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By Paul T. Allsman, William H. King

This paper describes the mineral deposits and discusses mining and milling methods and related operating conditions in an important gold , silver , lead , and zinc producing area in Ouray , San Juan , and San Miguel Counties , Colo . , embracing 250 square miles . The area is extremely rigged , ranging in altitude from 8,000 to 14,000 feet . White men first penetrated the area in 1860 , when a group known as "Baker's party " reached the Animas River at the present site of Silverton . Difficulty with the Ute Indians and severe winter conditions forced the group to leave and discouraged prospecting until 1870 when a second party reached the area and succeeded in producing 27 tons of ore yielding $ 150 a ton in gold . In 1874 , a treaty with the Indians opened the way for settlement , and mining was established . The total production of recovered gold , silver , copper , lead , and zinc from 1873 to 1947 in the three counties is valued at $347,057,047 . The greatest amount of the total production of metals has come from quartz veins in a series of volcanic flows and tuffs covering the area and comprising a blanket 4,000 to 6,000 feet thick . The igneous rocks were laid down upon an old , erosion surface and are underlain by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and pre - Cambrian metamorphic rocks . The entire series has been intruded in late Tertiary time by volcanic dikes and larger intrusive masses . Because of the great differences in relief generally , mining is con-" ducted through long adits to a depth of nearly 3,000 feet below surface in places . Walls of the veins generally stand well , and shrinkage stoping is the most common method of mining . As virtually all of the ore is sulfide below the zone of oxidation , flotation is the common method of milling . Generally , where gold is important , provision is made for its removal by jigs . Bulk concentration of the sulfides is practiced at smaller mills , but the larger operations make a selective lead and zinc concentrate or a lead , zinc , and copper . concentrate . ·

Mar 1, 1950

By John B. Ivey

This is a geologic study of the U.S. Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Tract in the Piceance Creek Basin of Rio Blanco County, Colorado for the preparation of a set of detailed surface geologic maps, measurement and identification of joint attitudes and frequencies, and the classification and mapping of the soils of the area.

Jan 1, 1978

By Raymond E. Davis

LET'S imagine we are at the Grand L Coulee Dam, where daily 15,000 barrels of low-heat Portland cement and 27,000 tons of processed aggregate in various sizes are mixed to produce 30,000 tons of concrete. Inspect the autographic records which show for each 4-cu-yd. mixer batch of concrete the weights of its constituent materials including its several sizes of aggregate, cement, and water, and which also show the period of mixing and the consistency of the mix. Watch the inspectors sample and test the aggregate for gradation and moisture content of sand, and sample the concrete for homogeneity. Watch the huge buckets deposit the concrete in the forms. It looks too dry to handle, but the concrete vibrators make it melt away. Just enough vibration fully to com- pact the mass, but not enough to produce segregation of the materials; the inspector says when. See the sprinkler system covering all hardening concrete with a spray so that it may not thirst for water. Watch the cleaning of the top of an old lift preparatory to placing a new lift; the sand blasting; the blow-down; the mop-up; the minute inspection.

Jan 1, 1939

By Yi Luo

Bolting the mine roof is one of the noisiest underground mining operations. The main contribution to the noise is the drilling of the roof bolt holes, especially drilling in hard rock. Previous research shows that the specific energy consumed in drilling bolt holes is inversely proportional to the bite depth (i.e., penetration per drill revolution). Less specific energy at a reasonably high bite depth means less energy is wasted in the drilling process for producing heat, bit wear and noise. Therefore, proper control of the drilling operation to achieve a reasonably higher bite depth can reduce drilling noise from its sources as a proactive noise control approach. In order to explore the feasibility and develop the proactive technology for reducing drilling noise, drilling tests have been conducted in laboratory settings. The preliminary results show that significant reduction in noise dose can be achieved by drilling in medium hard rock with uniaxial compressive strength of about 276 bars (4,000 psi) and at a reasonably high bite depth of about 4.6 mm/rev (0.18 in./rev). This paper presents the findings from laboratory experimental studies.

I N the introductory chapter to "Man and Metals," T. A. Rickard wrote "Five hundred thousand years ago the first footfalls of man's oncoming echoed down the corridors of time." This phrase has always appealed to me, not only for its resonance but because it seems to place in some perspective man's place in the cosmos. As we go about our daily occupations and as we meet here tonight, we must agree that we have come a long way slowly at first through the ages of change but with a quickening pace that has brought to man's know-ledge and use, within the last hundred years, more ideas, more material advantages, more opportunities and more comforts than were ever imagined or dreamed of in those long corridors of time. Looking back to the dawn of his-tory, a mere five thousand years ago, there is one aspect of the birth and growth of civilization that has particular significance for the miner and the metallurgist.

Jan 1, 1965

By H. Akbari

Ordinary portland cement (OPC) is the key pozzalonic component of the concrete mix widely used as a construction material worldwide. B illions of tons of OPC are used in the construction industry each year. However, calcinations of limestone and silica that produce OPC also produce almost an equal amount of C O2 during the cement manufacturing process. Thus, OPC production accounts for nearly 7% of all anthropogenic C O2 emissions each year. The main objective of this study was to develop a geopolymer-based composite to be used as a substitute for OPC in concrete application to significantly lower the carbon footprint of the construction industry. A waste material produced during the coal combustion process was used as the main raw material for the geopolymer-based composite. It was mostly the nonmetallic content of the F-type fly ash produced from the combustion of bituminous coal. The authors envisioned extracting some of the valuable metal oxides from fly ash prior to using the major nonmetallic portion of the fly ash for geopolymer concrete application. The results obtained from this study showed that the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete compares favorably with that of conventional concrete prepared using OPC.

Dec 1, 2013

The criterion for assessing the accuracy of coal reserve estimates proposed by Philip and Watson (1982) is criticized.Following Royle (1977), it is suggested that the global estimation variance found by geostatistical methods is more appropriate.This method is applied to coal data from the Bowen Basin. This shows that two factors (the inherent variability of the variable under study and the total number of drill holes) have more influence over the accuracy of the reserve estimate than the form of the drilling pattern. Comparisons between the relative errors for different sized regions demonstrate that the spacing between drill holes is of secondary importance. The dominant factor is the total number of holes.Comparisons between the relative errors show that some variables such as sulphur need a much denser sampling than the others to obtain the same level of precision.

Jan 1, 1983

By HILAND BATCHELLER

COMMENT on the economic significance of the special alloy steels seems inevitably to reduce itself to an attempt to peer into the future of the industry in which we are interested. We are all familiar with the historical development of iron and with the almost complete replacement of iron by steel. Those who have been connected with the industry since its .early days have had the satisfaction of witnessing the greatest industrial development the world has seen. As the cartoonists of the muck-raking decade liked to picture steel as an ogre armed with a spiked club, his hands reeking with blood and with golden coins dripping from his pocket, fiercely seeking for more widows and orphans to devour, I choose to call on my imagination to create a gigantic but beneficent robot of such marvellous mechanical skill. that it quickly transforms millions of tons of otherwise worthless material into the infinite variety of useful products which are so largely responsible for our present civilization.

Jan 1, 1931

By Georgene Renner, Chee Theng, William Gleason

"In February 2018, drawn in part by the states’ proud mining heritage, SME took its Annual Conference & Expo to Minneapolis, MN for the first time. More than 5,000 people and 554 exhibitors converged on the Minneapolis Convention Center for three days of networking, exhibiting and technical sessions.The state’s mining legacy, one that continues today, is fueled in large part by its vast iron ore resources in the northern part of the state. The historical significance of the mines in the Mesabi Range, otherwise known as the Iron Range north of Lake Superior, cannot be understated. “Mining is a way of life here,” said U.S. Congressman Rick Nolan of Minnesota’s 8th Congressional District. A native of the Iron Range, the three-term U.S. congressman was one of the featured speakers of the opening keynote session. “We like to think we contribute enormously to the well-being of this country and the world. We were the source of the iron ore and steel that helped win two world wars. And we like to think that we are part of the progress that has taken place in the United States ever since.” Nolan kicked off the keynote sessionthat focused on innovation and its part in the mining industry. The session included Rene Aquilar, vice president of corporate affairs and sustainability, Antofagasta Minerals Group; Bob Anderson, vice president for research and development, 3M; Rolf Weberg, executive director, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota-Duluth and Christopher Beck, executive vice president and president, Nalco Water. The panel session looked at U.S. and global minerals production, and the importance of the United States to maintain a major role in the minerals industry, both as a producer and as a technology leader. The panel also touched on the global mining industry and the issues that impact mining around the world. Sustainability, the use of water in mining and earning a social license to operate were among the topics discussed by the panel.Speaking of the importance of mining, Nolan conceded that talking about the benefits of mining to the crowded auditorium at the SME conference might be akin to a preacher speaking to the choir, but, following the adage that all politics are local, he continued to illustrate his point by emphasizing the importance of mining to the Great Lakes.“A study by Homeland Security concluded that 13 percent of the nation’s GDP comes out of Lake Superior through the locks at Sault Ste. Marie and most of that is iron ore,” said Nolan. “That study found that, if those locks fail, it would create a national depression. It would put millions of people out of work. That ore and those minerals supply the steel mills, the auto industry, the heavy industrials. They are the heart of our economy. The study concluded that if the states that make up the Great Lakes were a nation, it would be the fourth largest economy in the world.”"

Jan 5, 2018

By K. H. J. Clarke

"ALTHOUGH nickel was not identified as a separate element until a Swedish scientist, Axel Frederick Cronstedt, did so in 17 51, its utilization dates from pre-historic times. From its humble beginnings nickel has grown in importance until, today, in our clocks, television sets, automobiles, and air-planes, in our bridges, tableware, farm implements, and the equipment which processes our food, it is constantly at our service.For convenience in assembly, data and information relative to The Marketing of Nickel will be outlined in five phases: (A) Sources, (B) Distribution, (C) Utilization, (D) Market Development, and (E) Conclusions."

Jan 1, 1960

By Paul M. Tyler

The literature on radium is already voluminous, but mcuh of it is too technical to be intelligible to the average reader, and there is no single publication that covers certain economic features of the radium industry. As a result of the renewed interest in the possibilities of domestic carnotite deposits a number of requests have been made to the Bureau of Mines for information, more particularly with reference to the business aspects of the industry. In order to meet this apparent need, the present paper has been prepared from material available in the files of the bureau. The technical data are compiled from various sources and are believed to be reasonably dependable, but the attempt has been not so much to achieve meticulous scientific accuracy as to brim; together facts of industrial significance and popular interest. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Radium is a brilliant white metal that melts sharply at about 700°C. and volatilizes appreciably at that temperature. With an estimated specific gravity of nearly 6.0, it is more than twice as heavy as aluminum and 25 per cent lighter than irons. Although it has been isolated in its metallic state, it is not used in that form, partly because it tarnishes rapidly even in dry air (forming a nitride), partly because of the greater expense of reducing it to metal, and partly because of the difficulty of dealing with such minute quantities of material. It is used always in the form of its compounds, the most important of which from the vie point of utilization are the bromide, chloride, and sulphate.

Jan 1, 1930

By Dorsey Lyon

I. INTRODUCTION. In presenting, this paper the writers wish to call attention first of all to the fact that the electric furnace was not developed as a competitor of the combustion furnace, but: 1. For the purpose of doing high-temperature work which it is not possible to do in the combustion furnace; and 2. For the treatment of ores from deposits which. are located in regions where fuel is scarce and costly, and where hydro-electric power is comparatively cheap, as is the case in Chili, in Canada, in certain parts of this country and Mexico.. This paper is not presented with the idea of trying to. prove that the electric furnace should replace the reverberatory or the blast furnace as used at present in the smelting of copper ores, but that it may be substituted for their in those localities which are not favorable to them,) and where either of the two following conditions may exist: (a) A district remote from railway transportation. facilities, and where there is a deposit, or deposits, containing sufficient values to warrant their being worked, but which, due to the cost of getting coke in for operating a smelter and of getting ore out to a smelter, have to remain unworked.. And where, on the other hand, there is plenty of water power which call he developed at reasonable cost for the production of electric power, by the use of which for. smelting the ores in an electric furnace, with subsequent Bessermerization if necessary, a concentrated product may be obtained, which can easily stand the necessary transportation charges. (b) Or,. comparatively speaking, the transportation facilities may be all right, but the cost of fuel be too great to permit of the ordinary methods of smelting, whereas,- on the other hand, hydro-electric power can he developed: in the district at a, low cost,, and the ores could be smelted by the electric furnace at a cost. that would make their treatment possible. With these possibilities in mind we have attempted to make a brief comparative study of the problem for the purpose of aiding those interested in the subject, in determining whether it would be possible metallurgically, and feasible commercially; to use the electric furnace-in those localities where, by reason: of excessive fuel costs, the cost, of operating the furnaces for smelting copper-ores. is either excessive or prohibitive. Although the smelting of copper ores in the electric furnace has received considerable attention and more or less experimental work has been done, so far as: we lire: aware there ate no electric furnaces in the United States which are' being worked on copper ores. In Norway, however, trial smeltings of copper ores with an electric furnace of 1,000 h. p. and an estimated producing' capacity of 2,000 tons per annum, have been

Jan 8, 1913

[RALPH ADAIR Ore Dressing Consultant Bull Mtn. Rd., Asheville, N. C. Phone 4-1693 JAMES A. BARR Consulting Engineer Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee Washington, D.C. BEHRE DOLBEAR & COMPANY Consulting Mining Engineers and Geologists 11 Broadway New York 4, N. Y. I. R. BERENT Engineering Consultants and Contractors Mineral Exploration, Mine Evaluation, Mine Designs, and Mine Management 156, Ataturk Bulvari-Ankara, Turkey BLANDFORD C. BURGESS Registered Professional Engineer Mining Consultant Monticello, Georgia GLENVILLE A. COLLINS Mining Engineer Uranium examinations Cable "Coins" 210 La Arcada Bldg. Santa Barbara, Calif.]

Jan 1, 1952

[RALPH ADAIR Ore Dressing Consultant Bull Mtn. Rd., Asheville, N. C. Phone 4-1693 JAMES A. BARR Consulting Engineer Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee Washington, D.C. BEHRE DOLBEAR & COMPANY Consulting Mining Engineers and Geologists 11 Broadway New York 4. N. Y. I. R. BERENT Engineering Consultants and Contractors Mineral Exploration, Mine Evaluation, Mine Designs and Mine Management 156, Ataturk Bulvarl-Ankara, Turkey BLANDFORD C. BURGESS Registered Professional Engineer Mining Consultant Monticello, Georgia GLENVILLE A. COLLINS Mining Engineer Uranium examinations Cable "Coins" 210 La Arcade Bids. Santa Barbara, Calif.]

Jan 1, 1952

[RALPH ADAIR Ore Dressing Consultant Bull Mtn. Rd., Asheville, N. C. Phone 4-1893 JAMES A. BARR Consulting Engineer Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee Washington, D.C. BEHRE DOLBEAR & COMPANY Consulting Mining Engineers and Geologists 11 Broadway New York 4, N. Y. I. R. BERENT Engineering Consultants and Contractors Mineral Exploration, Mine Evaluation, Mine Designs and Mine Management ` 188, Ataturk Bulvari-Ankara, Turkey BLANDFORD C. BURGESS Registered Professional Engineer Mining Consultant Monticello, Georgia GLENVILLE A. COLLINS Mining Engineer Uranium examinations Cable "Coins" 8 Haward-Canfleld Bldg. Santa Barbara, Calif.]

Jan 1, 1952

By Walter K. Utt

The process of drilling and bolting the roof is currently one of the most dangerous jobs in underground mining, resulting in about 1,000 accidents with injuries each year in the United States. To increase the safety of underground miners, researchers froth the Spokane Research Laboratory of- the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are applying neural network technology to rite classification of mine roof strata in terms of relative strength. In this project, the feasibility of using a monitoring system on a roof drill to assess the integrity of a mine roof and warn a roof drill operator when a weak layer is encountered is being studied. Using measurements taken while a layer is being drilled, one can convert the data to suitably scaled features and classify the strength of the layer with a neural network. The feasibility of using a drill monitoring system to estimate the strength of successive layers of rock was demonstrated in the laboratory.

On June 4, Kennecott Utah Copper (KUC)marked the centennial of the founding of the original company. Bill Champion is president and chief executive officer of KUC. He said, “What has happened during the past 100 years far surpassed even the most optimistic visions of men like Daniel C. Jackling and Robert Gemmell when they promoted the concept of mass production techniques for a low-grade deposit of copper ore. At that time, it was a totally new way of doing things and the mining leaders of that day scoffed at the idea. They said it would never work,” Champion said. The company will celebrate this once-in-a-lifetime occasion with a few special projects, mainly for the benefit of our employees, said Louie Cononelos, director of government and public affairs for KUC. The company has designed and minted a commemorative copper coin that reflects early steam shovel and locomotive operations on one side, and today’s modern electric shovels and huge haulage trucks on the other side. “The history of the company stems from the ores of the Bingham Canyon Mine. That coin has been encased as part of a10-panel brochure that captures the company’s 100 year history,” he said. KUC also developed special centennial banners and comparable framed posters that were displayed throughout its operations and at selected community locations that have enjoyed a long-time partnership and special relationship with the company. Some of the plants also designed their own centennial hardhat decals.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. O?Shea

From the characteristics of the new (1976) electronic components and units that are being marketed, the author has tried to foresee the types and the performances of the near-future slope-monitoring equipment. Much-improved sensors, instruments and systems for pit use can now be developed - sun-powered telemetry remote stations are feasible, very sensitive as well as precise and drift-free liquid level inclinometers will be available, new techniques for distance measurement with lasers obviate the need for atmospheric corrections and the latest generation of desktop calculators have become easily programmed minicomputers. Thus, it is realistic to assume that fully automatic pit-slope monitoring systems will be operational in the foreseeable future.

Jan 1, 1978

By David H. Browne

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) NICKEL has always been a fruitful mother of problems. Previous to the year 1906 nickel was regarded as an element replacing iron in copper-mattes, and it was believed that the same laws which governed the elimination of iron could be applied-to nickel. This conception has lately undergone a complete change, and nickel in all its stages is now regarded as an element replacing copper; in other words, copper-nickel is considered now as two elements, but as one metal. When we commenced our investigations on Monel metal we made a great many experiments on the conversion of mattes, both high copper and high nickel. We studied closely the composition of the mattes and the changes produced by the blow. We found in all cases certain agreements which we believe are due to some law. Briefly stated, our conclusions are as follows 1. Nickel is not an element replacing iron in matte. 2. Nickel-copper alloys act in the matte-blow like one metal. 3. Nickel-copper alloys follow, during the matte-blow, exactly the same laws as govern. the behavior of copper alone. This brings up the question : What are the laws governing the production of metallic copper, and what are the relations copper to sulphur and iron during the Bessemer blow ?

Apr 1, 1910

By Adrian Coombs

The York Durham Sewage System (YDSS) Interceptor Tunnel Project is located in the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, just north of Toronto. Construction commenced in September 2006 and completion is planned for early summer, 2008. The project involved public and agency buy-in of construction technologies and methods that minimized dewatering, design and construction of sealed shafts with jet grout break-in and out blocks in order that Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) mode could be maintained by the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) during shaft entry and exit. This paper will discuss the advances that were made possible through the opportunity to apply and test these technologies in order to accommodate the aquifer and artesian conditions present on this project.

Jan 1, 2008