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By H. R. McCabe

"The study of a detailed series of structure and isopach maps of the Palaeozoic strata of southwestern Manitoba indicates that the principal Palaeozoic tectonic elements -the Williston Basin and Elk Point Basin -have been modified to a considerable extent by major tectonic features of the Precambrian basement. The principal basement feature is the break between the Churchill and Superior provinces, which coincides roughly with the Manitoba-Saskatchewan border. East-west-trending orogenic belts within the Superior crustal block may also be reflected to some extent in later Palaeozoic movements. In addition, the Superior crustal block, as a whole, appears to have had a slightly different response to the tectonic forces, giving rise to both basin subsidence and basin uplift. During periods of deposition, especially during Ordovician time, the Manitoba portion of the basin appears to have undergone a relatively higher rate of subsidence, whereas during periods of erosion relatively greater amounts of uplift and truncation have occurred. As a result, the depositional and erosional patterns for most of the Palaeozoic formations in southwestern Manitoba are somewhat anomalous relative to the regional basin framework.Some prominent Palaeozoic structures probably are the result of salt solution and differential compaction caused directly or indirectly by relatively minor tectonic movements related to Precambrian basement features. In particular, the prominent hinge line at the edge of the Devonian Prairie Evaporite salt basin may be due, in large part, to salt solution. Numerous other small structural lows, structural highs and isopach thicks, probably resulting from salt solution, occur along the salt edge and have been important in modifying and controlling Mississippian oil accumulation in the Daly-Virden producing area."

Jan 1, 1967

By P. C. Benedict

Introduction and Summary The Northern Empire mine is a mile east of Beardmore, and 100 miles northeast of Port Arthur, district of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Production started in March, 1934, and terminated in September, 1941. During this period, the mill treated 425,866 tons of ore, from which 153,103 ounces of gold were recovered. The lowest level from which ore was mined was the 1900, but considerable drifting was performed on the 2075 level and 800 feet on the 2415, the deepest level. The following description of the geology of the mine is recorded by the senior author but is based on the observations and complementary mapping of both authors. The vein strikes about N.72°E. and has an average dip of 80°S. (Figure 1). In stoped sections, the quartz averaged about two feet wide. On the 1725 level it was drifted on continuously for more than 7,000 feet, but in the mine as a whole practically no commercial ore was found beyond points 1,400 feet west and 1,800 feet east of the shaft. Conspicuous wall-rock alteration extended throughout this section but not much beyond its limits. There was some splitting of the vein and widening of the alteration halo on the lower levels. The average general colour of the quartz changes with depth. It may be generalized, from top to bottom, as light grey to dark grey to brownish. The brownish quartz first appeared near the bottom of the ore.

Jan 1, 1947

By Thomas M. Ware

"MR. Chairman, our Honourable Minister, Mayor Cole, it is a pleasure for me to come here, and join with you in one of the largest industrial shows ever held in Saskatchewan.It is an honour to be asked to keynote your meeting, to help mark an early chapter of this new industry for Saskatchewan. God has placed in our hands a new resource for His man on earth. This store of potash, 350 million years in the making, offers a vital resource to help man support his advanced intellect for thousands of years. It is a gift so large we must all wonder at its purpose and our responsibilities in serving our fellow man with it.We who are here to plan and implement the development of this essential mineral resource enjoy a great -privilege; and we share a great responsibility -to see that the billions of tons of potash which have waited beneath these prairies for millions of years are widely and wisely used to nourish the earth through future millenniums.To know the true value of potash, to be able to bring forth this re-source from over 3,000 feet deep in the earth, to establish markets and develop its potential worldwide is all part of our great heritage from generations past. So I think it is fitting on this occasion that we reflect for a moment on this heritage, to help us assess the responsibilities of its future development."

Jan 1, 1966

By H. C. Gunning

Introduction Considerable attention has of late been attracted to the area surrounding Nimpkish lake, on northern Vancouver island, by the discovery of important rich copper deposits. In less than two years some 200 mineral claims have been staked in a small area, and at least two groups have very promising surface showings. During the summer of 1929, the writer spent one month investigating the general geology and mineral deposits of the region, and, although no detailed work has as yet been done in the field or in the laboratory, the importance of the mineral discoveries and the lack of geological information available to the public warrants a preliminary paper on the district. The district is, from a mining viewpoint, very accessible. Boats from Vancouver call at Englewood, in Beaver cove, four times a week. From Englewood, a first-class logging railway, operated by the Wood, .English Company, extends to the northeast corner of Nimpkish lake. The fifteen-mile trip from the north to the south end of the lake is made by boat, two tugs being maintained by the logging company. The whole trip from Englewood can easily be made in one day. The known mineral deposits lie immediately east of the southern part of the lake, four miles or less from the shore. A fair trail, four miles ? long, leads from the lake to the Nimpkish Copper group. Apart from this trail and an old logging railway grade which follows the east side of Klaanch river for several miles, no trails exist on the southeast side of the lake.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. D. T. Steyl

"This paper presents a phenomenological model of the rate of iron(III) precipitation in batch and continuous autoclaves at medium temperature operating conditions. The rate expressions are based on information obtained from the literature and experimentation at low and high pulp densities. Special allowance is made for the formation of surface nuclei, which appears to be promoted at a higher iron(III) precipitate surface area, especially in suspensions of lower terminal acidity. This leads to the formation of secondary particulates and provides the required link to simulate high pulp density leaching-precipitation systems, using low pulp density batch precipitation data. In particular, the model allows direct application of the simulation to the autoclave oxidation of iron-containing copper sulfide concentrates and provides a good estimation of the relative precipitation rate of hematite, the preferred product, compared to hydronium jarosite. Some interesting mechanistic understandings of iron(III) precipitation in autoclaves are further elucidated.INTRODUCTIONThe objective of this work is to describe the rate of iron(III) precipitation and the relative amounts of hematite compared to hydronium jarosite precipitation during batch and continuous chalcopyrite oxidation under medium temperature (MT) (~130 to 160ºC) autoclave conditions. Published information has not yet revealed sufficient mechanistic insights about this sparingly soluble salt system under these conditions. The rate expressions in this paper are based in part on current literature information, supplemented by qualitative experimental observation at low pulp density conditions, in particular the high-resolution backscatter electron (BSE) images and particle size distributions (PSDs) of the precipitates. A summary of this work and insights from the literature are presented first, after which the behaviour of iron(III) in high pulp density leaching systems is used to derive a phenomenological expression of the effect of existing iron(III) precipitate surface area on the precipitation rate. The overall regression encapsulates all the experimental results, i.e., those obtained in both batch and continuous autoclave configurations (Steyl, 2012a)."

Jan 1, 2012

By M. Jackson, R. McDonald, T. Osken, D. Robinson

"The addition of sulphidic materials in the leaching of nickel laterites has several potential benefits that include improvements in the rheological behaviour of the blends, reductions in the sulphuric acid and steam requirements, sweetening of the nickel grade of the combined feed material, and the option of using a range of sulphidic materials. The current study examines the oxidative processing of 30% w/w blends of nickel concentrate and nickel laterite ore at 250oC. In particular, the viability of using low oxygen overpressures was examined for significant amounts of nickel flotation concentrate, up to 12% w/w. Further to this the impact of process water quality, in particular the presence of chloride, upon the kinetics of extraction and the mineralogy of the residue were also investigated. This paper will present the results of preliminary work in this area.INTRODUCTIONThe use of sulphidic ore as a source of sulphuric acid during oxidative hydrometallurgical processing is not a novel idea and can be traced back over forty years (Seidel & Fitzhugh, 1968). A series of patents pertaining to application of this approach for laterite ores can be subsequently found (O’Neill, 1973; Opratko et al., 1974; Rodriguez, 2008a, 2008b; O’Callaghan, 2010; Liu et al., 2011) and a few of articles containing published data (Ferron & Fleming, 2004; Quinn et al., 2009). The use of pyrrhotite tailings as a source of sulphuric acid has also been employed for the leaching of converter slags (Perederiy et al., 2011).It is known that hydrometallurgical operations such as the HPAL plant at Murrin Murrin have added small amounts of sulphides as either transitional (mixed sulphide/oxide) ore or non-smeltable concentrate. This can improve the rheology (Rodriguez, 2009) and provide heat credits. However these plants are generally limited in their ability to add such materials due to their reducing nature and given under highly acidic conditions that the breakdown potential of the titanium used for the autoclave lining is significantly reduced. A suitable oxidant must therefore be present to ensure the potential remains sufficiently high."

Jan 1, 2012

By Michel Dagbert

"This paper illustrates the different ways grade-tonnage curves can be generated f or a mineral deposit. It emphasizes systematic discrepancies between reality, estimates and actual production according to different estimation methods and grade control programs. It does not offer a universal solution to the prediction of grade-tonnage curves. Hopefully, it will inspire caution to mineral economists who use estimated grade and tonnage data in the establishment of an optimum cut-off grade for a mining operation.IntroductionThe value of a mineral development venture often depends on a grade-tonnage curve. Statistics can help. The idea is to divide mentally the orebody into small blocks called selective mining units or SMUs. A SMU is an idealized version of the quantity of rock the grade of which will be tested against the cut-off at the time of mining. It could be as small as a truck load or a shovel load in very selective operations like some uranium mines where radiometric probing of each truck or car is performed. More typically, in an open pit operation, it will be the smallest zone flagged as ore from blast hole data, e.g. a 5 m by 5 m by 10m block, if blast holes are on a 5 m grid and bench height is 10m. Having defined the SMUs, the grade-tonnage curve determination amounts to evaluating the grade distribution of all the SMUs that can be mined in the depo sit. If we know this distribution we simply apply the cut-off to it and we get the number of SMUs above the cut-off (i.e. ore tonnage) and their average grade. .Assessment of the grade distribution of SMUs from exploration drill hole data is not an easy exercise and much has been published on the subject (David, 1972; Marechal , 1972; Huijbregts, 1975; Marechal, 1975; Guibal and Touffait, 1982). In this paper, we use a gold mine example to illustrate the influence of SMU size on the results. With the same example we also show that ""common-sense"" methods of grade-tonnage curve determination can sometimes be misleading."

Jan 1, 1987

By Donald S. Macdonald

"I AM thankful for this opportunity to address the Toronto Branch of The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. The Members of your Institute can have a great influence on the direction in which the mineral policies of Canada will evolve, and to assure that optimum benefits from our country's vast mineral resources will accrue to the nation as a whole and to all its citizens. Today, I want to: (1) offer an outlook on the mineral industry for 1973; (2) talk briefly about the role of minerals in the total economy; and (3) outline some of our thinking with respect to a national minerals policy for Canada."

Jan 1, 1973

By Stewart W. Daniel

"Increasing labour costs, the trend to larger mills, the processing of lower grade ores and a diminishing sup-ply of well-trained and experienced mill operators contribute to the necessity of automating a grinding circuit. With sophisticated process control techniques, supervision of the mill line is reduced to an occasional inspection by the shift supervisor. Process operating decisions and/or adjustments are quickly and accurately performed by the electronic devices to be described. When the variables in the grinding circuit are stabilized using the sensors and controllers as discussed, the over-all grinding circuit is maintained at its optimum grinding load level, with ample protection against under-and overloading."

Jan 1, 1967

By F. A. Forward

"NINETEEN sixty-six is a year of unusual significance in our Institute and in our country. It marks two-thirds of a century of service by the Institute to the people of the mineral industry and two-thirds of the century that Sir Wilfred Laurier said ""belongs to Canada."" As we meet here today within the historic walls of Canada's oldest city, a city that looks back on three hundred and fifty years of progress, I am reminded that it is almost a third of a century ago -in April, 1934 -that here in Quebec I first attended an Annual General Meeting of the Institute. It occurred to me that it might be appropriate to examine briefly the change that the middle third of this century has brought in the affairs of the mineral industry and, with some trepidation, to consider the prospect for the third that lies ahead.Opinions differ as to the relative importance of factors that have been responsible for the expansion and growth of Canada in its first hundred years. Some will say that it has been due to the abundance and fertility of agricultural land, others to the early enterprise of the railroads, and financiers believe that the banking system has been a major factor; -the fisherman -the forester -the teacher -each has his own view. I suspect, however, that most of us here would subscribe to the thesis of T. A. Rickard -miner, author, imperialist -who wrote, a gene-ration ago, ""Trade follows the flag, but the flag follows the pick,"" and thus agree that the finest contribution to progress, to wealth, to extension of frontiers and to inter-national trade has been provided by the mineral industry."

Jan 1, 1966

By D. W. Boydell

The response of reclaimed gold tailings to acid leaching was investigated in the laboratory, followed by a pilot-plant program in which the operations of CCD, CIX and SX were tested with plant feed material. These results formed the basis for the design of the extension to the existing uranium plant at Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine, commissioned in July 1977. This circuit consists of slimes-dam reclamation by bucket-wheel excavator at a rate of 100,000 t solids per month, acid leaching in pachucas, a five-stage CCD washing section, two parallel C1X absorption columns and two elution columns, SX and an ADU precipitation section. Barren solution is recycled to the CCD section as wash and to the repulper at the slimes dam. The performance of the plant during the first year of operation is compared with the predictions on which the plant design was based. Rated capacity was achieved within three weeks of start-up at a nominal dissolved uranium recovery in the ion-exchange section of around 98%. Owing to recycle, the over-all recovery in the ion-exchange and solvent extraction sections is somewhat higher than this figure.

Jan 1, 1979

By L. Wolofsky

"The Candego property is in Boisbuisson and Christie Townships, Quebec, about 13 miles south of Marsoui, a village on the north coast of the Gaspe peninsula, 80 miles east of the railhead at Matane. It was the first producing mine in the peninsula. Production to October 1954, when operations were suspended, totalled 68,497 tons of ore, which yielded concentrates containing 8,706,535 lb. lead, 5,870,272 lb. zinc, 355,526 oz. silver, and about 1,000 oz. gold. The property was acquired by the present company in the summer of 1955.The mine has been developed by seven adits, driven into the west slope of the valley of the Marsoui River. The river here is at an elevation of about 1,600 feet, and is roughly 1,500 feet below the level of the adjacent upland. Adit elevations range from 1,760 to 2,330 feet. Five of them are in one vertical zone, on what was originally believed to be a single vein. Past production has come from Nos. l to 5; the chief present high-grade ore reserves are in No. 7.The author's observations were made in adits Nos. 3 to 6, in several of the old pits, in the surface trenches, and on drill core, at various times between December 1952 and September 1953. Much of the surrounding area has been mapped by Jones (I) and McGerrigle (2) for the Quebec Department of Mines. H. M. Kingsbury served as consulting geologist to the mining company for several years.General GeologyThe Candego veins occur in Lower ( ?) Ordovician sedimentary rocks which form a strip about 15 miles wide along the north coast of the Gaspé peninsula. The series includes limestones, shales, and sandstones, mildly metamorphosed in places. Three miles south of the mine is the north contact of the granitic intrusive, regarded as Lower or Middle Devonian, which underlies the Tabletop Mountains area. This batholith is about 10 miles long, in a north-south direction, and about 4 miles wide. At Mount Albert, about 5 miles west of the Tabletop intrusion, is a group of basic rocks, amphibolites and serpentinized peridotites, thought to have been intruded at the close of the Ordovician."

Jan 1, 1949

By Shinji Shirakawa

The gold wire bonding technology is widely used for electrically connecting aluminum pads on IC devices to external terminal of semiconductor. In 1960?s, the tensile strength of gold bonding wire was about 100 MPa only. However, recently the wire with 300 MPa in strength has been developed. Since the gold bonding wire was started to use for IC package in early 1960?, the many types of gold bonding wire has been developing continuously in order to meet market?s needs, such as high density, small size and thin type of IC packages. Moreover, electronic equipments were used in automobile applications and also demanded good reliability under severe temperature environment. Thus Au-Pd alloy wire has been introduced instead of the wire with 4N(99.99wt%) purity gold to provide excellent reliability in Au-Al bond interface. The phenomena at Au-Al interface in the high temperature storage have been already explained by several studies as follows. There are five phases of inter metallic compound (IMC) between gold and aluminum. Just after bond gold ball on aluminum pad, Au5Al2 phase was formed and occupied almost all of IMC area. During high temperature storage test, Au5Al2 phase transformed to Au4Al phase, then this phase was corroded by Bromide (Br) ion that was isolated from molding resin. Thus the reliability between Au and Al degraded. In case of Au-Pd alloy wire, the concentrated palladium phase (Au-Pd-Al) was formed at the interface between Au alloy ball and Al pad. The Au-Pd-Al phase prevented from transforming between Au and Al, therefore Au5Al2 phase was hard to transform to Au4Al phase. Consequently the reliability at the interface between Au alloy ball and Al pad was less degradation. However, in recent study using several advanced analysis technique, Au4Al phase was found at the interface between Au alloy ball and Al pad same as the case of conventional gold wire (4N purity gold bonding wire). It was suggested that the formation of concentrated palladium phase (Au-Pd-Al) related the excellent reliability at ball bonding process.

Oct 1, 2003

By L. O. Thomas

THE Alaska Highway, in its course through British Columbia, traverses parts of two great physiographic divisions of Canada which are also distinctive geologically-the Cordillera in the western section and the Interior Plains in the eastern. The Cordilleran region in the portion of the Province with which this paper deals can be divided into four major northwest systems, known respectively from west to east as Coastal, Plateau, Cassiar-Omineca, and Rocky Mountains. The Coastal system consists solely of the Coast range except in the extreme northwest, where a part of the St. Elias range is included. The Coast range, characterized by mountains of great ruggedness,. is made up of an igneous complex of granitic rocks intruded chiefly as a great batholith. In places, spurs of these rocks extend into the Plateau heft, a partly mountainous tract largely occupied by quartzites, quartzose mica schists and their gneissic phases, and crystalline limestone with interbands and broad areas of chlorite, _hornblende, and sericite schists and bodies of intrusive granite gneiss-an assemblage of rocks known as the Yukon group. The Cassiar-Omineca system marks the divide between the Pacific and Arctic drainages. Its eastern boundary is well defined in the south by the Rocky Mountain Trench (see p. 229). The rocks of the system are, miainly, highly altered Palaeozoic sediments, but there are also Precambrian and Mesozoic rocks, the latter largely volcanic. The core of the system is granitic and there is evidence (see p. 221) to support the belief that it is of such a length as to constitute a batholith comparable to that of the Coastal system.

Jan 1, 1944

By W. J. Bennett

"I AM very happy to have this opportunity of speaking to the Montreal Branch of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.I have selected as the subject of my remarks transportation in that area which is at present our only source of uranium -Northwest Canada. Considering the widespread interest in atomic energy, the end-product of uranium, it may be wondered why I have not chosen to speak of a more spectacular aspect of the development. I hope it will be evident from what I have to say that transportation plays a very dominant role in our effort to maintain a continuing supply from Eldorado's producing property at Port Radium on Great Bear lake and from its coming producer at Beaver lodge Lake in Northwest Saskatchewan. Moreover, transportation has such a bearing on the entire mineral development of the Northwest that it cannot help but be of concern to an organization of this kind. Finally, the transportation problem, of which I shall try to tell you something, is quite unique and the story of its solution or partial solution is, I believe, an interesting one.Transportation experience on this continent indicates that the cheapest method of moving freight is still by water -with •rail, highway, and air transportation following, and in that order •of economic significance. Excluding rail transportation, since the area has as yet no railway lines, this order also applies in the Northwest. I shall direct my remarks to the two kinds of transportation which serve our uranium producers -water and air."

Jan 1, 1952

This growing dependence of Canada upon foreign mineral commodities, just referred to, applies particularly in the direction of the United States. There is, in fact, no more significant feature of Canada's mineral trade than the manner in which it affects the Dominion's commercial standing with that country. Our heavy adverse balance of trade with the United States is perhaps not a matter of such wide concern or frequent comment as was the case two or three years ago. It is, of course, a well-known fact that the Dominion each year buys from the States a volume of goods to a value enormously in excess of our sales to that country. And it has come to be accepted as a ?normal, though not altogether satisfactory, feature of our international commerce that a huge portion of the bill incurred by our American purchases must be met, not by our American sales, but by the proceeds of our sales to other countries, not-ably Great Britain. It is a three-cornered situation in which our trading deficit with the United States is covered largely by our trading surplus with the United Kingdom. In this situation the mineral trade plays a remarkable part. If one delves into the details of our transactions with the United States it will be found that, in one sense, the mineral trade is entirely responsible for the huge annual balance against the Dominion. In fact, Canada gets decidedly better than an even break on Canadian American trade, if one leaves out of account the three mineral groups, "iron and steel", "non- metallic minerals", and "non-ferrous metals".

Jan 1, 1924

By D. V. Ziehlke, J. M. Franklin, T. M. Gordon, A. G. Galley

The Snow Lake-Wekusko Lake region of northern Manitoba conta ins numerous lode gold occurrences, including the largest gold deposit in the Churchill Prov ince, the Nor Acme mine. The Aphebian volcanic and sedimentary rocks of this region are comprised of submarine volcanic strata, overlain by turbidites, both of the Amisk Group, and fluvi atile sedimenta ry strata and bimodally composed subaerial volcanic rocks of the overlying Missi Group. Gold occurs as: 1) accessory gold in volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, 2) lode gold in shear zones related to sy n- to post-FI thrust fa ults, and 3) lode-gold associated with post-F2 fault . An alteration a emblage of biotite, al bite and calc ite is associated with both groups of lode-gold deposits, and has been superimposed on the regionall y-developed metamorphic assemblages. AJthough these deposi ts are spatial ly related to britt le-ductile faul ts of different initial ages, they appear to have all fo rmed after the major period of reg ional fo lding and metamorphism, and thus may be penecontemporaneous. The alteration is different from the sericite-ankerite-quartz assemblage that is typically associated with gold deposits in Superio r Prov ince. Deposits in thi s area of Churchill Prov ince may have formed either at a higher temperature or a deeper structu ra l level than tho e in Superior Prov ince.

Jan 1, 1986

By T. G. Joseph, E. Lampard

ABSTRACT: Surface mining operations must manage variability from within their operations as well as variability imposed upon them by external forces. A framework to manage both internal and external variability through the continuous review and adjustment of a mine plan during active mining lifetime operation is introduced, to minimize lost production and maintain operational safety. The observational approach of “observe, evaluate, interpret, predict, and adapt” is employed as the backbone of this approach. Although written with a surface mining operation in mind, the framework outlined in this paper would be equally applicable to any mining or processing operation.

Jan 1, 2011

By Andrew Matyas

"During the summer of 1968, the author was employed in the Research Department of Dominion Foundries and Steel, Limited, Hamilton, Ontario. Over the years, Dofasco has been conducting a program for developing more efficient control of its basic oxygen steelmaking process. The author was thus able to obtain a variety of viewpoints from both research engineers and furnace operators. He also had access to extensive literature dealing with BOF control schemes underway at other major steel producers. This paper describes the present state of developments in BOF steelmaking control.The necessity for efficient BOF control is pointed out. To appreciate the variables to be controlled, a brief outline of process fundamentals is included. Technical aspects of present methods of practical control are examined in detail; the relative merits of dynamic over static control models are emphasized. Finally, it is shown how an effective dymic-optimizing control scheme serves as the basis for closed-loop computer control of the process."

Jan 1, 1970

By George S. Rice

Foreword Explosion hazards differ widely in the mines of different fields or coal basins. They also differ as between different mines in the same basin or fold, because of variations in gas entering the mines, and because dust conditions and explosion hazards are affected by the mining methods employed and the organization of the work. It is unquestionably true, however, that there are greater differences in explosion hazards in mines of different coal fields or basins than between different mines of the same field or basin. In these respects, the coal fields and individual mines in Alberta are not exceptional. The same conditions obtain in various countries where coal is mined, and are found in single States, as for example in Colorado, where coals are mined ranging in character from sub-bituminous to anthracite, and in attitude from flat horizontal to steeply pitching beds. The U.S. Bureau of Mines, at its experimental mine near Pittsburgh, Pa., has made large-scale tests of the relative explosibility of dusts of coals, ranging in rank from Wyoming sub-bituminous coal containing 19 per cent moisture, to anthracite from Pennsylvania, and including samples from a mine in the Crowsnest Pass district, B.C., and from a Vancouver Island mine. The Bureau has also made similar tests of the dust of coal from a Yorkshire mine which the British Safety-in-Mines Research Board uses as standard.

Jan 1, 1927