Search Documents

By S. Mostaghel, V. Hernandez, S. Ge

"The automotive industry is under a constant pressure to reduce the weight of vehicles in order to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. As such, there is an ever-growing demand for high strength and high ductility steel grades to meet the need for lightweight automotive components. Over the past decade, the production and application of 2nd and 3rd generation Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) as a lightweight material in automobiles has gained significant popularity due to their exceptional mechanical properties. However, the production cost of these high manganese steel remains high, partially due to the need of large amounts of ferromanganese as alloying material in standard steelmaking processes.The current study introduces a new and cost-effective technology for the production of medium- and high-manganese steels, where self-fluxed micro-pellets of manganese ore will be used as the source of manganese that can be injected into the steel bath. Prior to injection, these pellets are subjected to a pre-reduction process using a mixture of H2 and CO gases, where partial metallization of iron and manganese will occur. Direct injection of the pre-reduced micro-pellets provides less volatilization/emission and higher recovery of manganese, and is capable of producing AHSS with 6–18 wt% Mn.INTRODUCTIONAutomakers are constantly searching for lighter, stronger and cheaper materials in an effort to create safer and more fuel efficient vehicles. The introduction of aluminum alloys and polymer composite materials for automotive applications has been carving into what is traditionally one of the most profitable markets of the iron and steel business. The steel industry responded with Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)—a family of manganese containing steels which exhibit exceptional strength and ductility."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. E. Gilmore

PREAMBLE THIS PAPER comprises material presented in two separate 'Papers at the British Commonwealth Scientific Specialist Conference on Fuel Research held in London, England, in July, 1950. These papers are now available for publication in Canada, since only essential parts of the conference discussions, in addition to the resolutions resulting therefrom, will be published in the official Proceedings of the Conference. Inasmuch as the information presented concerns Canadian organizations and training facilities for fuel research, it should be of general interest to Canadian scientists, and especially to the Coal Division of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Part I, the alternate title of which is Facilities in Canada for Fuel Research and for Exchange of Information and Staff, does not include research on peat, oil shale, petroleum oils in general, and natural gas, and omits studies of the geology, constitution, and production of coal. Special reference is, however, made to research on the heavy crude oils and bitumen of the Western Prairie Provinces, and particularly to their production and treatment to produce crudes for oil refinery processing.

Jan 1, 1951

By G. E. Agar, W. B. Kipkie, R. A. Tenbergen

"This paper describes the successful pilot plant testing of a flowsheet, developed at INCO Ltd.'s J.Roy Gordon Research Laboratory (JRGRL), for improved separation of the constituent minerals in a bulk copper nickel concentrate.The flowsheet utilized the fact that xanthate concentration on the mineral surfaces is the most important variable affecting the high lime separation and that reduction of the xanthate concentration could be effected by an oxidative conditioning stage.When the adsorbed xanthate was reduced to a suitably low level, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite could be floated to leave a high grade nickel concentrate as the residue. Sodium cyanide was added to the froth product to depress pyrrhotite and any remaining pentlandite. The temporary depression of chalcopyrite by the sodium cyanide was overcome by introducing a conditioning step following cyanide addition. The advantages of the flowsheet; improved copper-nickel separation, operation without heating of the pulp, production of both high grade nickel concentrate ( 29. 5% Ni, . 26% Cu) and copper concentrate ( <O. 5% Ni, 30% Cu) were all realized."

Jan 1, 1984

By N. M. Soonawala

Detailed regional geophysical and geochemical surveys, ground surveys and drilling were undertaken to follow-up the federal-provincial Uranium Reconnaissance Program (URP) over the 27,OOO-km2 Kasmere-Munroe area in northwestern Manitoba. An analysis of the URP data showed a fair correlation between the regional airborne radiometric results and lake-bottom geochemical results, both of which also correlated with the regional geology. More detailed surveys defined anomalies with greater precision within the broad zones outlined by the URP. The ground follow-up indicated that URP anomalies can be caused by varying degrees of uranium concentration in the rocks. Mineralization of interest was found in leucogranites at several locations within the survey area. Anomalous uranium concentrations were also found in coarse pegmatites and Hudsonian granitic intrusions. It can be concluded that large-scale regional surveys can be followed up in relatively short periods of time to yield meaningful results if a properly planned exploration sequence is employed, each stage of which successively narrows the area of interest.

Jan 1, 1979

By T. Johnson, D. Kelley, J. Graham

"Hydrometallurgical processes can be exceptionally corrosive. Conditions associated with metal extraction and refining require materials of construction that can withstand process acids and acid chlorides at temperatures up to 90°C (194°F). Process vessels, piping, scrubbers and ducting can be rapidly compromised in these aggressive environments if not designed with care. Design engineers are challenged to find materials that can stand up to hydrometallurgical processes especially for copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt and uranium. This paper will evaluate material solutions to determine which provides attractive economics for initial procurement as well as high durability for reasonable life cycle costs.INTRODUCTIONMining activity in a number of metal ores has been running quite high over the last few years. In particular, those metals that employ acid functional extraction processes such as copper, nickel cobalt and uranium have been particularly active.The world’s largest nickel mine – the massive $4.76 billion Ambatovy nickel mine on the African island nation of Madagascar is nearing completion. When it reaches its full production capacity in 2013, the mine will produce 60,000 MT/yr of nickel and 5600 MT/yr of cobalt. Coming on the heels of the Ambatovy project is the Long Harbour Processing Plant in Newfoundland, Canada which will process the ore from Vale’s Voisey Bay mine in Labrador. Voisey’s Bay is expected to generate more than 50,000 MT/yr of nickel ore when it starts up in 2013. Next up will be the Boleo project in Mexico on the Baja peninsula. When commissioned in 2013, the $858 Million Boleo project is expected to produce 60,000 MT/yr copper, 3100 MT/yr cobalt, 36,000 MT/yr zinc and 100,000 – 250,000 MT/yr manganese carbonate.High nickel alloys and rubber lined steel have been used for decades to design corrosion resistant equipment for mineral processing environments. These materials demonstrate reasonable resistance to corrosion for most environments. Unfortunately, higher nickel alloys are quite expensive. Rubber lined steel is a bit more affordable but requires continuing service over time which ultimately drives up its cost as well. FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic) has also been used extensively in mineral processing for tanks, piping and ducting employed in aggressive environments. Today, more and more design engineers and material specifiers are calling for FRP composites for both new and replacement equipment used in the refining and processing of a variety of metal ores."

Jan 1, 2012

By J. C. Kingston

Introduction The sliding-form method of erecting concrete structures was first devised and used in the early part of this century by the Sante Fe Railroad Company for the erection of a grain elevator at Santa Fe, New Mexico. A somewhat related principle has been employed for a number of years in shaft lining work and, to our knowledge, was perfected in Butte, Montana, but until the building of the concrete headframe at the Jeffrey mine of the Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Ltd., at Asbestos, Que., the method, as applied to surface structures, was quite foreign to the mining industry in Canada. The current shortage and cost of structural steel shapes has no doubt contributed more than any other single factor to the investigations that have led to the use of reinforced concrete as a headframe building material. Mining men in western Quebec and northern Ontario have shown a great deal of interest in the design and construction of the headframe at the East Sullivan mine in Bourlamaque township, Que., and we have had many queries regarding the methods used and, in particular, for an explanation of the sliding-form principle. This article is written in an attempt to set forth the conditions which were to be met; to explain the construction methods used, and to discuss the economy of concrete headframes as compared with the conventional steel structures with which the mining fraternity is familiar.

Jan 1, 1949

By Eugene (Gene) Bounds

The Mining industry faces many challenges, one of which is the demand to communicate over a variety of media, be it visual, sound, voice, data or any combination. Over the years multiple infrastructures have been put in place to overcome environmental obstacles and address these communication needs. A mine is an aggressive environment for electronic equipment and as such only the best quality equipment can perform under those special conditions of e.g. temperature, dust and humidity. Siemens Canada and its partner LComm will discuss a mining solution using a unique combination of technologies based on fibre optics, standard communication interfaces, passive antenna infrastructure and wireless services. The presentation looks at maximizing the use of infrastructure, reducing costs, addressing difficulty of communications coverage above and below the surface and the capability to future proof the capital investment as new requirements and applications are identified. Discussion will address: Wireless voice, high speed data Data acquisition for process control from sensors Video for remote control and security Miner safety and location Timely receipt of large volumes of information

Apr 1, 2005

By W. S. Dyer

The Minto coal basin lies in the central part of the province of New Brunswick, near the head of Grand Lake. The village of Minto which is the centre of mining activity of the district, lies about 35 miles east of Fredericton and somewhat greater distances to the north and west of the cities of St. John and Moncton respectively. Although coal has been mined in the basin for a number of years, it was not until recently that the production became sufficient to warrant a thorough geological investigation. The summer of 1922 was spent, in accordance with in structions from the Director of the Geological Survey, in making a detailed study of the geology and coal resources of the Minto coal basin, which is covered by the Minto and Chipman map sheets, each embracing an area of 200 square miles. The present paper is a short outline of the principal results obtained in the field. The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance cheerfully given him by the managers and officials of the various companies operating in Minto. He wishes especially to thank Mr. W. B. Evans, Manager of the Rothwell Coal Company, for assistance in the collection of fossils and for the generous supply of information relative to the early history of the coal field.

Jan 1, 1924

By L. Chunpongtong

ABSTRACT The mining limit in oil sands is regulated by the ratio of total mining volume (ore, interburden, and overburden) one has to mine per volume of bitumen in place (TV/BIP). This paper presents a mathematical solution for creating the most economical pit outline where the TV/BIP ratio upper limit is 12, by combining mining economic theory and the Lerchs-Grossmann (LG) algorithm.

Jan 1, 2014

By L. Chunpongtong

The mining limit in oil sands is regulated by the ratio of total mining volume (ore, interburden, and overburden) one has to mine per volume of bitumen in place (TV/BIP). This paper presents a mathematical solution for creating the most economical pit outline where the TV/BIP ratio upper limit is 12, by combining mining economic theory and the Lerchs-Grossmann (LG) algorithm.

Jan 1, 2014

By Paul Hammond

Abstract The Allard Lake ilmenite deposits, which are currently being developed on a large scale, occur as a series of dykes or lenticular, flat-lying bodies within the northeastern part of a large, oval shaped anorthosire mass of Precarnbrian age which lies with its long axis paralleling the gulf of St. Lawrence. The Lac Tio deposit, discovered by Kennco Explorations, Limited, in 1946, is the largest body of titanium ore of its type now known in the world. It contains upwards of 112,000,000 short tons of ilmenite ore averaging 32 per cent TiO2 and 36 per cent Fe. The ore is an aggregate of ilmenite with oriented microscopic blades of hematite. The deposits appear to be high temperature, late magmatic injections containing only a small amount of volatiles, and bear a genetic relationship to the anorthosite rocks in which they occur. * * * Introduction Recent developments on the ilmenite deposits in the Allard Lake district of Quebec indicate the probability of a major industry, and one which may make Canada the world&apos;s greatest producer of titanium pigments and, ultimately, of titanium metal. The presence of ilmenite in this district was first reported by the Quebec Department of Mines following a reconnaissance shore-line geological survey in the year 1941. The ensuing report by Retty describes the occurrence of a number of small ilmenite lenses about the shore of Allard lake and&apos; along two smaller lakes in the vicinity. These showings were later staked by Toronto and Montreal interests who carried out a certain amount of development work, and were described in more detail by Longley for the Quebec Department of Mines. The claim groups were later optioned by Kennco Explorations, Limited, Canadian subsidiary of Kennecott Copper. None of the deposits in themselves constituted a sufficiently large body of ore to warrant the major construction expenditures necessary for their exploitation on a profitable basis. The surrounding anorthosite areas, however, were considered favourable for the possible occurrence of other ilmenite deposits

Jan 1, 1949

By E. M. De Souza, J. F. Archibald

This paper examines aspects of Canadian mine backfilling operations that may be implemented to assist in reducing solid waste production, lowering energy costs, and restricting Greenhouse Gas emissions. Many Canadian underground mines use backfill to mitigate environmental effects associated with tailings disposal. Backfill production and disposal are energy intensive processes that require an average energy cost of 37.7 MJ/tonne of backfill to complete. Mine backfills, in engineering applications, also commonly make use of cement as a stabilizing agent. Cement requires an additional energy cost ranging between 4,637 and 6,600 MJ/tonne to produce. The large energy needs associated with mine backfilling and cement production operations create significant CO2 and Greenhouse Gas emissions. Approximately 1 tonne of CO2 and Greenhouse Gas is emitted for each tonne of Normal Portland Cement produced. For single mines producing 3,000 tonnes of backfill per day, considering both backfill and cement emission source terms, total emissions of CO2 ranging between 120.36 tonnes and 169.44 tonnes/day are anticipated. In Ontario, mining operations contribute 700,000 - 840,000 tonnes/year of CO2 and Greenhouse Gas emissions to satisfy backfill cement consumption needs alone. Potential reductions of cement in backfill would significantly reduce emission of these gases and lower their adverse environmental impacts. This paper identifies alternate, equally effective and lower cost binder agent strategies for cement in backfill that may lead to cement consumption reductions. Post-consumer glass represents one such potential alternative backfill binder. Over 950,000 tonnes of glass are disposed of annually in Canada, two-thirds of which exists in the form of easily recoverable glass packaging that is not currently recycled or reused. The partial replacement of cement by waste glass may address goals for reducing non-recyclable glass waste disposal; enhancing mine back filling operations; reducing total backfill energy costs; and ultimately reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions levels currently generated by the Canadian mining industry.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. B. Hyde

"Severe drilling conditions and difficult mud problems are briefly out-lined as the major cost items in all production operations. The chief problems discussed are abnormal pressures, high temperature, trouble-some shales, and low rates of penetration. These problems have been eliminated or greatly reduced in many areas by• the proper application of recently developed drilling mud products and techniques. These severe problems and their solutions are discussed generally: the application of high-density weighting materials to overcome abnormal pressures; surfactant muds with sodium polyacrylate as a solution for deep and high-temperature drilling; shale control muds and new dispersants for severe shale problems; and low-solids emulsions and •extreme-pressure lubricants for greatly improved rates of penetration."

Jan 1, 1959

By S. K. Schwartz

"This paper describes the general layout of the environmental monitoring scheme at Devco &apos;s No. 26 Colliery, including wall face ventilation, fan performance and methane drainage, and then goes on to discuss the sensors, the outstation layout, the surf ace control room and the protection of the system.IntroductionCape Breton coal mines have been pioneers in the use of the latest technology in mining coal on this continent. To mention just one example, continuous methane monitoring at the coal face was started in 1976 and the idea of automatically stopping the face conveyor during high gas levels using the face signalling system was conceived and developed by CBDC engineers.With the introduction of remote environmental monitoring, No. 26 Colliery will be the first underground coal mine in Canada and possibly in North America to have computer-based comprehensive environmental monitoring.Traditionally, surveillance of the mine environment has been based mainly on periodic checks by portable or hand-held monitors. Although this method proved adequate, it has some limitations, namely:1) restricted &apos;number of observations and samples;2) relatively long time between taking measurements and availability of results for assessment.With remote monitoring, the above limitations are overcome because (a) monitoring is continuous and (b) monitored data are updated quickly (typically 5-7 sec.). Remote monitoring also provides a centralized &apos;information center&apos; at the surface from where the entire mine environment can be monitored. Details of modes in which data can be displayed and features available at the location will be discussed later in the paper."

Jan 1, 1982

By J. A. Brothers, M. R. Foran

"AbstractThis paper reviews the progress made in the manufacture of hydraulic cement from iron blast-furnace slag by simply grinding the granulated material with other constituents. The influence of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the slag, the conditions of granulation, the manner of drying, and the fineness of grinding, on the hydraulic properties of the cement, is discussed. The effect of additions of lime, portland cement, and anhydrite, alone and in combination, on the physical and cementing qualities of the mortar and concrete made from Sydney blast furnace slag, is shown in tables of data and is reviewed in some de- tail. The work at the Nova Scotia Technical College has shown that a cement equivalent in every respect to portland cement can be made from basic blast furnace slag- by the us2 of certain quantities of portland cement as an activator.IntroductionBlast furnace slag is a potentially valuable material for the manufacture of hydraulic cement. It is a by-product of the manufacture of iron in the blast furnace, and is formed by the combination of the silica and alumina .of the iron ore with the limestone flux. The metallurgist terms a slag .acid or •basic according as the percentage of lime is less or greater than the percentage of silica plus alumina. The basic slags have the •more pronounced hydraulic properties."

Jan 1, 1950

By Peter Cunningham

Teck Facts and Figures ? Employ more than 14,000 around the world, includes: ? Over 8,600 in Canada (close to 7,800 in British Columbia) ? Close to 2,000 in Chile ? Over 2,700 in Peru ? Approximately 600 in U.S. ? Hundreds more in exploration around the world ? Total capital expenditures ? $1.8 billion for 2012

Aug 1, 2013

By W. E. Lockley

This paper will attempt to answer a number of questions which are important to the safe and continued operation of an electric power system. 1. WHY should electrical protective devices be tested? 2. WHAT devices should be tested ? 3. WHEN should they be tested ? 4. HOW should they be tested? 5. WHO should test them ?

Jan 1, 1977

By I. M. Marshall

A review of technical literature covering Canadian mining emphasizes the advancement and changes that have been made in mining practice. However, current technical publications rarely outline basic principles or state definite rules that govern profitable mine operation. it may be argued that the broad principles of mining have long a go been outlined in various handbooks, text-books, and periodicals, and that these principles never alter. This is in great part true, but modern machinery, improved meta1-lurgical practice, and other advances, have in part modified these principles or changed the manner of their application. Many engineers hesitate to state specific rules, because it is so easy to quote an exception to a rules that any such statement appears to lose weight upon its very utterance. The exception to rules, and the reluctance to formulate rules, has forced such maxims as "the only rule in mining is the point of a pick," and "gold is where you find it". As an illustration of rules and their exceptions, one might quote the time-honoured maxim that a mill should not be built before a shaft has been sunk on a property in point of fact, Canadian mining history is replete with examples of wasted capital where a mill was built before a shaft had been bottomed. Y et this past year has seen a property enter profitable production whereon the building of the mill was started before the shaft was sunk. Instances such as this should not be accepted as evidence that a rule has been overthrown, but rather as an exception to the rule. The case cited pays tribute to the application of the diamond-drill combined with the correlation of sound geology. Incidentally, both these features emphasize a modern trend in the development of Canadian mining properties-a trend that is perhaps worthy of further comment. It is such trends that affect the principles of mining or modify their application. It is with such that this paper deals, at ]east in part. It is hoped that the statement of principles and the opinions herein outlined will be of sufficient interest to arouse discussion.

Jan 1, 1939

By Derrick Hunter, Pat Feighan, Keith Chrystall, David Wells

"Equipment which may be remotely operated, has some degree of on-board intelligence, and which for periods of time may operate autonomously, is referred to as telerobotic. Recent advances in electronics, computers and hydraulic equipment have dramatically reduced the cost and simplified the process of converting standard industrial equipment to telerobotic control. The benefits of telerobotic equipment include improved safety by removing the operator from dangerous situations, reduced maintenance costs and increased productivity. This technology has been proven in various military, nuclear, and police applications.The surface mining industry has expressed an interest in automation and is characterized by a willingness to use remotely operated equipment, however, the majority of telerobotic equipment currently in use is experimental or prototypical. Potential applications of telerobotic equipment for surface mining include remote operation of equipment near dangerous high walls and other unsafe areas, utilization of robotic trucks for routine hauling operations, and control of jointed equipment. In addition, component technologies of telerobotic systems are relevant to various forms of condition monitoring, operator feedback systems, and vehicle positioning.Attention must now be directed toward resolving more complex problems associated with enhancing feedback to the operator, improving the man/machine interface, and ultimately, improving efficiency. Removal of the human operator from the work site introduces significant complications in replacing the sensory inputs that an operator normally uses to efficiently run his machinery. These can be difficult to define and even more difficult to replicate remotely and may include restrictions pertaining to vision, hearing, and touch.In cooperation with Defence Research Establishment Suffield and the Alberta Research Council, Robotech Industries Ltd. is pursuing the development of additional technologies to further enhance an operator’s ability to control remote telerobotic equipment. These developments include a head-mounted display, additional control station displays and improvements to coordinated motion control software. Prototypes of these developments are expected to be completed and tested by the fourth quarter of 1997."

Jan 1, 1996

By J. H. Sokolowski, R. I. MacKay

The level of Si and Cu in the 3xx series of alloys affects the volume fraction of the a-Al dendritic phase and the Al-Si eutectic phase. The volume fraction of these phases in turn affects the feeding conditions during solidification and ultimately the Area Fraction Porosity and Mean Pore Diameter measured in the as-cast structure. This work sets out to establish the relationship between the volume fraction of the a-Al dendritic phase and the Al-Si eutectic phase and the resulting porosity that forms on the Monotonic and High Cycle Fatigue properties. The alloys in question are the Al-9%Si-l %Cu and a Al-7%Si-4%Cu alloys which were cast into V8 performance engine block castings and then heat treated to achieve desired mechanical properties. The engine block castings provided the mechanical and metallographic test samples analyzed for this work.

Jan 1, 2006