high sensitivity, good reliability, and convenient location. Two serious limitations inhibit its use: the relatively slow response times for long lengths of narrow sampling tubes and the wall-diffusion losses for submicrometer smoke particulates. These limitations were quantitatively evaluated by measuring tube transit times and smoke particulate transmissions as a function of tube length, diameter, and pressure drop. The comparison of the data with theory offered the challenge of extending the classical, incompressible flow solutions to the two compressible cases: isothermal and adiabatic. New equations were derived for these cases, and the measured transit time data gave reasonable agreement with calculated solutions in both the laminar and turbulent regimes. The measured transmission losses of smoke particulates from several combustion sources compared favorably with those expected from Brownian diffusion losses to the interior walls of the sampling tubes. Traveltime and smoke transmission graphs are provided and, pump power requirements are estimated.

Jan 1, 1976

By Robert E. Wood

The temperature dependency of the low-density viscosity coefficients, ?°T, of helium and of nitrogen, 100° to 1,000° K, is correlated with empirical equations, and the temperature and composition dependencies of the low-density viscosity coefficients, ?°T, of helium-nitrogen mixtures are correlated with the Chapman-Enskog expressions by using the Lennard-Jones (6:12) potential function. The residual viscosity, ?T,P - ?°T (the difference between the viscosity of a compressed gas and the dilute gas at a given temperature), was found to be a function of the thermal pressure coefficient, (?P/?T)V, and two parameters, a and 1, which are characteristic of gas composition. The equation ?T, P = ?°T + a [(?P/?T)V]ß represented 1,340 higher pressure experimental viscosity values with a mean absolute deviation of 0.86 percent, and this equation was used to compute viscosities of the gaseous helium-nitrogen system for a range of temperatures and pressures including those encountered in Bureau of Mines helium purification processes and in a crude-helium conservation gas reservoir. Tabular viscosities for helium, nitrogen, and 13 helium-nitrogen mixtures are presented for 110 temperatures, 133° to 740' K, and 49 pressures in the range 1 to 240 atmospheres. The accuracy of the tabulated viscosities varies because correlation parameters were obtained from experimental data of unequal reliability. It is estimated that uncertainties in the computed viscosity values are ±5 percent for the region 325° to 740° K, ±2 percent for the region 183° to 325° K, and ±5 percent for temperatures below 183° K. The latter uncertainty may rise to y10 percent as critical conditions are approached.

Jan 1, 1970

By Suzann C. Ambrosio

Cameroon's mining industry continued to be dominated by crude petroleum. The value of petroleum output was estimated at $1 billion.2 The 1982 gross domestic product (GOP) was approximately $8.4 billion. During 1981, crude oil export revenues increased in value 30%, comprising approximately 56% of Cameroon's total export earnings. The 1982-87 5-year plan emphasized, hydrocarbon and agricultural development and targeted the exploitation of bauxite and clay deposits. New petroleum legislation was promulgated on November 26, 1982. Public Law No. 82-20 detailed hydrocarbon companies' obligations concerning oil and gas discoveries and exploitation. In general, the Cameroon Government has participated in joint ventures with private companies and has levied a 57.5% petroleum tax plus adjustable royalties. Exploration expenses were paid by concession holding companies, and the Government in the past has reimbursed 50% of expenses under certain conditions.

Jan 1, 1984

By William W. Aljoe

This report summarizes the Bureau of Mines noise-control research program from 1972 to 1982. Each segment of the mining industry--under- ground coal, underground hardrock, surface mining, and processing plants--has different noise-control problems because of vast differences in working procedures, equipment, and workplace design. The Bureau has identified the most serious noise problems in each segment and has developed strategies for attacking these problems. This publication points out the need for noise control in the mining industry, discusses Federal regulations governing worker exposure to noise, and describes the Bureau's overall approach to mining noise- control research. It traces the history of noise overexposure in each segment of the mining industry and discusses the major noise sources. It provides detailed information on noise-control research efforts in the Bureau's major areas of emphasis, including the results of these efforts. Finally, the report discusses the Bureau's future role in research on mining noise control, emphasizing the need to expend more effort on long term in-house investigations into the noise problems that have been identified in past programs as the most serious ones.

Jan 1, 1985

By Anil Mahyera

This report present the results of a laboratory and field research program aimed at design and development of a torque-thrust controlled bolter with the capability to (1) predict the "quality of anchorage" attained while installing mechanical anchor roofbolts, and (2) improve the uniformity and tension levels achieved among a group of roofbolts. The prediction accuracy of the anchorage quality algorithm ranged from low to moderate because of the complexity and variability of the phenomena involved. The best roof support with mechanical anchor bolts was found to be achieved by simply installing them under ? proper torque-thrust control, and with ? a hardened washer under the bolthead. This procedure resulted in an improvement in uniformity of 3 times, along with an increase in mean tension levels of 75% over conventionally installed roofbolts.

Jan 1, 1983

By Soule&apos, John H.

Although known since 1902, the Capitan iron deposits have not been tined, mainly because of the low grade of the ore. Only a small amount of exploratory work has been done since the discovery. C. H. Johnson, district engineer of the Bureau of Mines in New Mexico in 1942-4, visited the property; as a result, preliminary sampling of the property was done in 1943.2/ Owing to the results of this preliminary work, an extensive development program by wagon drilling was planned and executed early in 1944. Equipment available at that time was limited in the depths that could be reached; and as geologic studies indicated the possibility that other limestone beds below the surface might have been replaced by iron minerals, a supplementary development program by churn drilling to reach greater depths was prosecuted in late 1947 and early 1948, with the author as project engineer.

Jan 1, 1949

By W. W. Adams

The safety record established by the coal-mining industry of the United States during 1934, although not as favorable as that for the previous year, was better than the record for any other year during the period 1930-34 for which complete figures covering fatal and nonfatal accidents at the mines are available. The number of accidents was 89.98 per million man-hours of employment compared with 86.74 for the year 1933, the latter being the lowest rate in any of the 5 years referred to. The rate was 105.60 for 1930, the first year covered by available data. Employment increased in 1934; the number of workers represented an increase of 8 percent over the year 1933, man-shifts of labor increased 16 percent, and the number of man-hours of labor increased 7 percent. The total number of man-hours of employment also exceeded the number reported for 1932, and was almost equal to the record for 1931.

Jan 1, 1936

By D. D. Harbuck

To decrease reliance on foreign sources for the strategic and critical metals gallium and germanium, the U.S. Bureau of Mines identified and developed processing technology for two domestic sources of these metals: a Tennessee zinc residue and a Utah ore. Sulfuric acid (H2S04) solutions were used to solubilize gallium and germanium in both sources. Statistically designed experiments showed that the most important parameter for high metal extraction from zinc residue was the H2S04 concentration. At a concentration of 2.9M H2S04, 95 pct of the gallium was extracted, and at a concentration of 0.6M H2S04, 73 pct of the germanium was extracted. Controlled H2S04 concentration was also the key for high metal extractions (97 pct Ga, 87 pct Ge) from the Utah ore. Such control was achieved using a two-stage countercurrent leach circuit. Testing showed that the insoluble germanium in both the residue and ore was tied up with silica. Several methods for overcoming this problem are given. To recover gallium and germanium from the leach solutions, the solvent extractants octylphenyl acid phosphate (OPAP) (for gallium) and LIX 63-OPAP (for germanium) were identified. These extractants were tested in separate, continuous, solvent-extraction circuits yielding a gallium recovery of 94 pct and a germanium recovery of more than 90 pct.

Jan 1, 2010

By Harold M. Smith

[Important discoveries of new oil fields were made in 1937 in the State of Illinois. Oil production, which was virtually constant during 1934, 1935, and 1936 at about 4,400,000 barrels a year, a increased to 7,499,000, barrels during 1937, and in 1938 this production was trebled. In 1939, 94,302,0003/ barrels were produced (almost foot times the 1938 quantity), making Illinois one of the cost important oil-producing areas in the United States. The Bureau of Mines has analyzed 35 samples of petroleum from these new Illinois fields and presents the analyses herein. Included with them in this report are analyses of seven samples from fields developed before 1936.]

Jan 1, 1940

By Harold M. Smith

Important discoveries of new oil fields were made in 1937 in the State of Illinois. Oil production, which was virtually constant during 1934, 1935, and 1936 at about 4,400,000 barrels a year, a increased to 7,499,000, barrels during 1937, and in 1938 this production was trebled. In 1939, 94,302,0003/ barrels were produced (almost four times the 1938 quantity), making Illinois one of the cost important oil-producing areas in the United States. The Bureau of Mines has analyzed 35 samples of petroleum from these new Illinois fields and presents the analyses herein. Included with them in this report are analyses of seven samples from fields developed before 1936.

Jan 1, 1940

By Sidney Katell

This Bureau of Mines study estimates capital investment, operating costs, and selling prices for three underground bituminous mines producing coal with annual production ranging from 1.03 to 3.09 million tons. It is assumed that the mines have a 20-year life. Wages and union welfare payments are considered as of December 6, 1974, under the Bituminous Wage Agreement of 1974, and costs for material and equipment are based on 1975 indexes Initial capital investment ranges from $26,498,500 for the 1.03- million-ton-per-year (MM tpy) mine to $67,173,300 for the 3.09-MM-tpy mine. Total capital investment ranges from $37,437,500 to $92,984,300 for the same mines. Corresponding selling prices for the coal range from $14.83 to $13.26 per ton, assuming a 15-percent discounted cash flow rate of return after Federal income taxes.

Jan 1, 1975

By Arno C. Fieldner, Howard I. Smith, J. W. Paul, SAMUEL SANFORD.

Many mine samples of coal are analyzed each year in the laboratories of the Bureau of Mines. The analyses are made in connection with investigations relating to fuels belonging to or for the use of the United States Government, the causes of accidents in coal mines, the geologic relations of coal beds, and the character and the value of the coal and lignite in the public lands. The systematic collection and analysis of such samples in connection with fuel investigations was begun in 1904 at the Government fuel-testing plant at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and was under the direction of the United States Geological Survey for six years. Descriptions of the coal samples collected between the beginning of this work, July 1,1904, and the transfer of the fuel-testing and mine-accident investigations to the Bureau of Mines, July 1, 1910, were compiled and published in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 22.a Descriptions and analyses of samples collected during the fiscal years 1911 to 1913 were published in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 85.b The present bulletin presents analyses and descriptions of samples collected during the fiscal years 1913 to 1916. In order that the material in this bulletin may be used to supplement that presented in Bulletins 22 and 85, the same plan of geographical classification has been followed, the analyses and descriptions of the samples being grouped in alphabetical order according to the State, county, and town near which the mines or prospects sampled are situated.

Jan 1, 1918

The following is a Maintainability Design Checklist for coal mining equipment. The purpose of the checklist is to provide a summary of design review points for the maintainability assessment of new or existing underground equipment. It specifically focuses on the identification of equipment design features, tasks, or procedures that impact equipment downtime, repair costs, labor hours and maintainer skill level requirements. Some checklist points are general in nature. The checklist was designed to be used across all categories of underground equipment. The intent is to draw attention to design features and maintenance procedures that will increase maintainability requirements. You are encouraged to adapt this checklist to site specific or machine specific requirements by: Inserting specific performance criteria for various categories of maintenance tasks. For example; all hydraulic lines on a shuttle car should be replaceable in 15 minutes or 25 minutes, etc. Adding or deleting checklist items for different categories of equipment. You would include environmental control equipment, for example, on face equipment and not on shuttle cars or man trips. Adding additional checklist items based on site or equipment specific maintenance histories or experience, company maintenance standards, or other factors.

Jan 1, 2000

By Thomas Fraser, M. G. Driessen

This report is one of a series written by members of the Solid Fuels Mission to Germany describing wartime developments in the mining , preparation, and utilization of coal . The mission was organized early in 1945 under the auspices of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee , which cooperated with a counterpart British Committee . Engineers from other allied countries cooperated in some of the investigations . The Solid Fuels Mission operated under the direction of a steering committee headed by Dr. C. J. Potter , deputy solid fuels administrator . The personnel of the mission consisted of H. F. Yancey , in charge , J. W. Buch , Thomas Fraser , L. L. Newman , and L. D. Schmidt , of the Bureau of Mines ; H. H. Lowry , Director of the Coal Research Laboratory , Carnegie Institute of Technology ; H. J. Rose , vice president and director of research , Bituminous Coal Research, Inc .; and F. H. Reed , chief chemist , Illinois Geological Survey . Over 50 reports were written by the members of the Solid Fuels Mission . These and microfilms of supporting data obtained in the course of the investigations are on file at the Bureau of Mines , Washington , D. C. where they are available for public examination . The Office of the Publication Board in the Department of Commerce is prepared to furnish photolith copies , photostats , or microfilm reproductions of all declassified reports . A Bibliography of Scientific and Industrial Reports is issued weekly by the Department of Commerce , Office of the Publication Board , and is sold by the Superintendent of Documents , Government Printing Office , Washington 25 , D. C. , on a subscription basis . An initial payment of 10 dollars will provide for approximately 9 months , and subscribers will be notified when additional remittance is necessary . All subscriptions will begin with volume 1 , No. 1 , unless ordered otherwise . The Bibliography covers all materials and subjects and gives instructions for obtaining the desired items . The reports of the Solid Fuels Mission relate to the following general subjects : Mining methods in the Ruhr district of Germany , with special reference to mechanical cutting and loading equipment , pneumatic packing , and Diesel mine locomotives ; activities of industrial research laboratories supported by the German coal and coke industry ; coal preparation in western Europe ; low-temperature carbonization processes ; metallurgical coke from weakly coking coals ; low- ash electrode carbon from coal ; new developments in the production of metallurgical coke and the utilization of gas and byproducts ; briquetting brown coal and bituminous coal without the use of binders ; recent engineering developments in gas turbines and steam generators , with special reference to use of coal ; German coal-fired heating and cooking stoves; and the commercial extraction of coal with solvents for production of synthetic liquid fuels or chemical products . Numerous reports on the activities of German synthetic - liquid -fuels plants and the plants for the production of synthesis gas from solid fuels are available in the same office as the Solid Fuels Reports . It is planned to publish in this series of Information Circulars the more important reports or combinations of reports prepared by the members of the Solid Fuels Mission . A similar series on synthetic - fuel activities is being prepared .

Nov 1, 1946

By H. E. Harris

It has long been recognized that one of the principal ways of combating dust in coal mines is by means of water sprays. However, spray systems, currently in use, clog or plug frequently, thereby reducing the effectiveness of dust control aid, in turn, possibly increasing the health hazard to mining personnel. Moreover, the maintenance and replacement of spray system components, e.g., nozzles and filters, can be expensive in terms of direct costs of labor and material, and the consequent loss of production. Recognizing these problems, the Bureau of Mines sponsored a research project on the "Development of a Non-Clogging Water Spray System"; this project was carried out by Eastern Associated Coal Corp. The overall objective of this project was to develop a non-clogging water spray system suitable for use in underground coal mines. Since most of the dust formed is at or near the working coal face, emphasis was placed on face equipment such as a continuous mining machine. To accomplish this objective, a two-phase project was carried out. The first phase involved determining the causes of spray nozzle and spray system clogging, determining the availability of spray nozzles or systems that could be modified to be non-clogging, and developing a non-clogging water spray system. Phase two was concerned with the fabrication and the laboratory and field testing of a non-clogging system. In each phase, there were both laboratory and field investigations, and the results of these investigations are presented in this report.

Jan 1, 1975

By S. B. Christy

This report on the electrodeposition of gold and silver from cyanide solutions represents work that has occupied my time at intervals during the past 20 years. The investigation has been carried on simultaneously with my duties as professor of mining and metallurgy of the University of California. During shis long investigation I have been assisted in the details of the work by, a number of my former students, acting in turn as assistants. Particular mention in this connection is due W. H. Hilton, who graduated in 1900; C. T. Dozier, 1902; N. C. Stines, 1905; H. N. Herrick, 1907, and L. C. Uren, 1911. It is impossible to publish full details of the many thousands of experiments performed. Effort has been made to present only the essential data. Wherever possible, the results of the experiments have been expressed in diagrammatic form by curves showing the relation between the simultaneous variables of the experiments. It is necessary to show, as nearly as may be, the state of the art. This is difficult because of the meager literature on electrodeposition in the cyanide process; hence resort must be had to the specifications and claims of patents, most of which seem never to have been applied on a working scale. Such information consequently can not be taken at its face value. Expressing the essential ideas evolved in such specifications is no easy task. Clearly, in quoting from patent records it is not ·feasible to enumerate all of the specifications or the claims allowed the inventors. A statement of the chief contributions to the art in the patent cited must suffice. Legal details, of course, must be obtained from the original patent. In the study of patent literature, when one compares the ardent hopes of the inventors with the results realized from their efforts, it becomes clear that in the development of an art no one man contributes everything. Each subsequent inventor stands on the shoulders of the one who has gone before. It is only through the summation of the contributions of many inventors that the art as a whole prospers. On October 19, 1887, a British patent was granted to McArthur and Forrest for the use of dilute cyanide solutions for treating gold and silver ores. The rapid extension of this process, in various forms, all over the world, has almost revolutionized the treatment of ores containing precious metals. It is a remarkable fact, however, that long before this patent was granted there was issued, on February 5, 1867, to J. H. Rae, U. S. patent 61866, for an electrocyanide process. Thus a method of electrodeposition from cyanide solutions used for treating ores was invented 20 years before the McArthur and Forrest patent .was granted, although the process did not come into general use. On May 24, 1889, U. S. patent 403202 was granted to McArthur and Forrest for the use of zinc shavings for removing gold and silver from cyanide solutions. The use of finely divided zinc is still the standard method for recovering 'gold and silver from cyanide solutions. Since this patent was granted, many attempts have been made to replace the precipitation upon the zinc by methods of electrodeposition. It is the purpose of this report to give an outline of some of these methods, as well as to show the relative advantages and disadvantages of the zinc and the electrical methods of recovering gold and silver from cyanide solutions.

Jan 1, 1919

By Franklin H. Persse

The Bureau of Mines estimated reclamation costs for 13 surface coal mines in nine States west of the Missisisppi River. With the exception of the Pacific Coast coal province, at least one mine in each of the western coal provinces was studied. Cost estimates were, made using standard estimating procedures from data obtained from company records, interviews with industry personnel, and onsite observations. Estimated costs are presented in four categories which represent the four phases of mined-land reclamation: (1) Design, engineering, and overhead; (2) bond and permit fees; (3) backfilling and grading; and (4) revegetation. Estimated costs as of the first quarter of 1976 are expressed as averages and ranges in terms of per acre, per ton of coal produced, and per million Btu. Total reclamation costs ranged from $860 to $7,200 per acre, from 6 to 84 cents per ton, and from 4 to 35.3 mills per million Btu. A mine in the Northern Great Plains coal province (Region D) showed the highest per acre cost whereas mines in part of the western region of the Interior coal province (Region A) experienced the greatest per ton and per million Btu cost. The high cost of reclamation in the Western United States is reflected in the backfill in and grading category, particularly in the cost of topsoil removal and subsequent replacement as required by individual State reclamation regulations.

Jan 1, 1977

By C. W. Owings

"PURPOSE OF REPORTMany bituminous coal-mine officials realize that coal dust presents an ever-present coal-mine explosion hazard, and that persons forced to breathe large quantities of it may be more subject to respiratory infection than persons working in less dusty atmospheres. As an outgrowth of the realization that coal dust should be allayed at its source, many mining companies have expressed the desire to install dust-allaying equipment, and in a number of mines, water or wetting solution is being applied on the cutter bars of mining machines, on mobile loaders, belts or conveyors underground, and tops of mine cars. Spraying equipment also has been installed on dumps to allay dust during dumping operations. Dust-allaying equipment has not been standardized, however, because manufacturers have found that many prospective purchasers of such equipment have different ideas. These manufacturers wish to standardize, so far as feasible, the types and placement of such equipment. Many mine officials, although interested, do not know the best or most effective methods for allaying dust.For a number of years the Bureau of Mines has advocated allaying dust by applying water or, more recently, water modified by a wetting agent on the cutter bar of mining machines and by applying water to loaded and empty mine cars in order to keep as much dust as possible from spilling onto the haulage roads. In recent years this Bureau has also advocated applying water with or without a wetting agent during mechanical loading of coal and during unloading of coal from trackless cars or buggies and from elevating conveyors. It has now become apparent that specific arrangement of pipes, hose, and nozzles should be standardized to at least some extent. It is the purpose of this report, therefore, to give in detail suggested arrangement of dust-allaying equipment in the hope that both manufacturers and mine officials will have available dust-allaying equipment with maximum efficiency to do the desired work."

Nov 1, 1945

By W. W. Adams

"The fifth annual National Safety Competition conducted by the United States Bureau of Mines to determine the best safety records at mines and quarries during the calendar year 1929 has been concluded, and the general results of the contest are presented herewith. To the winner in each of the five groups into which the contestants were divided there has been awarded the bronze trophy 'Sentinels of. Safety,' donated by the Explosives Engineer magazine. The trophy for bituminous coal mines was won by a mine in Alabama; that for metal mines by an iron-ore mine in Michigan; that for nonmetallic mineral mines by a salt mine in New York; that for quarries and open-cut mines went to a limestone quarry in Michigan;. the trophy provided for anthracite mines was, of course, won by a mine in Pennsylvania, as all of the anthracite mines participating in the contest are situated in that State.Winners of the trophies were selected by a committee of sward in accordance with rules governing the contest and on the basis of accident records furnished by the various companies to the Bureau of Mines. These records were summarized by the bureau and the results submitted to the committee. Members of the committee are W. H. Cameron, managing director of the National Safety Council. William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor; James F. Callbreath, secretary of the American Mining Congress; T. T. Read, Vinton professor of mining of Columbia University and editor of 'Mining and Metallurgy'; C. B. Huntress, executive secretary of the National Coal Association; A. J., Curtis, assistant to the general manager of the Portland Cement Association; A. T. Goldbeck, director of the engineering bureau of the National Crushed Stone Association.Thirty-four States were represented in the l29 contest. Among the plants which participated were 68 bituminous coal mines, 29 anthracite mines, 54 metal mines, 19 nonmetallic mineral mines, all of the foregoing being underground mines, and 141 quarries or open-cut mines. A total of 106,533,006 man-hours of work was reported by all of the companies. Accidents during the year numbered 7,008 and represented a period of disability equal to 986,306 man-days. Hence the accident-severity rate for all plants combined represented 9.3 man-days of disability for each thousand man-hours of exposure to hazard. Similarly, the combined accident-frequency rate for all plants showed that 66.3 accidents occurred for every million man-hours of exposure to hazard. Both of these rates indicated an improvement over the combined rates for all plants in the previous year's contest. The reduction in the accident-severity rate centered chiefly in the metal mine group, though all except the quarry and open-cut mine group shared in the reduction; the improvement in the accident-frequency rate was in all croups except anthracite and metal, the rate for the former having increased while that of the latter remained unchanged."

May 1, 1930