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By Albert Sauveur

As THE years go by, names of distinguished metallurgists will be added to the list of Henry Marion Howe lecturers, and now and then an illustrious one, for to be chosen to deliver the Howe lecture will be, I do not hesitate to predict, a highly coveted honor. I pray, therefore, your indulgence, if I confess to a feeling of gratification in having been appointed the first of these lecturers. It does not follow, however, that I am losing all sense of proportion and that I have an exaggerated idea of the little I have been able to contribute to our knowledge of iron and steel. Indeed, I fully realize how small were my claims to so great a distinction. I realize, also, that those entrusted with the task of selecting a lecturer were actuated, in coming to a decision, by their knowledge of the long and intimate friendship that had existed between the leader we have lost and myself. For their generous impulse, I thank them from the bottom of my heart; and with becoming modesty, I take up my task as the first Henry Marion Howe lecturer. It would be pleasant and indeed most appropriate to devote this entire lecture to a eulogy of Henry Marion Howe and his work, but how short the time for so large an undertaking and how inadequate my qualifications! On Aug. 28, Sept. 4, 11, and 18, 1875, a series of articles appeared in the Engineering & Mining Journal entitled "What is Steel?" With one exception, these constitute the first professional paper of Henry Marion Howe. That was nearly fifty years ago, three years after graduating from Harvard University. He was then but twenty-seven years old and already his keenly inquisitive mind was actively at work. There is a touch of romance in this young metallurgist who, on entering his. scientific career, destined to be so brilliant and so fruitful, on the very threshold of it, seems to have selected as his motto "What is Steel?" Like a knight-errant of science, he started on his quest for an answer to that question, a quest which was to last forty-seven years and which death only brought to an end. And while thus engaged how many wonderful messages we received from him, each one bringing us nearer to the goal! How illuminating, inspiring and encouraging were those messages! How well-equipped he was to wrench from nature some of the secrets she so jealously guards! How broad his learning and how clear his

Jan 5, 1924

By Richard Akerman, Frederick Prime Jr

[THE attention now being paid both in this country and Europe the greatest economy in the working of the blast furnace, and the eagerness with which all thoughtful men in the iron business look for any new information which will tend to throw light on this subject, is a quite sufficient excuse for presenting this paper to the American Institute of Mining Engineers.] I. It must be borne in mind that when two bodies unite to form a chemical compound, heat is almost always evolved. In order to

By H. S. Bell

IT SEEMS unnecessary to dwell upon the advantages of the modern pipe still as compared with the older type of distillation equipment used by oil refiners. The relatively low installation cost, coupled with remarkable operating efficiencies of pipe stills, precludes the consideration of other types except in rare instances where some peculiarity of product or plant may have an influence. The question of the actual heat required to distil petroleum is quite involved. We have extensive data on the latent heats of the various hydrocarbons under different conditions of pressure. We also have information regarding the specific heats of various oils and the effect of temperature thereon. Because of the complexity of petroleum and of each fraction, it seems impossible to theoretically analyze the partial-pressure effect of the great number of hydrocarbons upon one another during distillation. If a distillation curve and percentage analysis of any crude or product are available, it is possible to construct a curve with ordinates representing per cent. distilled and B. t. u. per pound or per gallon, or other desired unit. To do so the crude is split into fractions, of 5 or 10 per cent. The boiling point and gravity of each fraction being determined, it is possible to evaluate the heat required. As each fraction is removed, the residue must be raised to a higher temperature and latent heat supplied for the successive fraction. As the calculations progress, the latent heats decrease while the specific heats increase. Such a curve is illustrated by Fig. 1 for a typical 39.9 B° North Texas crude.

Jan 1, 1928

By E. L. Oliver

IN OFFERING a few comments and suggestions on trends in mining practice, and the methods and tools of tomorrow's mining, perhaps it will be appropriate to start with the subject of education. Charles Kettering, one of the best-known scientists and experimentalists in the automotive industry once said, in effect, that tech- 111ca1 schools have to be carefid not to teach a lot of hard and fast rules that may have been true once, but aren't so any more, or won't be presently. Possibly the mining school of the future will concern itself less with what has happened and more with what is going to happen. It will be built about or around problems. Such a school will be judged, not by the number of its students but by the quality of its improvements. To such a school the industry will send for men to solve particular problems. The industry will doubtless at some time sup- port such a school financially though a lot of hard work will be required to organize miners to undertake such financing, primarily because the mining industry, other than that concerned with iron and steel, is too loosely knit. Each company tends to its own knitting too closely for its own good. Wouldn't it be splendid if the mining industry would finance a "problem school" as suggested by Mr. Kettering and others.

Jan 1, 1939

By Richard Akerman

(Translated by FREDERICK PRIME, JR., Professor of Metallurgy in Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.) [THE attention now being paid both in this country and Europe to the greatest economy in the working of the blast furnace, and the eagerness with which all thoughtful men in the iron business look for any new information which will tend to throw light on this sub¬ject, is a quite sufficient excuse for presenting this paper to the Amer¬ican Institute of Mining Engineers.] I. It must be borne in mind that when two bodies unite to form a chemical compound, heat is almost always evolved. In order to

Jan 1, 1873

By Thomas T. Read

IN reviewing the field of mineral industry education last year reference was made to recent assertions, mostly emanating from sources not in a position to know the facts, that mining engineers as a class are disappearing. Attention might also then have been called to a statement that appeared in Engineering News, August 11, 1892 (p. 130), ". . . the great absolute decline in number of mining graduates, which last amounts almost to a complete abandonment of mining engineering as a distinct branch of study." Evidently we outrank opera stars in the number of farewell appearances we are able to make; 43

Jan 1, 1936

By Stuart St. Clair

EARLY in 1936, when the American Petroleum Institute issued -J "American Petroleum Industry," which was a survey of the current position of the petroleum industry, and its future outlook, and the figures for petroleum requirements .for 1950 and 1960 were widely publicized by the several oil journals, the impression was given that the petroleum- industry must be nearing maturity and would by 1950 have passed the high' point of its obligations to business progress in the United States.`' Let -us look at the figures which might conduce, this thought. Referring to p. 32 of the report, the total indicated crude-oil requirements in 1940 are 1,099,000,000 bbl-; for 1950, the peak, 1,109,800,000 bbl.; for 1960 a decline to 1,071,020,000 bbl. This downward trend, then established, is probably expected to continue. And this in the face of a crude production in 1935 of 993,942,000 bbl., 38,858,000 bbl.

Jan 1, 1936

By Paul Billingsley

THE development of the North Lily ground, which lies in the East Tintic district, Utah,. about half a mile northwest of the famous Tintic Standard mine, was undertaken by the International Smelting Co. on purely geological reasoning. The geologic theory on which this work was based resulted from several years' intensive study of the East Tintic district by the geological department of the International Smelt-ing Co., who were, during this period, indebted to many for valuable suggestions that were adopted and became part, of the gradually maturing concept. For example, E. J. Raddatz, president of the Tintic Standard Mining Co., first called attention to the significance of rhyolite alteration; J. W. Wade, assistant manager, contributed greatly to our knowledge of the great Tintic Standard orebodies; and so on all along. the line. In short, the ultimate theory embodies the aggregate experience and thought of all those most familiar with the area in question. The problem in brief was this: is the Tintic Standard deposit an isolated occurrence of ore, or are other ore deposits to be found in the vicinity? If the latter is the case, where can these others be looked for? The difficulty of the problem lay in the fact that most of the area is covered by rhyolite; beneath which lies the limestone in which the orebodies occur; so that the available evidence as to the structure of the formations, and, their mineralization; is of the slightest. The sav-ing features of the case, by means of which it proved possible to solve the problem, are three in number first, the rhyolite is pre-mineral and hence has been exposed to alteration by the mineralizing agencies; second, certain persistent dikes and fissures are con-tinuous through the rhyolite into the limestone below; and third, the extensive underground workings of the Tintic Standard gave a good basis for study of the sub-rhyolite structure and the occurrence of ore. The rhyolite overlies the Tintic Standard orebodies, and over them shows a large patch of brownish altera-tion. This patch proves to be due to chloritization and sericitization, which has spread out from certain zones of dikes, pebble-dikes and fissures. The dikes are com-posed of a light fine-grained rock which has been altered to an aggregate of quartz, alunite, and magnetite. They can be traced southwest to a common center in Big Hill, the entire mass of which is composed of the same material. The pebble-dikes, which consist of a mass of rounded pebbles, mainly quartzite, in a matrix ranging from the same quartz-alunite-magnetite rock as above to almost pure vein quartz, are closely asso-ciated with these light dikes, but in general extend farther northeast. They thus represent a specialized phase of the intrusive action of which Big Hill is the center. The brown chloritized rhyolite, then, is an alteration product due, in all. probability, to emana-tions closely associated with this phase. Since it coin-cides geographically with the Tintic Standard area of highly altered limestone, with its many great ore-bodies, it has been concluded, that it is the expression in the rhyolite of activities which have also altered and mineralized' the underlying limestone.

Jan 4, 1927

By Jennings S. Cox

(Glen Summit Meeting, June, 1911.) THE following notes, prepared in 1908, as the result of a personal examination and extensive explorations under my direction in 1906, have been revised and greatly augmented after two subsequent visits and further explorations in 191.0. The hard iron-ores of the south coast of Oriente Province, in the island of Cuba, have been known for many years, in fact one mine has been in operation for more than 20 years ; but it is only within the past four years that the large mantle-deposits of brown ores of the north coast have attracted serious attention. A. C. Spencer 1 has described these ores in a paper, entitled Three Deposits of Iron Ore in Cuba, which refers to the Mayari, Moa, and Cubitas deposits. C. M. Weld,2 in a scholarly paper on The Residual Brown Iron-Ores of Cuba, has discussed the character and possible genesis of these deposits with particular reference to the Moa field, calling attention also to the Taco and Navas fields in addition to those described by Spencer. Descriptive articles with reference to the Mayari field, and a few words about the Moa deposit, have also appeared.3 It is the purpose of the present paper to give some account of the exploration of the Moa deposit and to call attention to its commercial importance. LOCATION. The Moa district is situated on the north coast of the . Province of Oriente, which is the most easterly province of the island of Cuba. It lies on the northern or seaward slope of 1 Bulletin No. 340, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 318 to 329 (1908). 2 Trans., xl., 299 to 312 (1910). 3 Iron Age, vol. lxxx., No. 7, pp. 421 to 426 (Aug. 15, 1907), and vol. lxxxi., No. 15, pp. 1149 to 1157 (April 9, 1908).

Mar 1, 1911

By Felix Edgar Wormser

JUST as the ancients used the products of their crude mining endeavors to fashion tools with which to make digging easier, so today mining enterprises are dependent upon the very metals they mine for the efficient conduct of mining and metallurgical operations. In fact, the outlet afforded by the production of minerals in the United States is no mean market for the nonferrous metals. I believe that mine managers frequently lose sight of the opportunity they have to select from competitive products those which will help the market for their own metal output. For example, some years ago a large lead mine used storage-battery locomotives for its haulage, common practice, of course, throughout the United States. These particular locomotives, however, were powered not with the ordinary lead storage battery but by a competitive battery product made from an imported metal. After studying this situation, the manager saw how he could help himself by purchasing a product made from his own mineral output, and in his next order turned tip the use of the lead storage battery.

Jan 1, 1935

By Clarence W. Balke

SMALL buttons of fused tantalum have been produced by arc fusion in a vacuum, by drawing an arc between sticks of pressed tantalum and a tantalum-faced water-cooled copper block. However, ingots of appreciable size can be produced only by the heat-treatment of bars pressed from powder. The following outline covering the production of finished bars of tantalum by the methods of powder metallurgy is also used for the production of columbium, taking into account the difference in the melting points of these two metals. PRESSING THE POWDER With possibly a few exceptions, a pressing operation is one of the essential steps in the practice of powder metallurgy. In fact, the author's experience with a number of high-melting-point metals and with numerous types of hard carbide compositions has led him to believe that this operation is often one of the most important in the entire process, and frequently one of the most difficult to carry out in a satisfactory manner. Defects due to improper pressing can readily lead to a defective finished product. It is the author's opinion that rarely is a bar or other article pressed from metal powder in such a way that all parts of the piece are uniformly pressed. The nearest approach to uniformity of pressing is possibly attained when the powder is contained in a flexible receptacle, such as rubber, and is pressed under a liquid by hydrostatic pressure. However, this method is not generally applicable. Hydraulic pressing in steel dies where one or two punches are forced into the die must usually be resorted to. As the pressure in such a die is built up, the powder begins to cling to the walls of the die with a tenacity dependent upon the nature of the powder, and this results in a bridging action, so that the layers of powder adjacent to the moving punch are pressed more heavily than those further removed in the mass. Frequently, as the pressure is carried higher, there may be a mass slippage of the powder upon itself, with the result that slip cracks are formed within the pressed

Jan 1, 1938

By A. L. Sweetser

EXPERIENCE has shown how difficult it is to obtain information regarding laboratory-tests in connection with the chlorination-process for the extraction of gold from its ores, and I therefore present the following method, somewhat in detail, for the benefit of those who may desire to pursue research work in this field. The ore chosen was a partly-decomposed porphyry, extremely siliceous and comparatively soft, and of an average value per ton of from $25 to $26 in gold and $0.68 in silver. The chemical analysis gave : Fe2O3, 3.35; FeS, 1.5; MnO2, 0.75; ZnCO3, 4; Al2O3, 3.20; H2O, 0.7; SiO2 and insol., 83.50 per cent. The ore, first crushed to pass a 5-mesh screen, was coned and quartered until a 45-lb. sample was obtained. Samples for assay and analysis, taken from this lot by means of riffles, were crushed to pass a 100-mesh screen. The original sample was divided into 10-lb. lots, of which one was crushed to pass a 10-mesh screen; another through a 12-; the third through a 20-, .and the last through a 30-mesh screen. Because of the production of an excessive quantity of fine material it was deemed inexpedient to crush finer than 30-mesh size-a decision the wisdom of which is proved by the data in Table I., showing the increasing ratio of slimes, in proportion as the ore is crushed finer. In order to determine the percentage of fines in the sizes of mesh selected, a weighed sample of ore was taken from each mesh, and a sample from the 10-mesh lot was passed successively through 20-, 40- and 100-mesh screens, and the percentage remaining on each screen determined. This process was repeated with the 12-, 20- and 30-mesh lots, with the results given in Table I.

Sep 1, 1907

By William T. Folwell

The Lucky Friday mine east of Mullan, Idaho, is an outstanding example of a property in the Coeur d’Alene district where a small and insignificant- appearing silver-lead-zinc vein at the surface has changed at depth into a large vein of great importance. The Lucky Friday vein has little if any surface expression and above the 1200 level the ore shoots are small and discontinuous. Between the 1200 level and 2450 level, the lowest developed level, the main ore shoot has shown remarkable improvement on each succeeding lower level, and today the mine is one of the major lead-silver producers in the Coeur d'Alene district. History: The Lucky Friday property is on the north side of the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River in sections 25, 26 and 35, T. 48 N., R. 5 E., Hunter mining district, Shoshone County, Idaho. This is about one mile east of the town of Mullan, which serves the eastern portion of the Coeur d'Alene district. The southern part of the property is crossed by a branch line of the Northern Pacific Ry. and by U. S. Highway 10. This highway is the principal road crossing the panhandle of Idaho and connects the district with Spokane, Wash., on the west and Missoula, Mont., on the east. The main portal and surface plant of the Lucky Friday mine is at an elevation of 3365 ft, only a short distance above the valley floor and a few hundred feet from U. S. Highway 10, so the mine is readily accessible for year-round operation.

Jan 12, 1958

By John V. Beall

Hard as the Revett quartzite are conditions governing the deep mines of the Coeur d'Al6ne. In fourscore years of mining, heat and pressure have been the rewards of preseverance. Such obstacles are the natural concommitant to search for ore at depth. But high cost and shortage of miners is a creeping frustration of the decade. These grim observations were made on a trip to the mines of the Coeur d'Al6ne in the first week of May. But the bouncy optimism of competent mining engineers and geologists overrides by far the tough conditions. This is the story of what they are doing. I think they are setting the stage for the wonder mines of tomorrow. I didn't meet all the people or see all the mines, so there are unfortunate gaps in the story. Then too, sometimes the muck and water blotched my notes, or I couldn't write fast enough or I was too tired. No matter. There is much to tell and, because it is basically a human story, I am flouting the rules of technical journalism and couching it in the neglected "I" person. First then, a little history . . . .

Jan 7, 1966

By George Holderer

THE Enos Coal Mining Co. owns an area underlaid by coal, of approximately 5000 acres. This property is situated 9 miles from Oakland City, in the southern part of Indiana. The mine has been in operation 5 years, during which time some 350 acres have been stripped, and stripping is now proceeding at the rate of about 100 acres per year. TOPOGRAPHY These coal lands consist of gently-rolling agricultural fields which in times past were farmed for wheat. There is no timber and but very little brush to contend with. The overburden varies from 10 to 60 ft. in depth. A thin bed of slate overlies the coal, followed by limestone, which varies from 3 to 15 ft.; this, in turn, is followed by sandstone, slate, shale and clay. There is a very wide variation in the thickness of all of these beds. The coal has an average thickness of 5 ft., and is a good grade of high-volatile bituminous. MINING OPERATIONS Briefly, the sequence of operations is: drilling holes with churn drills; blasting with L. 0. X.; stripping overburden to uncover coal and, finally taking up the coal, which is sent to a tipple for cleaning and sizing. In order to show what is being accomplished by the use of L. 0. X., results will be shown from May to November, 1926, inclusive, and compared to the same period in 1925. No work was done in No. 1 pit during May, 1925, hence all figures are unduly low for this month. Drilling There are in use 8 No. 44 Loomis clipper drills, caterpillar traction with gasoline engines; recently these were equipped with extra heavy stems, measuring 26 ft. overall and 4 ½ in. dia., to increase the speed of drilling. In addition, 4 No. 1 ½ G non-traction drills have been acquired, and are used to save the time of the larger drills when recleaning is necessary.

Jan 1, 1927

By Paul L. Hunter

Nearly 2000 people are employed at Kennecott's Chino Mines Division, which recently completed its 50th year as a leading copper producer. Chino operates an open pit mine at Santa Rita, N.M., and a reduction plant, including mill, power plant, and smelter, at Hurley, N.M. The property mines 66,000 tons of copper ore and materials per day. There have been safety and industrial health programs at Chino for a number of years, but in 1955 these procedures were reorganized on a more active basis. The following discussion evaluates the progress made during the 1955-1958 period.

Jan 6, 1960

By NEWTON C. MARSHALL

AS every school boy knows, the Andes mountain range forms the backbone of South America, extending the full length of the continent along its western edge and fairly close to the Pacific coast. But in Colombia these mountains are divided into three distinct ranges known as the Western, Central and Eastern ranges of the Andes. United at the southern end, they spread out like three fingers in a northerly direction across the Republic of Colombia. These great natural barriers have only in recent years been tarried by railroads or wagon roads, and they have had their effect upon the history of the country, both political and ethnological. Each of the three ranges dies out and dwindles away before reaching the boundary of Colombia on the Caribbean Sea. When I studied my geography as a youngster 1 used to think that the

Jan 1, 1935

By Gieskieng, D. H.

Published tables of jaw crusher capacities are compiled for the most part from field performance data, interspersed with interpolations, extrapolations, various safety factors, and other modifications. Such a table attempts to balance and equalize field data from widely different materials, with differences of crushability, efficiency of feeding, sizing of the feed, and so on. The tests described in this paper were undertaken with the objectives of checking previously reported capacities; of studying the effects of various factors upon the capacity, including jaw plate curvature; and, if possible, of deriving a general capacity equation. Such an equation has been derived from the data obtained in these tests. It is given together with factors for its use. While more accuracy than is usually required may be obtained by careful application of the equation, it is of simple form and provides a convenient reference plane upon which the potential capacity of various crushers may be compared, and with which operating adjustments may be made on existing installations. The principal deviation in these tests from the usual approach consists of a laboratory technique which has been developed for the production of selected

Jan 1, 1949

By T. S. Lundy, J. I. Federer

Chemically purified Zr95and Cb95 have been used in determining self-diffusion coefficients in the bcc phase of iodide zirconium over the temperature range of 900o to 1750°C. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients could not be described by the usual Arrhenius-type equation over the entire temperature range. Values of the apparent frequency factors (D0)a and activation energies (Q)A for ZR95 varied from 4.8 x 10-6 to 2.5 x 10-2 sq cm per sec and 20,700 to 46,900 cal per mole, respectively, between 900°and 1750°C. Similarly, for Cb95, values of (Do) a and (Q)A varied from about 2.4 x 10'5 to 0.25 sq cm per sec and 26,500 to 56,800 cal per mole, respectively. The data may be described in terms of the a to ß transition temperature of 1136 °K and the absolute temperature of the diffusion anneals by the following eauations: SEVERAL studies on the diffusion of Zr95 in zirconium have been reported.1"5 The values of the constants contained in the usual Arrhenius-type equation for describing the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient, D = Do exp [- Q/(RT)], are summarized in Table I. The reported values of Do, the frequency factor, and Q, the activation energy, are seen to vary by factors of about 60 and 1.6, respectively. Examination of the data from any one study indicated reasonable consistency of measurements. The large discrepancies of over-all results, therefore, cannot be explained on the basis of experimental scatter. One possible explanation for the differences in results could be a varying impurity content of the zirconium. Another possibility is that the radioactive daughter, Cb95, influenced the values of some of the determined diffusion coefficients. Therefore, the first of the three purposes of this study was to reconcile the large differences in diffusion results that have been obtained. Several empirical relations have been proposed to relate the diffusion coefficients in solids with physical properties, such as the absolute melting point, the heat of fusion, and the heat of sublimation.

Jan 1, 1963

By D. B. RUSHNORE, K. A. Pauly

Bulletin. No. 41, May, 1910. ABBREVIATIONS. Al. Ind., Alliance Industrielle. am. Elec'n.. . American. Electrician. Bull. As. Ing. El Bulletin de la Association des Ingenieurs Elec- triciens Sortis de l'Institut Electrotecnique Montefiore, Liege. Bull. Soc. bilge d' Elec Bulletin de la Société belge d'Electriciens. Col. Guard . Colliery Guardian. D. R. P Deutsches Reich Patent. Dilly. Poly Dingler's Polytechniches Journal. E. & DI. Jour Engineering and Mining Journal. E. T. Zeit Electrotechnische Zeitschrift. Eclair. Elec. L'Eclairage Electrique. 1;1. Anzeig Elektrotechnischer Anzeiger

Sep 1, 1910